Biological oceanography Apparatus and methods

350 OLR(1982)29(6)

inces of the Pacific Ocean and their genetic control. Chem. Geol., 34(1/2):3-17.

NE and SE Pacific nodules exhibited increasing Ni and Cu contents with increasing Mn/Fe ratio up to Mn/Fe = 5. Beyond this, Ni and Cu contents decreased (in SE Pacific samples) as a consequence of increased Mn availability in pore waters (decreased redox potential in these sediments mobilizes Mn). Co contents decreased with increasing Mn/Fe ratio; richest nodule Co occurred at Mn/Fe = !-2. SE Pacific nodules showed lower average Co concentrations than did NE Pacific nodules. Miner. Petrog. Inst., Tech. Univ. of Clausthal, 3392 Claus- thal-Zellerfeld, FRG. (slr)

D360. Books, collections (general)

82:2764 Cita, M.B. and W.B.F. Ryan (eds.), 1981. Carbonate

platforms of the passive-type continental margins: present and past. Special issue. Mar. Geol., 44(1/2):228pp; 9 papers.

Study areas encompassed the Bahama Escarpment, Pelagian Sea, Georges Bank, the Middle Triassic dolomites and Jurassic Belluno Trough of Italy, and the Mesozoic platforms of eastern North America; topics included the biological communities and diagenetic fabrics of these carbonates; sedimentation, compaction, lithification and dissolution in intratidal and supratidal environments; and effects of extensional tectonics, submarine erosion, and relative changes of sea level. (hbf)

82:2765 Warme, J.E., R.G. Douglas and E.L. Winterer (eds.),

1979/81. The Deep Sea Drilling Project: a decade of progress. Symposium, SEPM-AAPG,

Houston, Texas. Spec. Pubis Soc. econ. Paleont. Miner, Tulsa, 32:564pp; 25 papers.

Opening with an historical overview of DSDP's birth and development, this collection reviews data from the first 12 years of this massive program which involved the drilling of more than 500 holes throughout the World Ocean by Glomar Challenger. Admittedly incomplete, this synthesis 'cuts across geographic and time boundaries' and emphasizes fossils and sediments and their significance for paleohistory. Representative topics include sea- mount chains, aseismic ridges, intraplate volcanism, seismic reflectors, pelagic sediments, turbidites, siliceous rocks, organic geochemistry, carbonate sedimentation, biostratigraphy, and Early Creta- ceous black shale deposition. Includes appendix: Chronological listing of all DSDP Legs published to date by the U.S. GPO. (isz)

D370. Miscellaneous

82:2766 Tuthill, J.D., B.T.R. Lewis and J.D. Garmany, 1981.

Stoneley waves, Lopez Island [Puget Sound, Washington] noise, and deep sea noise from I to 5 Hz. Mar. geophys. Res., 5(1):95-108.

Nature of shot-generated, large-amplitude, low- velocity dispersive waves, identified as Stoneley waves and ambient noise which propagate in the same mode, is determined. Data are modeled using 11 layers over a half-space. Implications for ocean bottom seismology work are discussed. Hawaii Inst. of Geophys., 2525 Correa Rd., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (bas)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

82:2767 Aiken, J., 1981. The Undulating Oceanographic

Recorder Mark 2. d. Plankt. Res., 3(4):551-560.

A self-contained instrument that can sample plankton continuously and record chlorophyll, radiant energy, depth, temperature, and salinity over a 0-100 m depth range has been designed for tow at speeds up to 26 knots. It can be launched and recovered

OLR (1982) 29 (6) E. Biological Oceanography 351

under way. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. (mwf)

82:2768 Bottom, D.L., 1981. A flow-throngh system for field

measurements of production by marine macroalgae. Mar. Biol., 64(3):251-257.

This system, when compared to a closed system (traditional bell jar), gave similar results for short incubations (several hours) but was more reliable for 12 hours or more. Avoiding such problems as nutrient depletion and high 02 levels, the portable apparatus is large enough to enclose a 'representative portion of a macroaigal community' and allows continuous incubations over tidal and diel cycles. Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 5430, Charleston, Oreg. 97420, USA. (ahm)

82:2769 Brock, T.D., 1981. Calculating solar radiation for

ecological studies. Ecol. Model., 14(1/2):1-19. Dept. of Bact., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc. 53706, USA.

82:2770 Famine, Per, 1982. An open-system respirometer for

measuring steady-state oxygen uiRake by aquatic anlmais, applied to the marine mussel Mytllus edulls L J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3):257- 266. Inst. of Biol., Odense Univ., DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.

82:2771 Laws, E.A. and J.W. Archie, 1981. Appropriate use of

regression analysis in marine biology. Mar. Biol., 65(1): 13-16.

Most laboratory and field data involve 'uncon- trolled' observations (such as the measured value of an unknown quantity) or situations in which the errors of the dependent variable (Y) are not normally distributed or independent of the independent variable (X), and as such should be analyzed using Model II linear regression theory. However, investigators commonly and incorrectly use Model I techniques. Examples of published data are used to demonstrate the problems created by incorrect use of Model I and the ease with which Model II techniques could be applied. Dept. of Oceanog., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (mjj)

82:2772 O'Brien, W.J. and Dean Kettle, 1981. A zooplankton

bloassay chamber for lab and field use. J. Plankt. Res~ 3(4):561-566.

The zooplankton bioassay chamber, inexpensive, and suitable for even very small zooplankton species, allows easy access for examination or counting and is simply-constructed. Dept. of Syst. & Ecology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. 66045, USA.

82:2773 Vodopich, D.S. and J.J. Hoover, 1981. A computer

program for integrated feeding ecology analyses. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):922-925.

SELECT is written in FOgTRAtq IV; interprets large data sets of gut analyses; 'calculates simultaneously indices of feeding selectivity, niche breadth and niche overlap'; and is available at cost. Biol. Dept., Univ. of So. Florida, Tampa, Fla. 33620, USA. (isz)

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecology, etc.)

82:2774 D,Elia, C.F., K.L. Webb and J.W. Porter, 1981.

Nitrate-rich groundwater inputs to Discovery Bay, Jamaica: a significant source of N to local coral reefs? Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):903-910.

Discovery Bay's subterranean seeps and springs contain ~80/~g N/L--sufficient to produce significant N enrichment. Univ. of Maryland, Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Box 38, Solomons, Md. 20688, USA. (isz)

82:2775 Sournia, A., B. Delesalle and M. Ricard, 1981.

Budgets of organic production and calcification on a barrier reef in French Polynesia. Oceanoiogica Acta, 4(4):423-431. (In French, English summary.) Centre de l'Environ, de Moorea, Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, France.

82:2776 Tent, Ludwig, Rt~diger Bias and J.C. Riedel-Lorj~,

1981. IEIbe Estuary.] Water quality, aufwuchs, Cd and amphipods. Arch. Hydrobiol., (Suppl.) 61(l/2)(Unters. Elbe-Aestuar 5): 1-58, 84-226; 3 papers. (In German, English summaries.)

Elbe Estuary periphyton were investigated as water quality indicators. At 1 m depth, chlorophyll-based producers were totally inhibited in the more polluted sectors by turbidity, but an aufwuchs community flourished; more than 50 of the ~60 species collected were ciliates. These proved to be effective temperature, current velocity and salinity indicators, as well as general community stress and water quality monitors (2 weeks of exposure via glass slides appeared the optimum pre-estimate time). One paper

352 E. Biological Oceanography O LR (1982) 29 (6)

is concerned with the Cd accumulation and elimi- nation kinetics of Corophium volutator. (sir)

E50. General biology, ecology, bioge- ography, etc.

82:2777 Beklemishev, C.W., 1981. Biological structure of the

Pacific Ocean as compared with two other oceans. J. Plankt. Res., 3(4):531-547.

Relationships among the hydrographic structure of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans and their patterns of distribution of standing stocks and species are discussed. Zonation of the Pacific is the most pronounced due to its large size. Dept. of Invert. Zool., State Univ., Moscow 117234, USSR. (m.ij)

82:2778 Hanson, R.B. and K.R. Tenore, 1981. Microbial

metabolism and incorporation by the polychaete Capltella capitata of aerobically and anaerobically decomposed detritus. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(3): 299-307.

Detrital mineralization (CO 2 production), microbial respiration (02 uptake), biomass (ATP), and net incorporation by the worm were measured in flow-through microcosms containing C. capitata fed both aerobically and anaerobically decomposed detritus from Spartina alterniflora, seaweed, and mixed algae. Results suggest that 'anaerobic metabolism...could represent a significant loss of carbon from benthic food webs.' Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, Ga. 31406, USA. (mjj)

82:2779 Oviatt, C.A., C.D. Hunt, G.A. Vargo and K.W.

Kopchynski, 1981. Simulation of a storm event in marine microcosms. J. mar. Res., 39(4):605-626.

A moderate-intensity, 14-hr storm was simulated in Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory (MERL) microcosms by increasing the intensity of microcosm mixing. Suspended particulate loads and concentrations of metals and nutrients increased in the water column but returned to near pre-storm values within 5 days. No long-term effects on biological processes were observed. Grad. Sch. of Oceanog., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.

82:2780 Robles, C.D. and John Cubit, 1981. Influence of

biotic factors in an upper intertidal eommwaity:

dipteran larvae grazing on algae. Ecology, 62(6): 1536-1547.

Removal of dipteran larvae was associated with increased algal abundance in 2 unreplicated experiments; in a third, replicated, experiment, the presence of larvae apparently affected algal species composition, perhaps by hastening succession. Biol. Dept., Calif. State Univ., Los Angeles, Calif. 90032, USA. (sir)

E80. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

82:2781 Alvial M., Adolfo and Sergio Avaria P., 1981.

[Spring phytoplankton bloom in Valparaiso Bay, Chile. I. Meteorology and oceanography.] Revta Biol. mar., Univ. Chile, 17(2): 197-227. (In Span- ish, English abstract.) Inst. Prof. de Iquique, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile.

82:2782 Andersen, O.G.N., 1981. The ann~d cycle of phyto-

plankton primary production and hydrography in the Disko Bugt area, West Greenland. Meddr Grenland, (Bioscience)(6): 65pp.

A 2 t/2 year study at a coastal and at a fjord station showed unstable winter and stable summer conditions for both locations. Large (>56 ~) phyto- plankters contributed up to ~ of daily and ~50% of annual production, 90 g C/m2/yr on the coast and <35 g C/m2/yr in the fjord. Nitrate, phosphate, oxygen, light intensity, chlorophyll, and P/B ratio values are reported. Zool. Museum, Univ. 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. (mwf)

82:2783 Bowman, M.J., W.E. Esaias and M.B. Schnitzer,

1981. Tidal stirring and the distribution of phytoplankton in Long Island and Block Island sounds. J. mar. Res., 39(4):587-603.

Phytoplankton distributions are interpreted in terms of tidal mixing variations and water column stratification. A stratification depth-scaled-by-light dia- gram is used to quantify preferred physical environments of the two major morphological groups (diatoms and microflageUates). Success of the method in clearly distinguishing these physical regimes suggests its value as a useful biological growth index in estuarine systems. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

82:2784 Demers, S. and L. Legendre, 1981. Vertical

and photosynthetic c~Rcity of osttmri~ phyto-


plankton (St. Lawrence Estuary). Mar. Biol., 64(3):243-250. (In French, English abstract.) Div. d'oceanogr., Region du Quebec, C.P. 15500, 901, Cap Diamant, Quebec GIK 7Y7, Canada.

82:2785 Devol, A.H., 1981. Vertical distribution of zooplank-

ton respiration in relation to the intense oxygen minimum zones in two BHtish Columbia fjords. J. Plankt. Res,, 3(4):593-602.

Zooplankton respiration rate was maximum imme- diately above both inlets' oxygen deficient zones. Waters with <5 pg-atoms O2/L appear to be barriers to zooplankton migration, significant in that zooplankton respiration just above the oxygen deficient zone is 'quantitatively important in the formation and stabilization' of this zone. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. (ahm)

82:2786 Eleuterius, Lionel, Harriet Perry, Charles Eleuterius,

James Warren and John CaldweH, 1981. Caus- ative analysis on a nearshore bloom of Osc//- latorla eryawaea ( Trfehodesmlam) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. NE Gulf Sci., 5(1):1-11.

Environmental conditions preceding this first reported bloom of this blue-green alga near the mainland are described: calm, warm, transparent seas of high salinity, slightly alkaline pH and low nutrient concentrations. No adverse effects on zooplankton or larger animals were observed. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, Miss. 39564, USA. (mjj)

82:2787 Falkowski, P.G. and C.D. Wirick, 1981. A simulation

model of the effects of vertical mixing on primary productivity. Mar. Biol., 65(1):69-75.

Starting with chl:C ratios that varied linearly with depth in the absence of mixing, 2 photosynthesis models (one nonlinear, one linear with respect to chl:C) were subjected to a random walk simulation; results suggested that vertical mixing may have little effect on integrated primary production. Oceanog. Sci. Div., Dept. of Energy and Environ., Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY 11973, USA. (row0

82:2788 Gerber, R.P., 1981. Species composition and aimn-

dame of lagoon zooplankton at Eadwetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Res. Bull, Smithson. Inst., 247:22pp.

Copepods, chaetognaths and larvaceans were dominant mid-lagoon, less abundant in the shallow

back-reef. Increases in abundance of 56 of the 124 taxa found occurred mid-lagoon during the summer; species diversity was not significantly different for summer and winter populations. Mar. Res. Lab., Bowdoin Coll., Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA. (ahm)

82:2789 Herbland, Alain and Aubert Le Bouteiller, 1981. The

size distribution of phytoplankton and particulate organic matter in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean: importance of uitraseston and consequences. J. Plankt. Res., 3(4):659-673.

Rates of primary production and concentrations of chlorophyll a, phaeophytin, and particulate C, N and P were determined for the <200, <35, ( 3 and < 1 am size fractions of particulate matter at different stations. Active phytoplankton were found primarily in the 3-35/~m fraction, but most of the chlorophyll and particulate C and N passed through 3 /~m Nucleopore filters. Methodological and ecological implications are discussed. Antenne Orstom, Centre Oceanol. de Bretagne, BP 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France. (mjj)

82:2790 Hopkins, T.L., D.M. Milliken, L.M. Bell, E.J.

McMichael, J.J. Heffernan and R.V. Cano, 1981. The landward distribution of oceanic plankton and mleronekton over the west Florida continental sheff as related to their vertical distribution. J. Plankt. Res., 3(4):645-658.

Extent of landward occurrence is significantly correlated with bottom topography in terms of depth and distance from open water in the Gulf of Mexico. Epipelagic plankton species were distributed considerable distances across the shelf; mesopelagic shrimp and fish species were not found landward of slope stations. Possible factors affecting landward distribution, such as currents, vertical migration patterns, and predation, are discussed. Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33701, USA.

82:2791 Le Borgne, Robert, 1981. Relationships between the

hydrological stng'an~, chlorophyll and zooplankton biomasees in the Gulf of Guinea. J. Plankto Res, 3(4):577-592. Antenne ORSTOM au COB, BP 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France.

82:2792 Morel, Andr6 and Annick Bricaud, 1981. Theoretical

results concernin~ ] j ~ ID~'ptiol In It diggrete medium, and aCCUcatioa to spedne absorption of phytoplaakton. Deep-Sea Res., 28(11A):1375- 1393.

354 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (6)

Absorption of radiation by phytoplankton suspended in a non-absorbing medium, and the applicability of Beer's law in such a situation are examined theoretically. Experimental results are compared with predictions and related to problems in evaluating photosynthetic quantum yield efficiencies and in estimating oceanic algal biomass by remote sensing. Lab. de Phys. et Chim. Mar., BP 8, Univ. P. et M. Curie, F 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. (mjj)

82:2793 Morris, 1., A.E. Smith and H.E. Glover, 1981.

Products of photosynthesis in phytoplankton off the Orinoco River [Venezuela] and in the Car- ibbean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26(6):1034-1044.

Incorporation of ~4C into primary photosynthetic end-products (low molecular weight metabolites, lipids, polysaccharides, proteins) was used as an indicator of the physiological state of phytoplankton in inshore waters (high phytoplankton biomass) and offshore waters (low biomass). Ribulose-l,5-biphos- phate carboxylase and phospho(enol) pyruvate carboxylase activities and particulate C:chlorophyll ratios were also determined. CEES, Box 775, Univ. Maryland, Cambridge, Md. 21613, USA. (mjj)

82:2794 Nair, S.R.S., V.R. Nair, C.T. Achuthankutty and M.

Madhupratap, 1981. ZooplaJton eomptmiflon and diversity in the western Bay of Bengal. J. Plankt. Res., 3(4):493-508.

Zooplankton biomass ranged 1-90 mL/100 m 3 in June 1978; the coastal belt where upwelling occurs showed higher standing stock. Copepoda were dominant, followed by Decapoda and Chaetog- natha. Species composition and distribution are discussed. A general inverse relationship between biomass and diversity was the trend, with pelagic diversity highest. National Inst. of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India.

82:2795 Parsons, T.R., J. Stronach, G.A. Borstad, G. Louttit

and R.I. Perry, 1981. B i o ~ fronts in S t i l t of Georgia, British Columbia, and their relation to recent measurements of primary prodllctivity. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(3):237-242.

Boundary areas of high chlorophyll existed at both ends of the strait as well as among the island groups. Earlier differences noted in average areal annual primary productivity values over the last decade are discussed. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

82:2796 Sellner, K.G., 1981. Primary productivity and the flux

of dissolved organic matter in several marine environments. Mar. Biol., 65(1):101-112.

Dissolved saccharides did not accumulate significantly during 36-hr incubations in the Sargasso and Caribbean seas, but these organics as well as dissolved free primary amines accumulated in proportion to primary production in the Peruvian Upwelling. Percentage of total C fixed in photosynthesis and released as DOC-14 was undetectable in Sargasso Sea waters and was 3.2 and 4.4% in Caribbean and Peruvian waters. A general discussion of C-14 and DSAC techniques is presented. Acad. of Nat. Sci., 19th and The Parkway, Phila- delphia, Penn. 19103, USA. (mwf)

82:2797 Star, J.L. and M.M. Mullin, 1981. Zooplanktonic

assemblages in three areas of the North Pacific as revealed by continuous horizontal transects. Deep-Sea Res., 28(1 IA): 1303-1322.

Continuous sequences of macrozooplankton, with each sample representing a few hundred meters horizontally rather than the ~ I km of a typical net tow, showed that the areas sampled 'differed in intensity of patchiness of the dominant species but not in characteristic spatial scales of variation.' Total number of dominant zooplankters was related to chlorophyll at certain scales in 2 of the 3 areas. Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (mwf)

82:27~ Vincent, W.F., 1981. Rapid physiological assays for

nutrient demand by tim plankton. I. Nitrogen. II. Phosphorus. d. Plankt. Res., 3(4):685-710; 2 papers.

Of the 3 N demand assays compared, the 'most reliable guide was selective luxury N uptake' after enrichment with inorganic N and P (NH4 + transport capacity and NH4 + enhancement assays were also tested). The same technique proved a more 'in- formative guide' to P demand when compared with 32p turnover rates, ATP response to P enrichment, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Ecology Div., DSIR Box 415, Tanpo, New Zealand. (sir)

82:2799 Voituriez, B. and A. Herhland, 1981.

Woduction in the tropical Atlaatic Ocean mapped from oxygen values of Equahmt 1 and 2 (1963). Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):853-863.

Herbland and Voituriez's (1979) results on the primary production-oxygen data relationship are


used to update maps of primary production made from ~4C measurements. Applicability of the method to other tropical areas is considered. Antenne ORSTOM, B.P. 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France. (isz)

82:2800 Yoder, J.A., L.P. Atkinson, T.N. Lee, H.H. Kim and

C.R. McClain, 1981. Role of Gulf Stream frontal eddies in forming phytoplankton patches on the [U.S.] outer southeastern shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26(6): 1103-1110.

A 'finger' of Gulf Stream water from the western wall folded back to enclose a core of upwelled North Atlantic Central Water, creating a diatom patch

1,000 km 2 in area with a chlorophyll concentration 10-100x higher than in Gulf Stream or resident shelf surface water. Such fingers pass a given point about once every 2 weeks and may contribute significantly to outer shelf production. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, Ga. 31406, USA. (mwf)

E90. Sargassum and symbionts (also similar communit ies)

82:2801 Deysher, Larry and T.A. Norton, 1982. Dispersal

and colonization In Sargassum rout/cure (Yendo) Fensholt. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3): 179- 195.

S. muticum propagules largely settle within meters of the parent plant, do not seem able to attach to the substratum once the normal incubation period has passed, and cannot colonize successfully on any but a recently denuded rock surface; nevertheless, the entire California coast has been populated within a very short time. Broken or floating branches are suggested to be carried southward by seasonally favorable currents, to mature en route, and to colonize entire new areas (S. muticum is monoecious and self-fertile). Kelp Ecology Project, 533 Stevens Ave., Suite F_A6, Solana Beach, Calif. 92075, USA. (sir)

El00. Nekton (communit ies ; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals )

82:2802 Anderson, P.K., 1981. The behavior of the dugong

(Dugong dngon) In reintion to conservation and management. Bull. mar. Sci~ 31(3):640-647.

Increased vulnerability may result from the dugong's tendency to aggregate and graze repeatedly at preferred sites. Routine surfacing intervals of < 2 vain increase hunting and boat injuries; orphaned calves <18 months old are unlikely to survive. Dugongs may exhibit the capture myopathy stress syndrome described in ungulates. Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Calgary, Alberta, T2N IN4, Canada. (arm)

82:2803 Dudok van Heel, W.H., 1981. Investigations on

cetacean sonar. Ill. A proposal for an ecological classification of odontocetes In relation to sonar. Aquat. Mamm., 8(2):65-68.

The author proposes a classification which separates 'modern' odontocetes from 'antique' ones (Platani- stidae); these latter exhibit 'elementary sonar sig- nals.' The more modern the species, the more pelagic; less modern and old species have been gradually pushed inshore and away from the tropics. Such an environmental classification may clarify the 'significance of the 2-component sonar phenomenon' described (Kamminga and Wiersma, companion paper) and may have implications for the occurrence of mass strandings in pelagic, but not inshore, species. Neth. Fdn. for Aquatic Mammal Res., P.O. Box 452, 3840 AI Harderwijk, Netherlands. (sir)

82:2804 Hudson, B.E.T., 1981. Interview and aerial survey

data in relation to resource management of the dugong in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Bull. mar. Sci~ 31(3):662-672. Dugong Project, Wildlife Div., P.O. Box 2585, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea.

82:2805 Janssen, John, 1981. Searching for zooplankton just

outside Smell's window. Limnol. Oceanogr~ 26(6):1168-1171.

Blueback herring feeding in a visual 'gulping' mode preferentially swim toward the surface at a region just outside SneU's window where the surface reflects light from the dark water beneath the fish, providing maximum contrast for zooplankters which reflect and refract light entering through their own Snell's window. The principle is similar to that used in dark field microscopy. Biol. Dept., Loyola Univ., 6525 N. Sheridan, Chicago, Ill. 60626, USA.

82:2806 Schwartz, F.J., 1981. A long term Internal tag for sea

t m ~ s . NE Gulf Sci, 5(1):87-93. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of North Carolina, Morehead City, N.C. 28557, USA.


E l l 0 . Bottom communities

82:2807 Bellan-Santini, D. et al., 1981. [Benthos.] Rapp. P.-v.

R~un. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer m~dit., 27(2):235pp; 55 papers. (French with some English.)

Reports (37 French, 18 English) covered macro- benthos, zoogeography, cartography, trophic structure, biocenose classification, population dynamics, meiobenthos, marine cave fauna, fouling, epiphytes, production, pollution, etc.; 9 papers were devoted to Posidonia oceanica. Two extensive bibliographies (1978-80) on Mediterranean zoobenthos (40pp.) and phytobenthos (51pp.) introduce the collection. (isz)

82:2808 Benayahu, Y. and Y. Loya, 1981. Competition for

space among coral-reef sessile organisms at Eilat, Red Sea. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):514-522.

Study of 9 reef localities indicated stony corals and algae were the major reef flat space utilizers with soft corals playing a minor role; below the reef flat, algae decline to a negligible level and stony corals increase coverage to a high (~70%) at 29 m depth. At 4 m depth, soft corals may occupy ~50% of the available space. Dept. of Zool., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv, Israel. (ahm)

82:2809 Boyle, C.D. and D.G. Patriquin, 1981. Carbon

metabolism of Spartm,J altenffflora Lnisel in relation to that of assoehlted nitrogen-fixing bacteria. New Phytol., 89(2):275-288.

Stimulation of nitrogenase activity of root and rhizosphere soil diazotrophs by compounds found in Spartina roots was tested; soil diazotrophs responded primarily to sugars while root diazotrophs responded to organic acids (malate). Pool sizes and metabolic transformations by roots and bacteria were determined for the major translocated photosynthates (sugars). N.S. Res. Found. Corp., P.O. Box 790, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 3Z7, Canada. (mjj)

82:2810 Boynton, W.R., W.M. Kemp, C.G. Osborne, K.R.

Kaumeyer and M.C. Jenkins, 1981. Influence of water circulation rate on in-situ measurements of benthic community re~iratlon. Mar. Biol., 65(2): 185-190.

Variable speed pumps were used to vary water circulation rate at estuarine sites. As velocities increased to 20 cm/s both aerobic respiration and chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased, contrary to the notion that COD alone accounts for increases

in sediment oxygen demand at high velocities. Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Box 38, Solomons, Md. 20688, USA. (mwf)

82:2811 Brenchley, G.A., 1981. Disturbance and community

structure: an experimental study of bioturbetion in marine soft-bottom environments. J. mar. Res., 39(4):767-790.

A series of experiments designed to test effects of different kinds of bioturbation on the same assemblage and effects of one bioturbator on several assemblages indicated physical events to be important in the interactions. 'Results emphasize a need to shift attention from trophic group to categories of relative mobility...in hypotheses relating bioturbation to benthic community structure.' Dept. of Ecol. and Evol. Biol., Univ. of California, Irvine, Calif. 92717, USA. (mwf)

82:2812 Carpenter, R.C., 1981. Grazing by Diadema antil,

/mum (Philippi) and its effects on the benthic algal community. J. mar. Res., 39(4):749-765.

When the preferred food, algal turf, was seasonally reduced, live coral was utilized by D. antillarum in accordance with optimal foraging theory predictions. At intermediate sea urchin density, both algal species richness and community primary production were maximized. Urchin density and algal abundance were inversely related significantly in both field experiments and natural areas. W.I. Lab., Fairleigh Dickinson Univ., P.O. Box 4010, Christian- sted, St. Croix, USVI, 00820, USA. (ahm)

82:2813 de Ruyter van Steveninck, E.D. and A.M. Breeman,

1981. Biomass and relative coverage of benthic algae in the fore-reef of Curacao (Netherlands Antilles) in relation to production. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser., 6(3):257-265. Biol. Centre, Dept. of Syst. Bot., P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gr.), Netherlands.

82:2814 Dye, A.H., 1981. A study of benthic oxygen con-

sumption on exposed sandy beaches. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(6):671-680.

Two beaches (one moderately, one very, exposed) were compared. Interstitial 02 uptake on the former was ~30% again that of the latter; however, macrofaunal 02 consumption was an order of magnitude greater on the very exposed beach, accounting for a full 55% of all 02 consumed. By comparison, only 3% of the total 02 consumed on


the other beach was attributable to macrofauna. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Transkei, Private Bag X5092, Umtata, Transkei, South Africa. (sir)

82:2815 Grant, Jonathan, 1981. Sediment transport and

disturbance on an intertidal sandflat: Inlannal distribution and recoionization. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser~ 6(3):249-255. Dept. of Oceanog., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS B3H 4Jl, Canada.

82:2816 Juniper, S.K., 1981. Stimulation of bacterial activity

by a deposit feeder in two New Zealand intertidal inlets. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):691-701.

Ingestion by the mud snail Amphibola crenata (bacteria assimilation efficiency was 56%) stimulated the activity of sediment bacteria; bacterial production was maximal in the snail gut or within 3 h of egestion. Cawthron Inst., P.O. Box 175, Nelson, New Zealand. (mjj)

82:2817 Lleonart, J., 1981. Analysis of epibenthi¢ communities

of the SE Atlantic [based on data from the Benguela I cruise]. Result. Exped. cient~ Bar- celona, 9:37-51. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Invest. Pesq. Barcelona, Paseo Nacional, s/n Barcelona 3, Spain.

82:2818 Pearson, T.H., G. Duncan and J. Nuttall, 1982. The

Loch Ell [west Scotland] Project: population flncUmtions in the ma_~erobenthos. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3):305-321.

Sampling showed that 4-8 weeks after a microbial increase (related to an increase in pulp and paper mill effluent) annelid deposit feeders replaced the usual complex community. After a further 8-10 weeks, carnivores increased and deposit feeders declined in number. Only small fluctuations occurred at the control station. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., Oban, Argyll, Scotland. (mwf)

82:2819 Pichon, M. and J. Morrissey, 1981. Beat l~ zonation

and comamlity straetm'e of South ~ Red, Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef). Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):581-593.

Study of the two most conspicuous and important benthic groups on this inner reef--scleractinian corals and algae--showed slope coral assemblages to be 'markedly different' from reef fiat assemblages. Reef flat zonation is defined and characterized by

abundance variations of algal groups. Dept. of Mar. Biol., James Cook Univ., Qld. 4811, Australia. (ahm)

82:2820 Rainer, Sebastian, 1981. Temporal patterns in the

structure of macrobenthic communities of an Australian estuary. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(6):597-620.

Three hypotheses based on the assumption that 'biological accommodation is most important in communities subject to minimal...stress, and that physical control is most important in communities subject to a high degree of stress' were tested in a small estuary. Results indicated that (1) greater environmental harshness did not necessarily imply less faunal stability and (2) the ecotone point in a stressed community may have diversity values that agree with neutral model predictions. Div. of Fish. Res., CSIRO Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia. (mwf)

82:2821 Rainer, S.F., 1981. Soft-bottom benthic communities

in Otago Harbour and Bineskin Bay, New Zealand. N.Z. oceanogr. Inst. Mem~ 80:38pp.

Species distribution patterns are related to various environmental properties. Unstable fine sands and unconsolidated silt sediments showed lowest species diversity; stable fine sand sediments with an admix- ture of shell, highest diversity. Other community characteristics are discussed; 'however, the [5] communities recognized do not accord well with those listed by other authors for the New Zealand area.' Portobello Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 8, Portobello, New Zealand. (ahm)

82:2822 Reese, E.S., 1981. Predation on corals by fishes of the

family Chaetodonttdae: Implications for conservation and management of coral reef ecosystems. Bull. mar. Sci~ 31(3):594-604.

Ethological and ecological studies of the obligate coral predators, Chaetodon trifascialis and C. tri- fasciatu~, suggest that these butterfly fishes can be considered indicators of reef conditions. Counting them would be more efficient than trying to assess distribution and abundance of corals directly, and motile fish may provide an early warning of deteriorating reef conditions. Evidence for the co-evolution of C. trifascialis and the coral Acropora is presented. Hawaii Inst. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (row0


82:2823 Santelices, B., S. Montalva and P. Oliger, 1981.

Competitive algal community organization in exposed intertidal habitats from central Chile. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(3):267-276. Inst. de Ciencias Biol., Pontificia Univ. Cat61ica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.

82:2824 Schwinghamer, Peter, 1981. Characteristic size dis-

trlbutions of integral benthic communities. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(10): 1255-1263.

In this first quantitative description of the size composition of benthic communities, the Sheldon spectrum (1972) was applied to 6 intertidal communities in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Data from other locales indicate that similar size distributions characterize a range of benthic communities from estuarine to abyssal. Such community size spectra may improve comparisons, indicate exog- enous disturbances, and enable production estimates. Biology Dept., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, 83H 4J I, Canada. (ahm)

82:2825 Shelton, C.R. and P.B. Robertson, 1981. Community

structure of intertidal macrofauna on two surf- exposed Texas sandy beaches. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):833-842.

A one-year study showed the mean density of individuals to be ~ 3 times and biomass density ~ 5 times greater at the barrier island beach than at the mainland beach. Higher at the mainland beach were species diversity and richness (lack of high domi- nance). A bivalve, Donax texa,~iana, had the greatest biomass at both beaches. Other topics include species composition, zonation and seasonal changes. Betz Lab., 5843 Commerce St., Jacksonville, Fla. 32211, USA. (ahm)

82:2826 Shepherd, S.A. and H.B.S. Womersley, 1981. The

algal and seagrass ecology of Waterloo Bay, South Australia. Aquat. Bot., 11(4):305-371. Includes 13 pages of species lists. Dept. of Fish., 25 Grenfell St., Adelaide, S.A. 5000 Australia.

82:2828 Wilson, W.H. Jr., 1981. Sediment-mediated inter-

actions in a densely populated infannal assemblage: the effects of the pniychaete Abareaicola pacific& J. mar. Res., 39(4):735-748.

In the Straits of Juan de Fuca (Washington), movement of sediment by the deposit feeder A. pacifica increased mortality of another polychaete (spionid) Pygospio elegans and the cumacean crustacean Cumella vulgaris presumably by suffocation, but did not affect the larger spionid Pseudopolydora kempi or the amphipod Corophium spini¢ornis. Sur- vivorship of A. pacifica juveniles was reduced by the 2 spionids. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. 21218, USA. (mjj)

El20. Estuarine and marsh communities

82:2829 Boto, K.G. and J.S. Bunt, 1981. Dissolved oxygen

and pH relationships in northern Australian mangrove waterways. Lirnnol. Oceanogr., 26(6): 1176-1178.

There are consistent, highly significant linear cor- relations between pH and dissolved 02 levels; these properties appear influenced by dissolved organic matter, mainly polyphenolic compounds, present in creeks and tidal channels. Aust. Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. 3, Townsville M.S.O., Qld. 4810, Australia.

82:2830 DeLaune, R.D., C.N. Reddy and W.H. Patrick Jr.,

1981. Accumulation of plant nutrients and heavy metals through sedimentation processes and accretion in a Louisiana salt marsh. Estuaries, 4(4):328-334.

Sedimentation processes supplied large amounts of plant nutrients. Accumulation of heavy metals was low and appeared to be associated with the natural content of incoming sediment. A large portion of organic C from primary production remained in the marsh, contributing to the aggradation process. N accumulated in the marsh at rates _<21 g per m 2 per yr. Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA.

82:2827 Smith, A.L., 1981. COmlmrlson of mm'ofmmal inver-

tebrates in sand dollar ( ~ exeeaW/cm) beds and in adjacent areas free of sand dollars. Mar. Biol~ 65(2):191-198. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.

82:2831 Maciolek, J.A., 1981. Consumer trophic relations in a

tropical insular estuary. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3): 702-711.

Stomach contents of the 16 common consumer species in a Hawaiian estuary were examined, and the amount of each of 8 'trophically ordered food


groups' consumed was determined. Results are integrated using community trophic spectra which enable simultaneous comparison of consumer diets and evaluation of effects of size, location or season on diets. Natl. Fish. Res. Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bldg. 204-N.S.A., Seattle, Wash. 98115, USA. (mii)

82:2832 Maciolek, J.A. and A.S. Timbol, 1981. Environ-

mental features and macrofauna of Kahana Estuary, Oahu, Hawaii. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3): 712-722.

The system was strongly stratified vertically; bottom waters were usually 3-6C ° warmer than surface waters and were O2-depleted at times. Macrofauna consisted mostly of decapod crustaceans and fish, and diversity was much lower than in continental estuaries at similar latitudes. Natl. Fish. Res. Ctr., U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Bldg. 204, NSA, Seattle, Wash. 98115, USA. (mwf)

82:2833 Ribi, Georg, 1981. Does the wood boring isopod

Sphaeroma terebrans benefit red mangroves (R/dzophora mang/e)? Bull. mar. Sei, 31(4):925- 928. Zool. Museum, Univ. Zurich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Swit- zerland.

82:2834 Rice, D.L. and K.R. Tenore, 1981. Dynamics of

carbon and nitrogen during the decomposition of detritus derived from estuarine macrophytes. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(6):681-690.

Decomposition in seawater of detritus of 9 macro- phyte species from salt marsh, seagrass, seaweed and mangrove ecosystems was monitored in the laboratory for 150 days. All detritus lost carbon continuously, but following a brief leaching period the nitrogen content of vascular plant detritus increased. Dept. of Geol. Sci. and Environ. Studies, SUNY, Binghamton, N.Y. 13901, USA. (mjj)

82:2835 Sibert, J.R., 1981. Intertidal hyped~enthic populations

in the Nanalmo Estuary [British Columbinl. Mar. BioL 64(3):259-265.

Small crustacean population densities 5 cm above the sediment always exceeded those at 30 cm by a factor of 2-20. Such hyperhenthic (associated with sediment/water interface in deep fjord basins) populations appear important in trophodynamies; an hydraulic model is proposed for the 'formation and maintenance of hyperbenthic populations.'

Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Pacific Biol. Sta., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. (ahm)

82:2836 Vince, S.W. and Ivan Valiela, 1981. An experimental

study of the structure of herbivorous insect communities in a salt marsh. Ecology, 62(6): 1662-1678. Sch. of Nat. Res., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, USA.

82:2837 Whipple, S.A., J.W. Fleeger and L.L. Cook, 1981.

The influence of tidal flushing, light exposure and natant macrofauna on edaphic chlorophyll a in a Louisiana salt marsh. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(6):637-643.

Concentrations of edaphic chlorophyll a were not affected by exclusion of tidal flushing, but were affected by a combination of grass clipping and exclusion of tidal flushing and natant macrofauna. A mat of blue-green algae developed when grass was clipped. Dept. of Botany, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (mjj)

El40. Birds

82:2838 PrOs-Jones, R.P., M.S. Pr,)s-Jones and J.C. Lawley,

1981. The birds of Assumption Island, Indian Ocean: past and future. Atoll Res. Bull., Smith- son. Inst, 248:16pp. Edward Grey Inst., Dept. of Zool., South Parks Rd., Oxford, UK.

82:2839 Stoddart, D.R., 1981. Abbott's booby [Su/a a b b o ~

on Assumption IIsland, Indian Ocean]. Atoll Res. Bull, Smithson. Inst, 255:27-32. Dept. of Geog., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, UK.

82:2840 Whittam, T.S. and Douglas Siegel-Causey, 1981.

Species interaetiom and commnity stroetm¢ in Alaskan seabird colonies. Ecology, 62(6):1515- 1524.

The authors hypothesize that "since nest sites vary so much in quality, intraspecific competition for preferred sites will be intense.' The hypothesis is tested using log-linear models and multiway contingency tables on the species associations and community structure of 5 Alaskan seabird nesting guilds. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. 14627, USA. (isz)


82:2841 Whittam, T.S. and Douglas Siegel-Causey, 1981.

Species incidence functions and Alaskan seabird colonies. J. Biogeogr., 8(6):421-425.

When 20 species of colonial nesting seabirds were statistically analyzed with a redefined incidence function to test the hypothesis that 'species incidence is independent of the number of species in the community,' species occurrence was found 'not independent of colony richness.' Diffuse competition cannot be tested with this method. Dept. of Ecol. and Evolu. Biol., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721, USA. (isz)

EIS0. Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

82:2842 Anderson, J.G., P. Boonruang and P.S. Meadows,

1981. Interrelationships between chlorophylls, carbon, nitrogen and heterotrophic bacteria in an intertidal sediment transect. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(3):277-283.

Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses showed that C, N and chlorophylls a, b and c were highly correlated. Dept. of Appl. Microbiol., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.

82:2843 Banat, I.M., E.B. LindstrOm, D.B. Nedwell and M.T.

Balba, 1981. Evidence for coexistence of two distinct functional groups of sulfate-reducing bacteria in salt marsh sediment. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 42(6):985-992.

Salt marsh sediment apparently contained sulfate- reducing bacteria which oxidized acetate and another group which probably oxidized hydrogen, based on the inhibitory effects of fluoroacetate and molybdate. Nedwell: Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Essex, Colchester, UK. (mjj)

82:2844 Bell, C.R. and L.J. Albright, 1981. Attached ami

f r e e - ~ bacteria in tide Fraser River Estmwy, Bcttish Co~mki~ Calada. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 6(3):317-327.

About 60% of bacterial biomass and heterotrophic activity was associated with suspended particulates in the turbid river; influence of attached bacteria decreased down-estuary dropping to 15-39% of total bacterial numbers and 4% of heterotrophic activity in the Strait of Georgia. Bacteria dominated the

river's microbial population in terms of biomass and productivity; in the strait, bacteria constituted only 4% of the biomass and 25% of productivity. Het- erotrophic activity and productivity were stimulated in the plume. Albright: Dept. of Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, B.C., VSA 1S6 Canada.

82:2845 BOlter, Manfred, L.-A. Meyer-Reil, Rodger Dawson,

Gerd Liebezeit, Karin Wolter and Heidrun Szwerinski, 1981. Structore analysis of shallow water ecosystems: interaction of microbiological, chemical and physical characteristics measured in the overlying waters of sandy beach sediments. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(5):579-589.

Interactions of 33 physical, chemical and biological parameters (measured in the western Baltic) were analyzed for controlling factors, ultimately to lead to a comprehensive ecosystem description. Central correlation pattern parameters proved to be salinity, nitrite, particulate organic C and N, free dissolved glucose and ribose, bacterial biomass, filamentous cells and BOD. Sonderforsch. 95 an der Univ. Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40/60, D-2300 Kiel I, FRG. (sir)

82:2846 Giilespie, P.A. and A.L. MacKenzie, 1981. Auto-

trophic and heterotrophic processes on an intertidal mud-sand fiat, Delaware Inlet, Nelson, New Zealand. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):648-657.

Highest primary production rates occurred on sandy sediments subject to strong tidal currents; heterotrophic microbial activity was greatest on protected peripheral mud flats or in marsh areas. Transloca- tion of autochthonous organic material is presumed. Cawthron Inst., P.O. Box 175, Nelson, New Zealand. (mjj)

82:2847 Kaper, J.B., E.F. Remmers, H. Lockman and R.R.

Colwell, 1981. Distribution of ¥ 1 b r i o ~ ly~-ns in Chesapeake Bay during the summer season. Estuaries, 4(4):321-327. Center for Vac- cine Dev., Univ. of Maryland Sch. of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 21201, USA.

$2:2S48 Kogure, K., U. Simidu and N. Taga, 1982.

a ~ n t to ljYtolflalfltton in ~ l w ~ r . J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3):197-204.

Attached Flavobacterium T-SD on incubated natural Skeletonema costatum cells were considerably different from those in surrounding seawater. T-8D attachment rate depended on algal growth phase and light, but not on bacterial concentration; attachment


to glass surfaces did depend on concentration. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan.

82:2849 Martin, Y.P. and P.P. Lelong, 1981. Modemng

bacterial community dynamics in an experimental marine plankton ecosystem. Oceanologica Aeta, 4(4):433-443. (In French, English summary.)

Three outdoor tanks were enriched with ammonia, proteins and glucose. Growth and excretion of phytoplankton and two types of bacteria, and concentrations of nutrients and organic matter were monitored for five days. Predictions of computer simulations agreed with observed responses. Fond. Ocean. Ricard, Ile des Embiez, Le Brusc, 83140 Six-Fours-les Plages, France. (mjj)

$2:2850 Miller, J.D. and N.J. Whitney, 1981. Fungi of the

Bay of Fundy. III. Geofungi in the marine environment. Mar. Biol., 65(1):61-68.

Offshore subsurface waters and surface slicks yielded 48 species of geofungi and several sterile, unidentified fungal isolates. Fungi numbers were 10-100 times higher than at other offshore stations but were similar to those of a salt marsh outflow. Tests of growth on increasingly saline media were conducted on 3 species. Role of geofungi in the marine realm is addressed. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Portsmouth Polytechnic, King Henry I St., Ports- mouth, Hants PO1 2DY, UK. (ahm)

82:2851 Miyoshi, Hideo, Takatoshi Handa and Yoshihiko

Hata, 1981. Glucose consumption of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from Uranouchi Bay [Japan] with reference to the decomposition of dead organisms. Rept Usa mar. biol. Inst., 3:83-87. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

Bacteria (50 taxa) isolated from suspended matter, new deposits and bottom muds showed varying abilities to consume glucose; winter consumption was 'markedly depressed.' Potential glucose consumption was greatest in new deposits and least in the muds. Of the 35 most active (as glucose consumers) strains, 32 were Vibrio spp. and 3 were Pseudomonas spp. Usa Mar. Biol. Inst., Kochi Univ., Usa, Tosa-shi, Kochi-ken 781-04, Japan. (sir)

82:2852 Seki, H., F. Whitney and C.S. Wong, 1981. Uptake

Id~tles of Ib~ived acl0ufi¢ materials in a ee~ystem with Ispedal rofenmee tol the detritm food chain. Arch. Hydrobiol, 92(4):409-418.

Heterotrophic uptake kinetics in the dysphotic zone were determined for aspartic acid, glutamate, gly- cine, alanine, lysine, glucose, galactose, acetic acid and glycollic acid both in-situ and in a sediment- seawater enclosure (5 m diameter, 17.5 m height) in Saanich Inlet, B.C., Canada. Also measured were temperature, Eh, salinity, bacterial numbers, and concentrations of nutrients, DOC, POC, coN, A~ and chlorophyll a. Inst. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, Sakuramura, Ibaraki, Japan 305. (m.ij)

82:2853 Seki, Humitake, Nobuharu Aoshima, F.A. Whitney

and C.S. Wong, 1981. Microbial readjustment to new balance after influx change of organic material in the marine dysphotic layer. War. Air Soil Pollut., 16(3):331-337.

Inputs of organic material were decreased experimentally by eliminating the upper euphoric zone from a large subsurface sediment-seawater enclosure in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Nutrient uptake by heterotrophic microbes in the dysphotic zone decreased but standing stocks (ATP levels) remained unchanged. Inst. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, Sakuramura, Ibaraki 305, Japan. (mjj)

82:2854 Taylor, C.D., S.O. Smith and R.B. Gagosian, 1981.

Use of microbial enrichments for the study of the anaerobic degradation of cholesterol. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 45(11):2161-2168.

An anaerobic microbial assemblage enriched from marine sediment using cholesterol as the sole C and energy source was capable of actively mineralizing cholesterol to CO 2 when nitrate, but not sulfate, was the only terminal electron acceptor. Use of model microbial assemblages as research tools in studying anaerobic decomposition of complex organic molecules is discussed. Dept. of Biol., WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (m.ij)

82:2855 Valdts, M. and L.J. Albright, 1981. Snrvivml and

heterotrol~I¢ ac t iv i~ of Fraser River and Strait of Georgia bacterioplunkton within the Fraser River Plume [BritiJ Coimmlga]. Mar. Biol~ 64(3):231-241.

Most lower Fraser River heterotrophic bactcrioplankton die when placed in Strait of Georgia seawater; their Strait of Georgia counterparts remain viable in Fraser River water. In the plume waters, however, bactcrioplankton activity is stimulated in the salinity range 3-18 ppt, perhaps due to improved nutrient conditions. Albright: Dept. of Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A IS6, Canada. (sir)


82:2856 Vance, I., S.O. Stanley and C.M. Brown, 1982. The

l_~ch Eft Project: ceHulose-degradin~ bacteria in the sediments of Loch EH and the Lynn of Lorne [Scotland]. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3):267- 278.

Cellulolytic bacteria were most abundant in the loch's deep basin sediments. A correlation existed between bacterial density and pulp mill effluent; bacterial isolates used pulp fiber as their sole C source. BP Res. Centre, Chertsey Rd., Sunbury- on-Thames, Middlesex, TW16 7LN, UK. (mwf)

El80. Biochemistry

82:2857 Johnson, K.M., C.M. Burney and J.McN. Sieburth,

1981. Enigmatic marine ecosystem metabolism measured by direct diel YCO z and 02 flux in conjunction with DOC release and uptake. Mar. Biol., 65(1):49-60.

Free water diel variations in CO 2 and DOC (IR analysis) and 02 (Winkler method) were measured in a salt marsh, a simulated estuary, and the mixed layer of the Caribbean. Estimates of net ecosystem production based on ~CO 2 and DOC cycles were comparable but were 1.5-3.5 fold higher than those based on O: changes. All estimates of production were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ~4C estimates in the literature. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, USA. (m j j)

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crus- tacea, and E240-Protozoa)

82:2858 Kirchman, David, Stephen Graham, Donald Reish

and Ralph Mitchell, 1982. Bacteria induce settlement and metamorphosis of danmn (Dex/o- sp/ra) bras//lem/s Grebe (Polycbueta: Spir~- bidae). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3): 153-163.

J. brasiliensis larvae settle on multi-species microbial films; bacteria appear responsible for inducing metamorphosis. Janua larvae rarely settled on diatom (Nitzchia) films. Individual bacterial strains varied in their capacity to induce settlement and metamorphosis; data suggest the metamorphic cue is associated with the surface of selected bacterial species. Div. of Applied Sci., Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. 02138, USA.

82:2859 Maurer, Don and Wayne Leathem, 1981. Ecological

distribution of polydmetous anneilds from the New England outer continental shelf, Georges Bank. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 66(4):505-528.

Quantitative grab samples (408) made during winter and spring 1977 yielded 333 polychaete species:

50% of the number of all infaunal species, of the density, and of the 'wet weight biomass for all soft-bodied organisms.' Five polychaete site groups were identified; various environmental factors were associated with mean values of species diversity, evenness, density, species numbers and biomass. Univ. of Delaware, Coll. of Mar. Studies, Lewes, Del., USA. (ahm)

82:2860 Pardy, R.L. and R.A. Lewin, 1981. Colonial asddlans

with prochlorophyte symbionts: evidence for translocation of metabontes from alga to host. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):81%823.

Diplosoma sp. and Lissoclinum patella from Palau were easily separated from their unicellular algal symbionts (Prochioron). Four to five times more acid-stable ~4C was detected in host animal tissues following incubation of colonies in the light than in the dark; label was found primarily in low molecular weight molecules with some in lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Sch. of Life Sci., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. 68588, USA. (mjj)

82:2861 Purcell, J.E., 1981. Dietary composition and dlel

feeding patterns of epipelagic siphonophores. Mar. Biol., 65(1):83-90.

Siphonophores with large gastrozooids (suborder Cystonectae) fed on fish larvae; those with few large gastrozooids (Physonectae) consumed large copepods and other prey; and those with many small gastrozooids (Calycophorae) ate small copepods and other prey. There was a tendency for more prey to be consumed at night although of 7 species tested in the laboratory, 2 fed only in the light and another fed only in the dark. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mwf)

82:2862 Reise, K., 1981. Gaathostomniide abundant aleagside

polychaete burrows. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser, 6(3): 329-333.

Gnathostomulida have been regarded as one of the rarest taxa in marine benthos. On tidal flats in the North Sea, however, they live alongside permanent polychaete burrows with up to 29 individuals and 5 species in 1 cm 3 of sediment. All species show a high


degree of spatial overlap, indicating a narrow niche for the entire taxon; the activity of sulfur bacteria is proposed as a key factor to distribution. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Litoralstation, D-2282 List, FRG.

82:2863 Szyper, J.P., 1981. Short-term starvation effects on

nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by the dme- tognath ~Jgitta e ~ I a . Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci~ 13(6):691-700. Oceanic Inst., Waimanalo, Ha- waii 96795, USA.

82:2864 van Soest, R.W.M., 1981. A monograph of the order

Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Th,tlace_ a). J. Plankt. Res, 3(4):603-631.

More than 300 samples worldwide were critically examined prior to this much-needed revision of the order's taxonomy. The 8 species (including Pyrosoma godeauxi n.sp.) are described and keyed; their distributions are noted. Cladistic analysis is at- tempted and likely speciation modes are discussed. Further revision awaits fresh samples (much of the study material had been preserved for years). Inst. of Taxonomic Zool., Univ. of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands. (sir)

E230. Crustacea

82:2865 AnadOn, Ricardo, 1981. Deealmd ~ (excl.

Pagmtdoa) from the oceanographic cruise Atlor VII of the R/V Co#n/de off NW Africa (No- vember, 1975). Result. Exped. cient, Barcelona, 9:151-159. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Zool. y Ecologia, Univ. de Oviedo, Spain.

82:2866 Benson, R.H., 1981. The odds on 'ode' in ostracode,

or the omkron and omega of chancy spelling, J. Paleont, 55(6): 1200-1206.

Although a review of the Ostracoda literature concludes 'ostracode' to be historically and ety- mologically preferable, 'ostracod' is not deemed incorrect. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA. (isz)

82:2867 Bourdon, Roland, 1981. [Three new species and 2

new genera of abyssal Antarctic Cryptonisdna; Isolmda, Epicaride~] Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat, Paris, (4)3(A, Zool., 2):603-613. (In French, English abstract.) Sta. Biol., 29211 Roscoff, France.

82:2868 Bruce, A.J., 1981. Pontoniine shrimps of Heron Island

[Great Barrier Reef]. Atoll Res. Bull~ Smithson. Inst., 245:33pp. Heron Island Res. Sta., via Gladstone, Qld. 4680, Australia.

82:2869 Coen, L.D., K.L. Heck Jr. and L.G. Abele, 1981.

Experiments on competition and predation among shrimps of seagrass meadows. Ecology, 62(6): 1484-1493.

Interference competition between and pinfish predation on Apalachee Bay (Florida) carideans, Palaemon floridanus and Palaemonetes vulgaris, were investigated in the laboratory. The occurrence of 2 microhabitats appears due to interspecific competition: exclusion of Pt. vulgaris from the red algae (a superior refuge) inhabited by P.floridanus may result in increased predation on Pt. vulgaris. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20742, USA. (m j j)

82:2870 Collins, N.R. and R. Williams, 1981. Zooplankton of

the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. The distribution of four eopepods in relation to salinity. Mar. Biol., 64(3):273-283.

Seasonal variations in abundance and distribution are given for 4 numerically abundant species each in a different salinity range: Eurytemora affinis, true estuarine ( ( 3 0 ppt S); Acartia bifilosa var. inermis, estuarine and marine (27-33.5 plat S); Centropages hamatus, euryhaline marine (31-35 ppt S); and Calanus helgolandicus, stenohaline marine (>33 ppt S). Calanoid copepods were dominant in all regions. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, Devon, UK. (ahm)

82:2871 Epp, R.W. and W.M. Lewis Jr., 1981. Photosynthesis

in copepods. Science, 214(4527): 1349-1350.

Ingested but not digested algae in the gut of Acanthocyclops vernalis continued to photosynthesize at a significant rate based on oxygen change measurements of freshly killed copepods. Possibility of algal-copepod mutualistic symbiosis and implications for measurement of copepod metabolic rates are discussed. Environ. Popula. and Organ. Biol., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80309, USA. (mjj)

82:2872 Gifford, D.J., R.N. Bohrer and C.M. Boyd, 1981.

Spines on dhtoms: do copepods care? LimnoL Oceanogr~ 26(6): 1057-1061.


Calanusfinmarchicus was fed 2 forms of Thalassiosira weissflogii (= T. fluviatilis): normal cells, which are spinose, and cells without spines. Calanus filtration rates on the spinose form averaged 1.7 times higher than on cells with no spines. Dept. of Oceanogr., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.

82:2873 Goy, J.W., 1981. Studies on West Indian Steno-

podidae. 1. Odontozona striata new species from off the western coast of Cuba (Crustucea: Deca- poda: Stenopodidea). Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):843- 852. Duke Univ. Mar. Lab., Beaufort, N.C. 28516, USA.

82:2874 Greenwood, J.G., 1981. Occurrences of congeneric

pairs of Aearffa and Psemfoditlptom~ species (Copelam~la, Calgnoida) in Moreton Bay, Queens- land [Austrullal. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(5): 591-596. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Qld., Brisbane, 4067, Australia.

82:28"/5 Guinot, Dani61e and Bertrand Richer de Forges,

1981. [Rare (3 spp.) or new (5 sop.) lndo-Paefflc Homolidae; Crustucea, Decapoda, Brachyura.] Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (4)3(A, Zool., 2):523-581. (In French, English abstract.) In- cludes 64 photos. Mus. natl. d'Hist, nat., Lab. de Zool., 61 rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.

82:2876 It0, Tatsunori, 1981. Descriptioas and records of

marine harpactl~id copelmds from Hokkuldo [Japan]. VIII. Longipedia spinulosa n.sp., Halec- tinosoma perforatum n.sp., Stenhelia (Delavalia) latioperculata n.sp. J. Fac. ScL Hokkaido Univ., (Set. 6, Zool.)22(4):422-450. Zool. Inst., Hok- kaido Univ., Hokkaido, Japan.

82:2877 Karanas, J.J., R.C. Worrest and H. Van Dyke, 1981.

Impact of UV-B radiation on the fecundity of the copapod Acmffa el js i l . Mar. Biol~ 65(2):125- 133. Worrest: Dept. of Gen. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA.

82:2878 Koehl, M.A.R. and J.R. Strickler, 1981. Colmpod

feeding currents: food capture at low Reynolds number. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26(6):1062-1073.

Calanoid copepods do not strain algae out of the water as previously described. Instead, a copepod flaps feeding appendages to propel water past itself and uses its second maxillae to actively capture

water parcels containing food. Appendages of Eucalanus pileatus operate at Reynolds numbers of only lO -2 to IO t. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA.

82:2879 Kuipers, B.R. and R. Dapper, 1981. Production of

Crangon ~ n in the tidal zone of the Dutch Wadden Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 15(1):33-53. Neth. Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.

82:2880 Landry, M.R., 1981. Switching between herbivory

and carnivory by the planktonic marine copapod CManus pacificu& Mar. Biol., 65(1):77-82.

Adult C. pacificus females presented with food mixtures of diatoms and copepod nauplii fed disproportionately upon the prey in greatest relative abundance. Such 'switching' ability may allow C. paciflcus to exploit post-phytoplankton bloom conditions, i.e. abundant small prey and low phytoplankton density. Omnivorous behavior may contribute to the resiliency of planktonic communities in a dynamic physical environment. Dept. of Oceanogr. WB-10, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. (ahm)

82:2881 McAlice, B.J., 1981. On the post-glacial history of

Acart/a tonsa (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Biol., 64(3):267-272.

A. tonsa is not a recent invader of warm estuarine water north of Cape Cod, but is rather a relict of a population that once was continuous from Cape Cod to Northumberland Strait. This conclusion is based on (1) other relict warm-water faunal elements present, (2) A. tonsa's reproductive biology, and (3) present and post-glacial oceanographic conditions. The scattered populations may make A. tonsa useful in speciation rate studies of marine calanoid copepods. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Maine, Walpole, Maine 04573, USA. (ahm)

82:2882 Monchenko, V.I., 1981. Cyciopina oblivia sp.n.

(Crustacea, Copepoda) from the interstitial zone of the Black Sea. Vest. Zool., 1981(5):10-16. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:2883 Monniot, Claude, 1981. Description of some ascidi-

¢olous colmpods ( N ~ and Ascidico- iidae) from the continental slope of the Bay of Biscay [6 n.spp.]. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat.,


Paris, (4)3(A, Zool., 2):431-454. (In French, English abstract.) Mus. nat. d'Hist. Natur., Lab. Biol. Invert. mar. Malacol., 55, rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.

82:2884 Moore, P.G., 1981. Marine Ampbipeda ( ~ ) [6

spp.I new to science from the Tasmanian phytal fauna. J. nat. Hist~ 15(6):939-964. Univ. Mar. Biol. Station, Miilport, Isle of Cumbrae, Scot- land.

$2:2885 Peyrot-Clausade, Mireille, 1981. Distribution of the

decapods Brachyum and Anomura (excluding Paguridea) of the cryptofanna in the reefs near Tul~mr [Madagascar]. Atoll Res. Bull~ Smithson. Inst., 255:101-121. Station mar. d'Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France.

82:2886 Phillips, B.F., P.A. Brown, D.W. Rimmer and S.J.

Braine, 1981. Description, distribution and abundance of late larval stages of the Scyllaridae (sfipper lobsters) in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(3):417- 437. CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.

82:2887 Robertson, J.R. and W.J. Pfeiffer, 1982. Deposit-

feeding by the ghost crab Ocypo~ quadrata (Fabricius). J. expl mar. Biol. Eeol~ 56(2/3): 165- 177. Univ. of Georgia, Mar. Inst., Sapelo Island, Ga. 31327, USA.

82:2888 Schminke, H.K., 1981. Adaptation of Bathynellacea

(Crnstacea, Synearida) to life in the interstitial ('Zoea Theory'). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 66(4):575-637.

The author demonstrates that the Bathynellacea 'arose by neoteny from a zoea-like ancestor' via a comparison of basically larval morphology of this taxon with the larval forms of other Malacostraca and an examination of their post-embryonic development. The ancestral evolution, transition to interstitial life, and phylogenetic consequences of 'Zoea Theory' are discussed. Examined and re- evaluated is the supposed origin by neoteny of the Cladocera. Univ. Oldenburg, Fachber. 7 (Biol.) Ammerlander Heerstr. 67-99, D-2900 Oldenburg, FRG. (mjj)

82:2889 Seguin, G., 1981. Variations of a population of pelagic

copepods investigated by daily sampling during one year in the hay of Villefranche-sur-Mer, France (1972). Quantitative and ecological study. Oceanologica Acta, 4(4):405-414. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biol. et Ecol. mar., Univ. de Nice, 06034 Nice Cedex, France.

82:2890 Semenova, T.N., 1981. Pampronoe elongata sp.n.

(Crustacea, Hyperlldea) [from the SW Paciflcl and discussion of the status of the genus Sym- pronne Stebbing, 1888. Zoologicheskii Zh~ 60(10): 1581-1585. (In Russian, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanology, USSR Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

82:2891 Shiber, J.G., 1981. Brachyurans from Lebanese

waters. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(4):864-875. I.C.S. Apartado 217, La Cala, Estepona, Malaga, Spain.

82:2892 Simons, M.J. and M.B. Jones, 1981. Population and

reproductive biology of the mud crab, Macro- phthahuus h/rffpes (Jacquinot, 1853) (Ocypo- didae), from marine and estuarine habitats. J. nat. Hist., 15(6):981-994.

Comparison of two New Zealand populations showed estuarine females more fecund than marine ones, possibly due to available food resources. Larval recruitment was continuous in Governors Bay, where salinities were consistently high; Avon- Heathcote Estuary's salinities were highly variable and recruitment was concentrated in the summer. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. (ahm)

82:2893 Van Donk, Ellen and P.A.W.J. De Wilde, 1981.

Oxygen consumption and motile activity of the brown shrimp ~ o-angon related to temperature and body size. Neth. J. Sea Res., 15(1):54-64.

Body weight influenced the relationship between temperature and energy metabolism (02 uptake) for brown shrimp from the Dutch Wadden Sea with juveniles showing a better temperature tolerance and a wider-range 'maximum "scope for activity"...than adults.' Limnol. Lab., Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands. (mjj)

82:2894 Volkmann, Brigitte, 1979. [Copepodn, Harpecti-

coida. Tisbe from Bermuda and zoogeography; revision of the genera Tisbella and Tisbe.]Archo


Oceanogr. Limnol., 19(Suppl.):283pp; 3 papers. Includes numerous drawings and micrographs. Ist. di Biol. del Mare, C.N.R., Venice, Italy.

E240. P r o t o z o a (except E250-Foraminifera, Radiolaria and Tintinnida)

82:2895 Massera Bottazzi, E., O. Rossi, M.G. Andreoli and

R. Villani, 1976. Demoecologie analysts of Acan- tharla populations (Protozoa). Archo Oceanogr. Limnol., 18(3):217-235. Ist. di Zool., Univ. di Parma, Italy.

82:2896 Tendal, O.S. and A.J. Gooday, 1981. Xenophyo-

pboria (Ridzopoda, Protozoa) in bottom photographs from the bathyal and abyssal NE Atlantic. Oceanologica Acta, 4(4):415-422.

Of the 7 species of sediment surface-dwelling xenophyophores described, 3 have a reticulate growth form, 3 platy and 1 branched. Photographs evidence extremely fragile specimens (unable to survive sampling). These giant testate rhizopods may be more abundant and diverse than previously thought; in fact they may be a dominant element in the abyssal bottom fauna. Zool. Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, Univ. 15, DK2100 Copenhagen, Den- mark. (ahm)

82:2897 Wyatt, C.E. and T.H. Pearson, 1982. The Loeb Ell

Iwest Scotiandl Project: pOlatiation characteristics of ciliate protozoans from organically enriched sea-loch sediments. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(2/3):279-303.

Differences in population density, species occurrence, and diversity among marine benthic ciliates were seen during a 12-month study in Loeh Eil and the Lynn of Lorne. The station nearest a pulp and paper mill effluent showed a correlation between population density and the previous month's discharge. Polluted sediments had the largest, most diverse populations; control station sediments were sparsely populated. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., Oban, Argyll, Scot- land. (mwf)

E 2 6 0 . Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

82:2898 LtLning, Klaus, 1981. ~ n e s i s of repro-

duction in marine macroalgae. Bit. dt. bot. Ges., 94(3):401-417.

Current knowledge of photomorphoses of marine macroalgae, particularly photoperiodic control of seasonal reproductive development and photomorphoses mediated by blue light, are summarized. Some recent discoveries are discussed in detail. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Meeresstation, Helgoland, FRG. (mjj)

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

82:2899 Fukuyo, Yasuwo, 1981. Taxonomic study on benthic

dinofiagellates collected in coral reefs. French Polynesia, New Caledonia and the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Bull. japan. Soc. seient. Fish., 47(8):967-978. Fish. Sci., Kitasato Univ., Sanriku, Kesen-gun, lwate 022-01, Japan.

82:2900 Incze, L.S. and C.M. Yentsch, 1981. Stable density

fronts and dinofiageliate patches in a tidal estuary [Damartscotta River, Malne]. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(5):547-556.

Possible physical mechanisms contributing to formation and maintenance of two distinct dinoflag- eUate patches in the upper region of the estuary were investigated. Observations and measurements at the surface and at depth suggest a consistent and causal relationship between the patches and dynamic physical frontal features. Coll. of Ocean and Fish. Sci., Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

82:2901 Nakajima, Ichiro, Yasukatsu Oshima and Takeshi

Yasumoto, 1981. Toxicity of benthic dinoflag- eliates in Oklnawa. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 47(8): 1029-1033.

All 9 isolates (3 Prorocentrum slap., 2 Amphidinium, 2 Ostreopsis, and 1 each of Garabierdiscus and Coolia) showed hemolytic activity, and 7 of the species were toxic (in extracted, fractionated form) to mice. Ichthyotoxicity was exhibited by 3 species, especially by P. concavum. Fac. of Agric., Tohoku Univ., Tsutsumi-dori, Sendai 980, Japan. (sir)

82:2902 Wilson, C.J. and R.W. Holmes, 1981. Tim

importance of dlsaapisblag between living anti dead diatoms In estmrine sediments. Br. phycoL J . 16(4):345-349.


If dead diatom abundance is high in a sample, then 'failure to distinguish between live and dead taxa' may result in interpretive errors re the assemblage's relationship to ecological variables measured at the site. Sediment analyses showed that the percentage of dead diatoms may be large, living/dead diatom ratios vary between sediments, and 'measurements of "live" species richness and diversity are lower than measurements' including both live and dead specimens. Reliability of dioxane and dioxane- xylene preparation methods for observing the live diatom component is demonstrated. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (ahm)

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also C210- Chemical pollution, and F250-Waste disposal)

82:2903 Ahsanullah, M., D.S. Negilski and M.C. Mobley,

1981. Toxicity of zinc, cadmium and copper to the shrimp Ca///annssa anslrn//ens/~ I. Effects of individual metals. II. Effects of paired and triad combinations of metals. III. Accumulation of metals. Mar. Bioi~ 64(3):299-316; 3 papers.

I. LCs0 values were calculated for 4-14 d intervals; all metals increased in toxicity with exposure time and no median lethal threshold concentrations were reached during the 2-week testing period. II. All paired metals 'acted in an interactive manner'; metal triads allowed mortality predictions by the independent dissimilar action model. III. Zn and Cd apparently mutually enhanced uptake, although in the presence of both Zn and Cu, Cd uptake appeared unaffected. Cu uptake was inhibited by Cd, and also by Zn; in Cu-Zn mixtures, Zn uptake was enhanced. Implications for environmental standards' studies are discussed. Aust. Atomic Energy Comm., Res. Estab., Private Bag, Sutherland, NSW 2232, Aus- tralia. (fir)

82:2904 Barber, Scott and J.H. Trefry, 1981. Ba/anns

ebumens: a sensitive indicator of copper and zinc pollution in the coastal zone. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 27(5):654-659.

B. eburneus exhibits properties required of an indicator organism for Florida's trace metal pollution. Sessile, numerically dominant and readily collected at all seasons, the barnacle showed consistent Cu and Zn uptake far above environmental

levels; it is also tolerant of brackish water. Dept. of Oceanogr. and Ocean Eng., Florida Inst. of Tech., Melbourne, Fla. 32901, USA. (ahm)

82:2905 Chan, A.T. and G.C. Anderson, 1981. Environmental

i n v ~ g t i O D Of the eJ[f(~"ts of ~ mlninoo on marine phytoplankton and primary productivity in the tropical eastern North Pacific Ocean. Mar. Min~ 3(1/2): 121-149.

From results of experiments conducted during small-scale mining tests in 1978 it was predicted that primary production would be reduced significantly (by light limitation) and over a short term in the plume of mining discharge. Long-term and large- scale effects are not anticipated. Dept. of Ocean- ography, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1WS, Canada. (mwf)

82:2906 Cherry, R.D. and M. Heyraud, 1981. Poloninm-210

content of marine shrimp: variation w|ih biological and environmental factors. Mar. Biol~ 65(2): 165-175.

Naturally-occurring Po-210 was 3-4 times higher in penaeids than in carids among 30 species studied. Median Po-210 concentration steadily increased from estuarine to coastal to pelagic to deep-pelagic species, perhaps because Po-210-rich items, e.g., fecal pellets, are important in the diet of deep-pelagic shrimp. Physics Dept., Univ. of Cape Town, S. Africa. (mwf)

82:2907 Dahl, A.L., 1981. Monltoflng coral reefs for urban

impact. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):544-551.

To examine monitoring techniques, data from Mayor's transect in Pago Pago Harbor (baseline established in 1917) and from 10 years of other transects in American Samoa are reviewed. Moni- toting strategy requires finding the 'minimum amount of information and minimum level of accuracy necessary to achieve a useful result.' Taxonomic entities selected should be easily dis- tinguished in the field, and data analysis should center on tabulations rather than computerization. South Pacific Comm., B.P. D5, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia. (mwf)

82:2908 Davies, I.M., G. Topping, W.C. Graham, C.R.

Falconer, A.D. McIntosh and D. Saward, 1981. Field and experimental studies on cadhuminm in the edible crab Cancer ~ Mar. Bioi~ 64(3): 291-297. Dept. of Agric. and Fish., Victoria Rd., Torry, Aberdeen AB9 8DB, UK.

368 E. Biological Oceanography OLR 0982) 29 (6)

82:2909 Eder, G., W. Ernst, H. Goerke, J.C. Duinker and

M.T.J. Hillebrand, 1981. Organodflorine resi- dues analysed in invertebrates of the Dutch Wadden Sea by two methods. Neth. J. Sea Res., 15(1):78-87.

A 2-laboratory intercalibration exercise measured 12 organochlorine compounds in Dutch Wadden Sea Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma edule and Crangon crangon; results were compared with those of similar analyses in the Weser Estuary (Germany). The 2 methods yielded comparable mean residue levels (~6-100 ng/g) with PCB's predominating (>20 ng/g). Residue levels were generally lower in the Weser Estuary. Inst. fur Mccresf., Am Hand. 12, 2850 Bremerhaven, FRG. (bwt)

82:2910 Flegal, A.R., M. Stephenson, M. Martin and J.H.

Martin, 1981. Elevated concentrations of mercury in mussels (Myff/as ca///'onffanus) associated with pinniped colonies. Mar. Biol., 65(1):45-48. Moss Landing Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 223, Moss Land- ing, Calif. 95039, USA.

82:2911 Haines, T.A., 1981. Acidic precipitation and its

consequences for aquatic ecosystems: a review. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 110(6):669-707.

This review covers the chemistry of precipitation and surface waters, changes in aquatic organisms at all trophic levels due to acid rain, and damage to recreational and commercial fisheries. Remedial and mitigative actions are discussed. Includes 12 pages of references. Columbia National Fish. Res. Lab., Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA. (ahm)

82:2912 Hardy, J.T., R.L. Schmidt and C.W. Apts, 1981.

Marine sediment and interstitial water: effects on bioavallability of cadmium to gills of the clam Protothaca stanffnea. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 27(6):798-805. Mar. Res. Lab., 439 West Sequim Bay Rd., Sequim, Wash. 98392, USA.

82:2913 Hirota, Jed, 1981. Potential effects of deep-sea

minerals mining on macrozooplankton in the North FAluatorial Pacific. Mar. Min., 3(1/2): 19- 57.

A body of recent data on the interactions between mining discharge particulates and macrozooplankton is discussed. No major mortality was seen during short-term laboratory incubations with added par-

ticulate matter. Characteristic deep-sea materials could be recognized in copepod fecal pellets. Dept. of Oceanog., Univ of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (mwf)

82:2914 Jones, Glenys and Steven Candy, 1981. Effects of

dredging on the macrobenthic infauna of Botany Bay [SE Australia], Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(3):379-398. CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.

82:2915 Jumars, P.A., 1981. Limits in predicting and detecting

benthic community responses to manganese nodule mining. Mar. Min., 3(1/2):213-229.

The author notes the present shortage of actual knowledge about deep-sea benthic community structure and the difficulty involved in obtaining precise measurements there; even so, 'certain predictions can be made,' and these are discussed. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA. (sir)

82:2916 Komatsu, Kenshi, Masataka Higuchi and Masatoshi

Sakka, 1981. Accumulation of tritium in aquatic organisms through a food chain with three trophic levels. J. Radiat. Res., 22(2):226-241.

Accumulation of tritium in bound organic form was studied using a model food chain: tritiated water (THO)--> diatoms (Chaetoceros gracilis)-~ brine shrimp (Artemia)--> killifish (Oryzias latipes). The shrimp and fish accumulated tritium from both tritiated water and tritiated food. Tritium was uniformly distributed in body organs. Dept. of Radiation Res., Tohoku Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Seiryo-cho, Sendal 980, Japan. (mjj)

82:2917 Mason, D.T., 1981. Appropriate ecology: a modest

stress-strain proposal. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):723- 729.

Whole-system response to stress is proposed as an appropriate quantifiable measure of toxicity (or stimulation) effects on a community. A controlled stress (such as a pollutant) is exerted on a community; its effect (strain) is measured in terms of some key function such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant cover, etc. Resultant stress-strain curves can be simplified to yield (1) the half-effect: amount of stressor that reduces the measured function by half, and (2) slope: 'rate of change of function per unit stressor.' Together these values characterize a community's sensitivity to a particular stress; rates of their change over time are measures of community


resilience. Three different communities and 5 stresses were tested experimentally; results have strong implications for predicting land-use effects. Western Washington Univ., Fairhaven College, Bellingham, Wash. 98225, USA. (sir)

82:2918 Ozretich, R.J., 1981. Increased oxygen demand and

microbial biomass [at deep-sea mining sites]. Mar. Min., 3(1/2):109-119. EPA, Mar. Sci. Center, Newport, Oreg. 97365, USA.

82:2919 Phillips, D.J.H. and W.W.-S. Yim, 1981. A compar-

ative evaluation of oysters, mussels and sediments as indicators of trace metals in Hong Kong waters. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser~ 6(3):285-293.

Oysters from 20 locations and sediment samples from 210 sites showed similar considerable con- tamination with Cu and Zn. However, mussels appear to regulate Cu and Zn metabolically and are unsuitable indicators of these trace metals. Environ. Protection Agency, Empire Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong. (ahm)

82:2920 Rau, G.H., R.E. Sweeney, I.R. Kaplan, A.J. Mearns

and D.R. Young, 1981. Differenees in animni 13C, lSN and D abundance between a polluted and an unpolluted coastal site: likely indicators of sewage uptake by a marine food web. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(6):701-707.

In comparing a control vs. a sewage-affected nearshore site off southern California, natural relative abundances of '3C, ~SN and D in fish and prawn muscle were found significantly different. This between-site shift in animal isotope abundance is expected if sewage organic materials are an important food source. Use of natural stable isotopes to trace incorporation and movement of sewage- derived organics is suggested. NASA, Ames Res. Center, Moffett Field, Calif. 94035, USA.

82:2921 Roberts, M.H. Jr., 1981. Kepone distribution in

selected tissues of blue crabs, Ca///neet~ sap/tins, collected from the James River and lower C'hes. apcake Bay. Estuaries, 4(4):313-320. Virginia Inst. of Mar. Sci., Coll. of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Va. 23062, USA.

E330. Laboratory culture (rearing experiments, etc.)

82:2922 Hockin, D.C., 1981. Maintenance of a diverse

harpacticeld copepod commmity in microcosm culture. Mar. Biol~ 65(2):209-214.

Described is a closed system circulating seawater tidal estuarine sediment microcosm. A diverse harpacticoid community was successfully main- tained in 4 replicate microcosms over 6 months; success is attributed to provision of several nutrient sources. Development of similar communities, quali- tatively and quantitatively, in each microcosm indicates system replicability. Culterty Field Sta., Univ. of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Ellon, Aberdeen- shire, Scotland. (ahm)

E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

82:2923 Austin, B., D.A. Morgan and D.J. Alderman,

1981/82. Comparison of antimlcrobiai agents for control of vibriosls in marine fish. Aquaculture, 26(1/2): 1-12. MAFF, Fish Diseases Lab., Wey- mouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.

82:2924 Gallager, S.M. and Roger Mann~ 1981/82. The effect

of varying corbun/nltrogen ratio in the phyto- plankter Tbu/ass/os~ pseudouaua (3H) on its food value to the bivalve Tapes Japonica. Aqua- culture, 26(1/2):95-105. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

82:2925 Mochizuki, Hideo, 1978. Present prawn culture in the

Philippines. (Review.) Philipp. J. Fish~ 16(1):38- 125. SEAFD~C, Philippines.

82:2926 Spotte, Stephen and Gary Adams, 1981. Pathogen

reduction in dosed aquaculture systems by UV radiation: fact or artifact? Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 6(3):295-298.

Differential equations set a theoretical upper limit for the efficacy of UV radiation in 3 hypothetical cases: (1) a plug-flow system, (2) an idealized closed system with no pathogen influx, and (3) a conven- tional closed system with continuous influx of pathogens. In system 3, the mass of pathogens never reached zero even if the UV sterilizer was 100% effective, suggesting that agents such as UV radia-


tion which do not form persistent residuals may be incapable of preventing the spread of waterborne pathogens in recirculated systems. Use of UV radiation in aquaculture is most effective for ster- ilizing raw water supplies and discharges into receiving waters--both single-pass applications. Sea Res. Found. Inc., Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, Mystic, Conn. 06355, USA.

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology 82:2927

Casanova, J.-P., 1981. Amendments of the ecological rules known as Bergmann's and Jordan's rules. J. Plankt. Res., 3(4):509-529. (In French, English abstract.)

Bergmann's rule relating size of plankton and micronekton to latitude has been modified based on measurements of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. Jordan's rule relating increase in number of fish vertebrae to fish size was found correct for cold water, but not warm water, species. Lab. de Biol. animale, Univ. de Provence, Marseille, France. (mjj)

82:2928 Hogeweg, P. and B. Hesper, 1981. Two predators and

one prey in a patchy environment: an application of MICMAC modeiling. J. theor. Biol., 93(2): 411-432.

Predation and competition models are combined in 'MICMAC' modelling, a 'self-structuring simulation strategy' including intra- and inter-patch relationships. Based on model simulations, two predators and their common prey can coexist in a patchy environment in which migration occurs at discrete times due to (1) differences in population dynamics, (2) differences in risk of local extinction, and (3) dynamic coupling and decoupling of patches. Bit- information, R.U. Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, Netherlands. (mjj)

82:2929 Kirkwood, R.S.M. and J.H. Lawton, 1981, Efficiency

of biomass transfer and the stability of model food-wchs. J. theor. Biol., 93(1):225-237.

De Angelis (1975) found that stability of a 10-species model ecosystem was enhanced by low efficiency of biomass transfer from one trophic level to the next. When more general and varied model food webs are considered, however, the relationship appears less simple: stability is enhanced by low biomass transfer efficiencies only in some food webs, depending on species numbers, connectance, biomass transfer

efficiencies, and details of web design. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Nottingham, Univ. Park, Notting- ham NG7 2RD, UK. (mjj)

82:2930 Kishi, M.J., Kisaburo Nakata and Kimitoshi Ishi-

kawa, 1981. Sensitivity analysis of a coastal marine ecosystem. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 37(3): 120-134.

The ecosystem was modelled as 4 compartments: PO4-P, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus; effects of environmental parameters (as constants) were quantitatively estimated for both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Minamidai 1-15-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan. (slr)

82:2931 Phipps, Michel, 1981. Entropy and community pat-

tern analysis. J. theor. Biol., 93(1):253-273.

Theoretical and methodological considerations for analysis of faunal community patterns are discussed. An analytical procedure (P~GASE), based on information theory and the acquisition of 'maximum negentropy' from environmental factors, is presented; the structure of PEGASE is similar to that of multiple regression models. Dept. of Geography, Univ. of Ottawa, Canada. (mjj)

82:2932 Smedes, G.W. and L.E. Hurd, 1981. An empirical

test of community stability: resistance of a fouling community to a biological patch-forming disturbance. Ecology, 62(6): 1561-1572.

Stabilities of older and younger estuarine (Delaware) subtidal fouling communities were evaluated and compared. Magnitude and rate of response to and recovery from disturbance were assessed by measuring physical structure, species richness, evenness, interaction diversity and community similarity for both motile and sessile assemblages. Individual species responses were also examined. The younger community was found more stable, suggesting that evolutionary pressures, rather than species diversity, are more important in influencing community resistance stability. Environ. Res. and Tech., Inc., 1218 Third Ave., Suite 1800, Seattle, Wash. 98101, USA. (mjj)

E 4 0 0 . B o o k s , c o l l e c t i o n s (general)

82:2933 Bombace, G. et al., 1981. [Marine vertebrates,

cephalopods, mammals, and sea turtles.] Rapp.

OLR(1982)29(6) 371

P.-v. Rdun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer m~dit., 27(5):234pp; 53 papers. (French with some English.)

These reports predominantly are French and are devoted to fish: populations, biomass, migrations, fluctuations, nutrition, evolution, biochemistry, sleeping, histology, mortality and pollution effects. Cephalopod nutrition, migrations and fisheries were discussed as were the status of sea turtles off Turkey and suggestions for cetacean research in the Medi- terranean. Includes a 24-page bibliography. (isz)

82:2934 Castellvi, J. et al., 1981. [Marine biochemistry,

microbiology and radioactivity.] Rapp. P.-v. Rbun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Met m~dit, 27(3): 160pp; 32 papers. (French with some English.)

About evenly divided between French and English, these papers ranged widely in topic. The 11 microbiological reports covered the S cycle, ammonifi- cation, enterovirus detection, redox activity of heterotrophs, bacterial roles in red tides and ocean- atmosphere exchanges. Proteins, enzymes, glycogen, phospholipids and chemical composition of invertebrates comprised the topics of 8 biochemical papers. The 13 others detailed radionuclide transport, long-term release of Pu and Am into estuaries, Am-REE determinations, Pu and Am complexation, Mo in plankton and fish, Tc in biota, and the U.S. Sub-Seabed Disposal Program. (isz)

82:2935 Montgomery, D.H. et al., 1980/81. Second Inter-

national Symposium on Biology and Management of Tropical Shallow Water Communities (Coral Reefs, Bays and Estuaries). 20 July-2 August 1980, Papua New Guinea. Bull. mar. Sci., 31(3):477-815; 29 papers + 18 abstracts.

This large collection addresses that 'most fragile' of areas, land's edge, where human 'encroachment threatens the survival of aquatic communities...the

farmlands of the future.' Papers for the most part concentrate on circum-Pacific areas, 17 of them on bays and estuaries. In addition to many species- and community-specific papers, international pollution control strategies, monitoring urban impact, the status of environmental concern, grass roots fisheries and resource management, and stress-strain impact assessment are considered for more general application. (sir)

82:2936 Suzuki, Hiroshi et al., 1981. Survey on development

of deep sea fisheries. Trans. Tokyo Univ. Fish, 4:68pp; 9 papers.

Studies were conducted 1978-79 in Japan's terri- torial waters to explore the development possibilities of a deep-sea fishery. Topics addressed by these 9 papers include the reliability of navigational, fish finding, and fishing instruments and equipment; crab pot experiments and catch analyses; and environmental conditions. There is a paper on two caprellid amphipods off the Boso Peninsula. (smf)

E410. Miscellaneous

82:2937 Trench, R.K., N.J. CoUey and W.K. Fitt, 1981.

Recognition phenomena in symbioses between marine invertebrates and 'zooxanthellae'; uptake, sequestration and persistence. Ber. dt. bot. Ges., 94(3):529-545.

Described are experiments carried out on the scyphistoma stage of the jellyfish Cassiopeia xamachana and on strains of the symbiotic gym- nodimioid dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadria- ticum with the aim of better understanding factors controlling specificity. Selectivity apparently may occur at the level of cell-cell contact. Selective advantages or disadvantages of animal-algal symbiosis are discussed. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Calif., USA. (mjj)

F. GENERAL

F I0. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

82:2938 Born, G.H., 1981. Seasat: space-age oceanography.

Nature, Lond, 293(5834):p.608.

A 3-yr evaluation of Seasat data and sensor per- formance was presented at the 1981 spring meeting of the AGU; highlights of the meeting and of recent research related to the altimeter, s ~ and sAss are discussed. Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., USA. (smf)

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Biological oceanography Apparatus and methods

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