Biological oceanography Apparatus and methods

OLR(1987)34(7) 585

nodule axial units are 1:0.8:0.5, density is 2.00___ 0.04 g/cm 3, the volume obeys a power law, and the size distribution follows a Gaussian curve. The thickness of the upper acoustic sediment unit was found to correlate with nodule coverage and concentration. Joint Res. Centre of the European Communities, Ispra Establishment, 21020 Ispra, Italy. (hbf)

D360. Books, collections (general) 87:3880

Bilodeau, W.L. (ed.), 1986. Plate tectonics and petrologic suites. Special issue. Sedim. Geol., 51(1-2):135pp; 6 papers.

Papers from among those presented at the SEPM August, 1985 symposium, dealing with 'elastic sedimentation and tectonics in convergent margin and extensional rift basin settings,' cover one ancient and three modern convergent margins, and one ancient and one fairly modern rift basin. Multi- variate discriminant analysis of petrographic data on DSDP samples from the Japan and Mariana fore- arcs and backarcs, the North Pacific Ocean, and Bering Sea demonstrate the variability of sandstone compositions and the links between sandstone provenance and tectonic setting. Petrographic studies from DSDP cores and samples from the Aleutian forearc indicate a suite of sands comparable to those of the Franciscan Complex in California. Data on central Appalachian Ordovician strata provide an example of an Early Paleozoic subduction complex/accretionary prism. Stratigraphic and sedimen- tologic studies of the Mesozoic Newark Basin alluvial fan facies and petrological and paleocurrent

analyses of Miocene sandstones and conglomerates from the Rio Grande Rift of New Mexico provide new data on two distinctly different rift basin settings. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Colorado, 1100 14th St., Denver, CO 80202, USA. (hbf)

D370. Miscellaneous

87:3881 Johnson, Brann and A.W. Bally (eds.), 1986. Intra-

plate deformation: characteristics, processes and causes. Selected papers, Symposium on Intra- plate Deformation, Texas A&M Univ., April 25-26, 1985. Special issue. Tectonophysics, 132(1-3):279pp; 16 papers.

Presented in this volume are a representative collection of papers from the symposium, which was planned to provide a 'forum to discuss facts and conceptual models of intraplate deformation and to highlight problems and types of data and meth- odologies needed for their resolution.' Papers treat- ing oceanic intraplate stresses and deformation (including studies on the Indian Ocean, the Indo- Australian Plate, the Samoa-Gilbert-Ralik area, the junction off SE Japan), and analyses of intraplate earthquakes, causes of compression and extension, and tectonic controls, are followed by papers dealing primarily with continental regimes in the eastern U.S. (the southern and ancestral Rocky Mountains), the Alpine foreland, and late Pan-African tectonics, and more theoretical studies of continental colli- sions, crustal deformation, and lithospheric thinning. Texas A&M Univ., College of Geosciences, Coll. Station, TX 77843-3114, USA. (hbf)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

87:3882 Bour, W., L. Loubersac and P. Rual, 1986. Thematic

mapping of reefs by processing of simulated SPOT satellite data: application to the Trochus n//ot/ct~ biotope on Tetembia Reef (New Cale- donia). Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 34(3):243-249.

Determining the exploitable stock of T. niloticus requires a good estimate of the surface area it occupies; high-resolution remote sensing is the method of choice. This paper examines the method used to process the digital images that will be produced by the French SPOT satellite; results are presented as thematic maps of the main reef environment types and respective surface areas.

586 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1987) 34 (7)

Among hard reef bottom covers, the trochus envi- roument was finely analyzed and areas identified were compared with ground truth observations and aerial photograph interpretation. Centre ORSTOM de Noumea, BP A5, Noumea, New Caledonia.

87:3883 Boyer, G.L., J.J. Sullivan, R.J. Andersen, F.J.R.

Taylor, P.J. Harrison and A.D. Cerebella, 1986. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate the production of paralytic shellfish toxins by Protogonyaulax spp. in culture. Mar. Biol., 93(3):361-369. Dept. of Chem., SUNY, Coll. of Environ. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.

87:3884 MacLulich, J.H., 1986. Experimental evaluation of

methods for sampling and assaying intertidal epilithic microaigae. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 34(3):275-280.

Several of the available methods for both obtaining and assaying intertidal microalgae were assessed. Samples were obtained from natural and artificial substrata. The density of microalgal cells in each sample was then estimated by a range of methods. Estimates of cell density on the original substratum were compared and the advantages and disadvan- tages of each combination of methods are discussed. For reliability and reproducibility of results and for ease of application to routine sampling, fight microscope studies of samples obtained by brushing the rock surface are most suitable. School of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

87:3885 McLaughlin, R.B., 1986. [Review.] Diatom micros-

copy: white-dot, black-dot. Microscope, 34:361- 369.

A historical perspective is presented on the contro- versy over what causes the different diatom images known as black-dot and white-dot seen at different focusing levels. The author follows the arguments presented from the late 1800s to the 1930s in the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, with McClure's 1961 paper, based on diffraction theory, settling the issue to his satisfaction. 211 Sereno Dr., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. (gsb)

87:3886 Nicol, S., 1987. Some limitations on the use of the

lipofnscin ageing technique. Mar. Biol., 93(4): 609-614.

Measurement of the amount of age pigments (lipofuscins) in tissue samples has been proposed as

a method of discriminating age classes within marine invertebrate populations. During an attempt to use lipofuscin fluorescence in populations of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus and the euphausiid Meg- anyctiphanes norvegica, readings were found to be dependent on the previous treatment of the spec- imens. 101 Edgeway Rd., Marston, Oxford OX3 0HF, UK.

87:3887 Rose, K.A., J.K. Summers, R.A. Cummins and D.G.

Heimbuch, 1986. Analysis of long.term ecological dam using categorical time series regression. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 43(12):2418-2426.

A time series analysis method enables the parti- tioning of response variability (including trend) among individual variables, accommodates model building based on ecological information and allows for economic representation of direct (main) effects. It permits robust treatment of the high uncertainty usually associated with ecological data. Model significance testing, interpretation, and model building are described, and an example using historical fisheries landings and hydrographic and pollution data is presented. Martin Marietta Environ. Syst., 9200 Rumsey Rd., Columbia, MD 21045, USA.

87:3888 Schaffer, W.M., S. Ellner and M. Kot, 1986. Effects

of noise on some dynamical models in ecology. J. mathl Biol~ 24(5):479-523. Dept. of Ecol. and Evolutionary Biol., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

87:3889 Stocker, L.J., 1986. Axtifactual effects of caging on the

recruitment and survivorship of a subtidal colonial invertebrate. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 34(3):305- 307.

The hypothesis that the presence of cages has the same effect as the absence of invertebrate grazers on the recruitment of a subtidal colonial ascidian was tested at Goat Island, New Zealand. Recruitment of Pseudodistoma novaezelandiae under cages was compared to recruitment in uncaged quadrats, while both treatments were manually kept clear of 2 invertebrate grazers. Although the effect of caging was initially non-significant, in later samples there were significantly more recruits outside than inside cages. Suggested causes of the caging effect include the activities of blennies which sheltered within cages, and the increase of sediment within cages. School of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

OLR (1987) 34 (7) E. Biological Oceanography 587

87:3890 Weinberg, J.R., H. Caswell "and R.B. Whitlatch,

1986. Demographic importance of ecological interactions: how much do statistics tell us? Mar. Biol., 93(2):305-310.

Many investigators demonstrate the existence of intra- and interspecific interactions through rigorous statistical hypothesis testing. Statistical significance of an interaction, however, does not necessarily imply that it controls a species population size or distribution. This paper demonstrates one method to quantify the demographic importance of statistically significant interactions. In our example, some of the statistically significant interactions with the polychaete Clymenella torquata have large impacts on the population growth rate of the bivalve Gemma gemma, while others do not. This demonstrates the necessity of distinguishing between statistical significance and demographic importance. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecology, etc.)

87:3891 Francis, M.P., R.V. Grace, B.W. Hayward, L.I.N.

Roberts and C. Ward, 1986. Report of an expedition to Great Barrier Island [New Zea- land]. Part III. Jl R. Soc. N.Z., 16(4):335-362; 3 papers.

This third series of reports on an expedition to the northeastern Great Barrier Island includes discus- sions of the island's sediments and benthos, diversity and abundance of its fishes, and a marine algal survey. Leigh Mar. Lab., Univ. of Auckland, R.D., Leigh, Northland, New Zealand. 01t)

87:3892 Gnanasoundari, B., 1986. Trace element content in

phytoplankton of the western equatorial Indian Ocean. Phykos, 25(1-2):51-56. Annamalai Univ., Centre of Advanced Study in Mar. Biol., Parangipettai 608 502, India.

87:3893 Wildish, D.J., D.L. Peer and D.A. Greenberg, 1986.

Benthic macrofaunal production in the Bay of Fundy and the possible effects of a tidal power barrage at Economy Point-Cape Tenny. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci~ 43(12):2410-2417. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, St. Andrews Biol. Station, St. Andrews, N.B. E0G 2X0, UK.

E50. General biology, ecology, bioge- ography, etc.

87:3894 Brthoux, J.P. and G~rard Copin-Mont~gut, 1986.

Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mediterranean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 31(6): 1353-1358.

Nutrient concentration in the Mediterranean Sea is controlled by water exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar and by atmospheric and terrestrial inputs. Various peculiarities in the N and P geochemical cycles are pointed out, namely a low N:P atomic ratio (6.4) in terrestrial discharges, and a budget well balanced for P (where terrestrial discharges amount to about 80% of the outflow) but apparently very deficient in N, despite a high N:P atomic ratio (22), in Mediterranean deep waters. This suggests the possibility of a surprisingly high rate of direct atmospheric N uptake by the Mediterranean ecosystem. Lab. de Phys. et Chimie Mar., Univ. Paris VI, UA CNRS, F 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France.

87:3895 Dickerson, J.E. Jr. and J.V. Robinson, 1986. The

controlled assembly of microcosmic communities: the selective extinction hypothesis. Oecologia, 71:12-17.

Forty communities were assembled through the controlled inoculation of algae, protozoans and a rotifer according to either of 2 distinct introduction schedules. Species richness consistently increased throughout the initial 4 and 7 weeks of the experiment for the low and high invasion rate beakers, respectively. The numbers of species in the low rate beakers were uncorrelated with time during the last half of the experiment; however, species richness gradually declined during this period in the high rate beakers. The extinction rate is disproportionately higher for large organisms in the small microcosms, consistent with the MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model. J.E. Dickerson Alcon Lab., 6201 S. Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA.

87:3896 Guterman, Hugo and Sam Ben-Yaakov, 1987.

Exchange rates of 02 and CO z between an algal culture and atmosphere. Wat. Res., 21(1):25-34.

The mechanism of CO 2 and 02 exchange between atmosphere and an algal mini-pond was examined by monitoring, with a novel microcomputer-based system, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, light intensity and temperature. Data support the assumption that gas exchange is driven by the gradient of the


partial pressure of the gases across the imaginary boundary layer. The photosynthetic activity of a blue-green alga (Spirulinaplatensis) mini-pond as it is influenced by the CO2 concentration in the growth medium is discussed. The overall photosynthetic process was studied by comparing the experimental data with a mathematical model, evaluating the effectiveness of alternative carbon sources. Ben- Yaakov: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engng, Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84120, Israel.

87:3897 Hedgecock, Dennis, 1986. Is gene flow from pelagic

larval dispersal important in the adaptation and evolution of marine invertebrates? Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):550-564.

Differentiation of local, conspecific populations, despite larval dispersal, appears the rule rather than the exception for marine organisms. Differentiation can arise from either physical or biological barriers to larval dispersal or from differential survival or fecundity of immigrants. Where diversifying selection follows coarse-grained patterns of environmental heterogeneity, gene flow by larval dispersal would appear to be maladaptive; long-term, evolutionary consequences are more difficult to evaluate. Exam- ples of genetic divergence studied are the lobster Homarus and the barnacle Balanus glandula.

87:3898 Jackson, J.B.C. and K.W. Kaufmann, 1987. Diadema

anff//anun was not a keystone predator in cryptic reef environments. Science, 235(4789):687-689.

The ecological impact of the disappearance of a major predator depends on the responsiveness of the prey. Mass mortality of the most abundant grazer in Caribbean cryptic reef environments, the sea urchin Diadema antillarum, selectively decreased rates of mortality of encrusting organisms by half, yet community composition hardly changed because alternative species failed to become established. ©1987 by AAAS. Smithsonian Tropical Res. Inst., Box 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama.

87:3899 McFadden, C.S., 1986. Colony fission increases

particle capture rates of a soft coral: advantages of being a small colony. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1-3): 1-20.

The effects of colony size and the presence of conspecific neighbors on particle capture rates were quantified in laboratory experiments conducted with colonies of an undescribed species of alcyonacean

soft coral. At all experimental flow speeds (0.04-0.51 m/s), per polyp particle capture rates decreased as colony size increased. The results can be used to predict the size at which a colony should undergo fission in a given flow environment in the absence of other selective forces. Dept. of Zool. N J-15, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

87:3900 Menge, B.A., Jane Lubchenco, S.D. Gaines and L.R.

Ashkenas, 1986. A test of the Menge-Sutherland model of community organization in a tropical rocky intertidal food web. Oecologia, 71:75-89.

Menge and Sutherland (1976) predicted that in physically benign habitats: (1) community structure will be most strongly affected by predation, (2) the effect of predation will increase with a decrease in trophic position, (3) trophically intermediate species will be influenced by both predation and competition, and (4) competition will occur among prey species which successfully escape consumers. These predictions were tested in a tropical rocky intertidal community on the Pacific coast of Panama. Obser- vations do not support the hypothesis that the trophically intermediate species compete. Hence, with the exception of this last observation, the predictions of the Menge and Sutherland model were supported. Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

8"/:3901 Ricklefs, R.E., 1987. Community diversity: relative

roles of local and regional processes. Science, 235(4785): 167-171.

The species richness (diversity) of local communities balances regional processes of species formation and geographic dispersal, which add species to communities, against local processes of predation, competitive exclusion, adaptation, and stochastic variation, which may promote local extinction. Ecologists have sought to explain differences in local diversity by the influence of the physical environment on local interactions among species, interactions that are generally believed to limit the number of coexisting species. But diversity of the biological community often fails to converge under similar physical conditions, and local diversity bears a demonstrable dependence upon regional diversity. These observations suggest that regional and historical processes, as well as unique events and circumstances, profoundly influence local community structure. ©1987 by AAAS. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.


87:3902 Strathmann, R.R., 1986. What controls the type of

larval development? Summary statement for the evolution session. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):616-622.

Types of embryonic and larval development determine duration of the planktonic period. Therefore conditions controlling types of larval development ultimately control evolutionary processes for descen- dent lineages insofar as dispersal influences these processes. Ten hypotheses on persistence of types of development and transitions between types of development are listed. These conditions include trades between rate of early development, rate of early growth, and risks from benthic and planktonic predators. The size of adults and larvae, body plans of adults, body plans and feeding mechanisms of larvae, and internal fertilization determine the form of these trades. Transitions between types of development are restricted by a bias against recovery of a feeding larval stage and stabilizing selection for local adaptive optima. Advantages of long distance dispersal, differences in reproductive effort, and adaptations for larval settlement have little effect on type of larval development and duration of planktonic periods.

87:3903 Warwick, R.M., N.R. Collins, J.M. Gee and C.L.

George, 1986. Species size distributions of benthic and pelagic Metazoa: evidence for interaction? Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(1-2):63-68.

The benthic metazoan fauna at Station C52 in the Celtic Sea has the familiar bimodal pattern of species size distribution, while the pelagic community has its center of distribution corresponding with the position of the benthic trough. Differences in taxonomic composition cannot explain this pattern. Of the possible mechanisms of benthic/pelagic coupling which might influence species size distributions, interactions between macrobenthic larvae and ho- loplankton and the influence of the pelagic community on the nature of the benthic food supply are considered potentially important. NERC Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, UK.

E80. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

87:3904 Avaria, Sergio and Pablo Mufloz, 1985. Effects of 'El

Nifio' phenomenon on the marine phytoplankton off northern Chile in December, 1982. MAR- CHILE XIV-ERFEN V cruise. Ciencia Tecnol.

Mar, Valparaiso, 9:3-30. (In Spanish, English abstract.)

Quantitative and qualitative distribution of phytoplankton was determined between Arica (18 o 28 "S) and Chafiaral (26°20"S) and within 180 miles of the Chilean coast during 7-18 December, 1982. The close relation between phytoplankton abnormalities, non-typical phytoplankton pigment distribution and unusual oceanographic conditions between Arica and Antofagasta indicates the presence of the E1 Niho phenomenon off the northern Chilean coast in December 1982. Inst. de Oceanol., Univ. de Val- paraiso, Casilla 13-D, Vina del Mar, Chile.

g'/:3905 Banse, Karl and C.R. McClain, 1986. Winter blooms

of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser., 34(3):201-211. School of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

87:3906 Batchelder, H.P., 1986. Phytoplankton balance in the

oceanic subarctic Pacific. Grazing impact of Metridia pacifica. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(3): 213-225.

Ingestion and respiration by M. pacifica were studied by shipboard and laboratory experiments; a model was developed to assess the seasonal grazing impact on the phytoplankton standing crop in the subarctic Pacific. During peak (summer) phytoplankton production, the low densities of M. pacifica require < 10% of daily primary production to satisfy energy demands; in autumn and winter it requires 36--57% and exceptionally 175%. M. pacifica contributes significantly to the total grazing potential responsible for maintaining low phytoplankton stocks during the unproductive fall-winter season. Grad- uate School of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

87:3907 B~ttje, M. and H. Michaelis, 1986. Phaeocystis

pouchet// blooms in the East Frisian coastal waters (German Bight, North Sea). Mar. Biol., 93(1):21-27.

Morphological variability of the colonies, population development, effects on inorganic nutrient and oxygen budget, and role in the seasonal plankton bloom sequence were investigated. Unlike diatom blooms P. pouchetii blooms result in high production of POC. They also release great amounts of dissolved organic substances, which cause extensive sea foam formation during the peaks and subsequent breakdown of blooms. Niedersachsisches Landesamt


fur Wasserwirtschaft, Forschungsstelle Kuste, An der Muhle 5, D-2982 Norderney, FRG.

87:3908 Bauerfeind, E., M. Elbrachter, R. Steiner and J.

Throndsen, 1986. Application of laser Doppler spectroscopy (LDS) in determining swimming velocities of motile phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 93(3):323-327.

The swimming velocities of 18 motile phytoplankton species (ranging <20 /tin to >100 /~m) were measured. LDS offers several advantages when compared with other methods applied to measuring velocity: (1) it is very fast (1-3 rain); (2) it is not invasive; (3) up to ten parallel samples can be measured automatically in sequence and repeti- tively; (4) in contrast to microscopic measurements, motility is measured in three dimensions; and (5) it is a direct and objective method which only requires small sample volume. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Zentrale, Notkestr. 31, D-2000 Hamburg 52, FRG.

87:3909 Burkill, P.H., R.F.C. Mantoura, C.A. Llewellyn and

N.J.P. Owens, 1987. Miernzooplankton grazing and selectivity of phytoplankton in coastal waters. Mar. Biol., 93(4):581-590.

Microzooplankton grazing activity in the Celtic Sea and Carmarthen Bay was investigated by applying a dilution technique to HPLC analysis of photosynthetic pigments. Specific grazing rates were high and varied seasonally. The results indicate a trophic preference for dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, chloro- phytes, and prasinophytes and selection against diatoms. Those algal taxa preferentially grazed also showed the highest specific growth rates, suggesting a dynamic feedback between microzooplankton and phytoplankton. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK.

87:3910 Cadre, G.C., 1986. Recurrent and ehnnging seasonal

patterns in phytoplankton of the westernmost inlet of the Dutch Wadden Sea from 1969 to 1985. Mar, Biol., 93(2):281-289. Netherlands Inst. of Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.

87:3911 Chang, Man and J.H. Shim, 1986. A study on the

phytoplankton of the Yeflow Sea in spring, 1984. Ocean Res., KORDI, 8(1):1-11. (In Korean, English abstract.)

A phytoplankton community of low diversity and standing stock, which exhibited NO3-N-dependent

horizontal and vertical distribution, is described. The impact of environmental variables (including stratification) and nutrient distribution are discussed. Biol. Oceanogr. Lab., KORDI, Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul, Korea. (gsb)

87:3912 Colebrook, J.M., 1986. Environmental influences on

long-term variability in marine plankton, Hydro- biologia, 142:309-325.

The major patterns of geographical and seasonal variability of the plankton of the NE Atlantic and the North Sea are described for the period 1948 to 1984. A feature of the variability is a marked similarity both between species and between areas. There is a complex relationship between the plankton and an estimate of changes in the frequency of westerly weather which can be interpreted in terms of influences acting over limited periods of the seasonal cycle coupled with persistence in the stocks of zooplankton. Relationships between year-to-year variations in abundance can be interpreted in terms of a response by the zooplankton to variations in food supply coupled with feed-back to the phytoplankton involving nutrient regeneration. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect PI., The Hoe, Plymouth, UK.

87:3913 Conte, M.H., J.K.B. Bishop and R.H. Backus, 1986.

Nonmigratory, 12-kHz, deep scattering layers of Sargasso Sea origin in warm-core rings. Deep-Sea Res., 33(11-12A): 1869-1884.

Nonmigratory deep sound-scattering layers (NMDSLs) were entrained within Sargasso Sea-Gulf Stream waters during the formation of rings 82B and 82H. At night ring water was easily distinguished from slope water by the presence of these features between 200 and 550 m. The distribution of NMDSLs in 82H as a function of temperature and salinity matched Sargasso Sea distributions; their distribution in the center of 82B was more consistent with the distribution found in Gulf Stream-Sargasso Sea edge water. Observed temporal changes are best explained by the physical processes affecting ring structure. The gonostomatid fish Cyclothone braueri and the physonect siphonophores are possible sources of the NMDSLs. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

87:3914 Cullen, J.J., Mingyuan Zhu and D.C. Pierson, 1986.

A technique to assess the harmful effects of sampling and containment for determination of primary production. Limnol. Oceanogr., 31(6): 1364-1373.


Massive mortality, photosynthetic debility, or both may be associated with sampling and enclosing open ocean phytoplankton. This can be tested by measuring in-vivo chl a fluorescence of enclosed phytoplankton assemblages. Reports in the literature and results from the experiments show that the difference between in-vivo fluorescence before and after treatment with the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU is a reliable, albeit qualitative, indicator of photosynthetic ability. Fluorescence measurements are thus suitable to assess damage to phytoplankton during measurement of photosynthesis. An example from the tropical ocean demonstrates that the low measured rate of primary production is probably not an artifact of sampling and containment. Bigelow Lab. Ocean Sci., McKown Pt., West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA.

87:3915 Dandonneau, Y. and L. Lemasson, 1987. Water-

colnmn chlorophyll in an olligotrophlc environment. Correction for the sampling depths and variations of the vertical structure of density, and observation of a growth period. J. Plankt. Res., 9(1):215-234.

Water-column chlorophyll content (WCC) is affected by choice of sampling depths and variations in vertical structure of density; resulting noise often dominates mesoscale variations of the observed water-column chlorophyll. Standard deviation and mean of the chlorophyll concentration are computed using observations in an oligotrophic environment at 15°S, 173°E; these statistics allow the estimation of an expected water-column chlorophyll (EWCC). The ratio of EWCC to overall likelihood of WCC during the fixed station measures the effect of sampling and variable density structure, and when this effect is removed the noise in WCC estimates decreases significantly. Centre ORSTOM, BP AS, Noumea, New Caledonia.

87:3916 Gaedeke, A. and U. Sommer, 1986. The influence of

the frequency of periodic distorlmnees on the maintenance of phytoplankton diversity. Oecol- ogia, 71:25-28.

The influence of periodic disturbances of various frequency on the maintenance of the phytoplankton diversity was studied by semicontinuous competition experiments. Disturbances consisted of dilution events, which meant both addition of fresh nutrients and elimination of organisms. Diversity was found to increase with increasing intervals between disturbances. Coexisting species belonged to different strategy types: (1) species with rapid growth under

enriched conditions, (2) species with good competitive abilities under impoverished conditions, (3) species with the ability to build up storage pools of the limiting nutrient. Sommer: Max Planck Inst. of Limnology, P.O. Box 165, D-2320 Plon, FRG.

87:3917 Goldman, J.C., 1986. On phytoplankton growth rates

and particulate C:N:P ratios at low light. Limnol. Oceanogr., 31(6): 1358-1363.

In a series of continuous culture experiments involving N-limited growth of the chrysophyte Pavlova lutheri, large deviations in cellular C:N:P ratios from the Redfield ratio of 106:16:1 occurred only as a function of low relative growth rate and not of low light intensity. By contrast, light-limited phytoplankton in continuous culture can attain the Redfield chemical proportions at all combinations of light intensity and dilution rate. Because the absolute magnitude of the maximum growth rate is variable with respect to light intensity and other abiotic factors, the chemical composition of particulate matter can be used as a diagnostic tool to estimate the degree of nutrient deficiency of both laboratory- grown and natural phytoplankton populations at all light intensities. Abundant recent data substantiate the possibility that the chemical composition of oceanic phytoplankton typically is in the Redfield proportions. Results support the hypothesis that oceanic phytoplankters are growing at relative growth rates close to unity. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

87:3918 Haney, J.F., Martin Brauer and Gertrud Nttrnberg,

1986. Feeding and egestion rates of individual zooplankton using Cerenkov coumln~. Hydro- biologig 141(3): 165-174.

Cerenkov radiation was used to measure ingestion and release by Brachionus cab, ciflorus and Daphnia pulex that were fed 32p-labeled Rhodotorula glutinus. A method is described that uses automatic pipet tips as cages, permitting measurement of ingestion rates and isotope loss by individual animals. Filtering and ingestion rates for both animals agree closely with previous estimates. Fachbereich Biol. Zool. der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Univ., Siesmayerstr. 70, D-6000 Frankfurt/Main, FRG.

87:3919 Harding, L.W. Jr., B.W. Meeson and T.R. Fisher Jr.,

1986. Phytoplankton production in two [U.S.] east coast estuaries. Photosynthesis-light func- tions and patterns of carbon assimilation in Chesapeake and Delaware bays. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 23(6):773-806.

592 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1987)34 (7)

The distribution of photosynthetic carbon assimilation by phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay is described, and productivity patterns are related to hydrographic characteristics of the estuary. Data from four cruises on Chesapeake Bay and from two cruises on the urbanized Delaware Bay (March 1982-April 1983) were compared. Chesapeake Bay Inst., Johns Hopkins Univ., Shady Side, Maryland 20764, USA.

87:3920 Jackson, G.A., 1986. Interaction of physical and

biological processes in the settlement of planktonic larvae. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):202-212.

Planktonic larvae are at the mercy of the currents for their approach to settlement sites. The presence of planktonic larvae at any given location is a random process. At a settlement site, the interaction of physical processes and biological responses determines the spatial pattern of settlement. For example, where larvae settle when they encounter a kelp bed depends on the current speed, vertical larval distribution, and larval behavior. Simple calculations of settling by abalone larvae suggest that their concentrations in the water could be halved within 100 m of entering a kelp bed. The faster currents of a kelp-free area would extend this distance to about a kilometer.

8"/:3921 Jara S., C.G., C.A. Roman V. and E.J. Jaramillo L.,

1985. Observations on a red tide caused by Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann) in the Aysen Fiord (Chile). Ciencia Tecnol. Mar, Valparaiso, 9:53-63. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Zool., Facultad de Ciencias, Univ. Austral de Chile.

87:3922 Kuparinen, J., 1987. Production and respiration of

overall plankton and ultraplankton commonities at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. Mar. Biol., 93(4):591-607.

After the phytoplankton spring maximum, bacteria played an important role in mediating the energy flow from phytoplankton exudates to higher trophic levels. The summer development of phytoplankton community structure and functioning is strongly controlled by nutrient inputs via upwelling and by water temperature. A carbon budget for late summer indicated that bacteria may contribute only up to 500 of the overall respiration of the plankton community, which suggests that heterotrophs other than bacteria play an important role in nutrient

regeneration. The present study stresses the importance of energy flow via the phytoplankton exu- date-bacteria-micrograzer pathway in relatively oligotrophic brackish water ecosystems. Tvarminne Zool. Station, SF-10900 Hanko, Finland.

87:3923 Lain Hoai, T., M. Amanieu and G. Lasserre, 1985.

[Surface zooplankton communities in three sites at different distances from seawater entry into Thau Lagoon, N Mediterranean.] Cah. Biol. mar., 26(4):445-467. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. d'Hydrobiol., CNRS UA 694, Univ. des Sci. et Tech. du Languedoc, Place E.-Bataillon, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France.

87:3924 Levin, UA., 1986. The influence of tides on larval

availability in shallow waters overlying a mudflat. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):224-233.

This work was part of a larger study of the population dynamics and dispersal abilities of a polychaete assemblage inhabiting the Kendall-Frost mudflat in Mission Bay, California. Meroplankton abundances were monitored during complete (12 h) tidal cycles to learn about movements of larvae over the mudflat, and to relate larval densities on the mudflat to bay-wide plankton observations which were also aimed at identifying short-term, tidally- induced variations in larval (plankton) abundance which could influence interpretation of longer-term plankton data. The focus is on polychaetes but findings are presented for other meroplankton as well.

87:3925 Marin, V., M.E. Huntley and B. Frost, 1986.

Measuring feeding rates of pelagic herbivores: analysis of experimental design and methods. Mar. Biol., 93(1):49-58.

We have re-evaluated the experimental methods and statistical procedures used to determine the relationship between feeding rates of pelagic herbivores and food concentration. We show that the use of 'mean concentration' is statistically erroneous; it produces an artificial increase in the degrees of freedom that may result in the acceptance of nonsignificant regression lines and it negates the value of replication, required to estimate sources of error. How replication may be used to improve control over sources of error is presented; we recommend the use of initial concentration rather than mean concentration. Alternative methods to determine clearance and ingestion rates enable the investigator to use replication. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., A-008, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

OLR (1987)34 (7) E. Biological Oceanography 593

87:3926 Marshall, H.G. and M.S. Cohn, 1987. Phytoplankton

distribution along the eastern coast of the USA. Part VI. Shelf waters between Cape Henry and Cape May. J. Plankt. Res., 9(1):139-149. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.

87:3927 Mikhailovsky, G.E., 1986. The law of congruous

attraction and the structure of zooplankton communities. Ecol. Model., 34(1-2):83-98.

A new ecological principle, the law of congruous attraction, is complementary to Gause's law of competitive exclusion. The forces of repulsion between niches which follow from Gause's law appear when niches are in contact, whereas the forces of attraction following from the new law act in the phase space at a distance. The combination of attraction and repulsion between niches determines the basic 'skeleton' structure of the community. A rough topological image of this basic structure can be constructed. This approach, which permits an estimation of the state and stability of the community, is illustrated by some examples from the arctic zooplankton community. Lab. of Plankton, Shir- show Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

87:3928 Mujica R., Armando and Omar Rojas J., 1985.

Composition and abundance of the zooplankton of northern Chile. MARCHILE XV-ERFEN VI cruise, December 1983. Ciencia Tecnol. Mar, Valparaiso, 9:31-52. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Fomento Pesquero, Casilla 1287, Santiago, Chile.

87:3929 Neale, P.J. and P.J. Richerson, 1987. Photoinhibition

and the diurnal variation of phytoplankton photosynthesis. I. Development of a photosynthesis-irradiance model from studies of in-situ responses. J. Plankt. Res, 9(1): 167-193.

The relationship between did cycles of depression- recovery of DCMU induced in-vivo fluorescence of near-surface phytoplankton and carbon fixation is examined in a series of diurnal experiments. Patterns of diurnal stratification depth in photosynthetic response were compared to the gradient of fluorescence in-vivo, and this response was analyzed using both ANOVA techniques and a photosynthesis-irradiance model which includes a specific photoinhibition parameter. Results show recovery from extended periods of photoinhibition during diurnal stratification is slower than suggested by

previous observations in-vitro. Div. of Molecular Plant Biol., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

87:3930 Owens, N.J.P., R.F.C. Mantoura, P.H. Burkill,

R.J.M. Howland, A.J. Pomroy and E.M.S. Woodward, 1986. Nutrient cycling studies in Carmarthen Bay: phylaplankton production, ni- trngen assimilation and regeneration. Mar. Biol., 93(3):329-342. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, Devon, UK.

87:3931 Partensky, F. and A. Sournia, 1986. [The dinoflag-

ellate Gyrndinium aureolum in the plankton of the North Atlantic: identification, ecology, toxicity.! Cryptogam. Algol., 7(4):251-275. (In French, English abstract.)

Although its wide distribution and potential for toxic damage make it an attractive research subject, many aspects of G. aureolum biology are still unknown. For example, no toxin has been identified; the trophic significance of open-sea blooms has not been established; and species identification has not been standardized (a list of useful cytological characteristics is included here). Differences in the ecology of eastern and western Atlantic Gyrodinium, distribution, toxic effects, and the biochemistry and cellular physiology of this dinoflagellate are discussed. Station Biol., 29211 Roscoff, France. (gsb)

87:3932 Pennock, J.R. and J.H. Sharp, 1986. Phytoplankton

production in the Delaware Estuary: temporal and spatial variability. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 34(1- 2):143-155. College of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.

87:3933 Qu6guiner, Bernard, Mohsen Hafsaoui and Paul

Tr6guer, 1986. Simultaneous uptake of ammo- ulum and nitrate by phytoplankton in coastal ecosystems. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 23(6):751- 757.

In order to test the response of phytoplankton to high nitrogen inputs occurring in the coastal Bay of Brest, subsurface water samples were enriched at varying ammonium concentrations and a fixed nitrate concentration. Results indicated that natural phytoplankton populations could perform simultaneous uptake of both nitrogen forms at ammonium levels previously thought to prevent nitrate uptake. Results are discussed in terms of adaptation of


microalgae to the mode of fertilization they expe- rience in the coastal ecosystem. Lab. de Physiol. Vegetale, Univ. de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Ave. V. Le Gorgeu, 29287 Brest Cedex, France.

87:3934 Sameoto, D.D., 1986. Influence of the biological and

physical environment on the vertical distribution of mesozooplankton and micronekton in the eastern tropical Pacific. Mar. Biol., 93(2):263- 279.

The day/night vertical distributions of mesozooplankton and micronekton biomass and that of a large number of copepod species to 1000 m are described and contrasted from two eastern tropical Pacific stations. The effects of various biological parameters (zones of primary production, chlorophyll maximum) plus physical parameters (T, S, 02) on the distributions of the species and mesozooplankton and micronekton biomass are examined. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dart- mouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

87:3935 Sanders, R.W., 1987. Tintinnids and other micro-

zooplankton---seasonal distributions and relationships to resources and hydrography in a Maine estuary. J. Plankt. Res., 9(1):65-77. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

87:3936 Scheltema, R.S., 1986. Long-distance dispersal by

planktonic larvae of shoal-water benthic invertebrates among central Pacific islands. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):241-256.

The geological origin of central Pacific islands by volcanic activity at 'hot spots' through a pre-existing ocean floor requires that their original colonization by invertebrates must have resulted from long- distance dispersal. The relatively low endemism and attenuated Indo-Pacific faunas found on central Pacific islands support the hypothesis that there is not only sufficient capacity for dispersal to colonize new islands as they appear, but also that dispersal and the attendant gene flow between islands is frequent enough to account for the persistence of most shoal-water sediment-dwelling Indo-Pacific species. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

8%3937 Scheltema, R.S., 1986. On dispersal and planktonic

larvae of benthic invertebrates. An eclectic overview and summary of problems. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):290-322.

The attempt here is to show how planktonic larvae are dispersed over various spatial and temporal scales and to consider the circumstances and possible consequences of such dispersal. The ecological, biogeographic, genetic, and evolutionary consequences of larval dispersal are at present only dimly understood. The maximum potential distance that a larva can be dispersed and the likelihood that it survives to settlement is related to the length of its planktonic life and the rate and direction of the currents that transport it. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

87:3938 Sciandra, Antoine, 1986. Study and modelling of a

simple planktonic system reconstituted in an experimental microcosm. Ecol. Model., 34(1- 2):61-82.

This paper reports on time series measurements of the effect of temperature on copepod development and their relationship with particulates; phytoplankton assimilation and mortality vis-a-vis available light and nitrogen; and bacterial degradation of organic matter and nutrient remineralization. Hy- potheses to account for the fluxes controlling distribution biomass are formulated as deterministic differential equations; adequate description of the planktonic system is obtained. Station Zool., Univ. P. et M. Curie, Villefrance-sur-mer 06230, France. Orb)

87:3939 Shannon, L.V. and S.C. Pillar, 1986. The Benguela

ecosystem. Part III. Plankton. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 24:65-170.

This literature review of Benguela-associated plankton, the third in a series of reviews of the area's physical and chemical oceanography, focuses on the dynamic processes occurring in the phytoplankton community in relation to the abiotic processes. Diversity, biomass, primary production, the distribution and abundance of individual species, and regional differences in spawning are examined. Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa. (gsb)

87:3940 Smith, R.E.H., W.G. Harrison, Brian Irwin and

Trevor Platt, 1986. Metabolism and carbon exchange in microplankton on the Grand Bank¢ (Newfoundland). Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(1- 2):171-183.

The size-distribution of oxygen consumption, inorganic and organic dissolved carbon assimilation, and the standing stocks of phytoplankton and


bacteria were measured simultaneously to develop simple carbon budgets and t4C exchange models for the microplankton communities of a large continental shelf system. Primary production, estimated by 14C--CO2 assimilation into particulate matter, often greatly underestimated gross primary production and community metabolism measured by the O2 technique. Modelling of tracer dynamics suggested large rates of DOC release from a small and rapidly cycling pool within the autotrophs as the cause of the large apparent photosynthetic quotients. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

87:3941 Span, A.S.W., 1986. Optimization of the electron

transport system (ETS) method for natural phytoplankton assemblages tested with some species of freshwater phytoplankton. Wat. Res., 20(12):1497-1503. Dept. of Toxicol., Agric. Univ., De Dreyen 12, 6703 BC Wageningen, Netherlands.

87:3942 Tsuji, T., K. Ohki and Y. Fujita, 1986. Determination

of photosynthetic pigment composition in an individual phytoplankton cell in seas and lakes using fluorescence microscopy. Properties of the fluorescence emitted from picophytoplankton cells. Mar. Biol., 93(3):343-349.

The study was made mainly with phycoerythrin- containing picophytoplankton collected off Japan with reference to diatoms and phycoerythrin-free cyanophyceans. Results indicated that: (1) the cell-fixation with the glutaraldehyde and paraform- aldehyde mixture modified phycoerythrin emission markedly in wavelength location and intensity, but (2) the emission from phycocyanin was affected far less, and (3) the emission from chlorophyll a was not altered. Mitsubishi-Kasei Inst. of Life Sci., 11 Minami-Ooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan.

87:3943 Waiters, Keith and S.S. Bell, 1986. Diel patterns of

active vertical migration in seagrass meiofanna. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 34(1-2):95-103. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of So. Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.

87:3944 Wroblewski, J.S. and J.G. Richman, 1987. The

uonlineur response of plankton to wind mixing events--4mpllcattons for survival of larval northern anchovy. J. Plankt. Res., 9(1):103-123. Bige- low Lab. for Ocean Sci., W. Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA.

87:3945 Yamamoto, Tamiji and Satoshi Nishizawa, 1986.

Small-scale zooplankton aggregations at the front of a Kuroshio warm-core ring. Deep-Sea Res., 33(11-12A): 1729-1740.

Zooplankton were strongly aggregated in the frontal region; patches of zooplankton and phytoplankton were spatially separated. A major part of the zooplankton assemblage consisted of neritic forms such as cladocerans and indicator species of the cold Oyashio water, implying that lateral entrainment of coastal waters (directly influenced by the Oyashio) was an important factor in the formation of the aggregations. Variation in the distribution of abundance peaks of individual zooplankton species was also observed. Zooplankton showed more intensive aggregation than phytoplankton and non-motile euphausiid's eggs, indicating that processes such as motility and prey-predator interactions also appeared to be regulating the patchiness. Aichi Pre- fectural Fish. Experimental Station, Owari Branch, 3-36 Toyohama-Toyoura, Minami-chita, Aichi 470- 34, Japan.

El00. Nekton (communities; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals)

87:3946 Bannerot, S.P. and J.E. Powers, 1984. Management°

oriented research and assessment of reef fish stocks: problems and approaches. Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst., (1983)36:152-162.

Determination of the biological status of exploited reef fish populations through stock assessment is often hampered by inadequate data acquisition and the ecological complexity of the reef system. These problems are addressed and solutions are suggested within the framework of an effective stock assessment plan which includes acquiring information about age structure, mortality and growth rates, and distribution and abundance of fish. Coop. Inst. of Mar. and Atmos. Sei., Univ. of Miami, FL 33149, USA. (gsb)

g7:3947 Boyd, S.H., P.H. Wiebe, R.H. Backus, J.E. Craddock

and M.A. Daher, 1986. Biomass of the miero- nekton in Gulf Stream ring 82-B and environs: changes with time. Deep-Sea Res., 33(11-12A): 1885-1905.

Micronekton samples from ring 82-B, Slope Water, the Gulf Stream, and the Sargasso Sea showed no significant diel variation in 0-1000 m integrated biomass, nor was vertical diel migration observed


across 1000 m, but there was a consistent (though variable) upward shift in biomass at night. Over the period April-August, Slope Water biomass remained constant, while biomass increased in the ring-core region and decreased in the high velocity region. Dept. of Biol., WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (gsb)

87:3948 Franqois, Y. and M.-L. Bauchot (organizers), 1986.

Fish: classification and phylogenesis (2nd part). goundtable, Zoological Society of France and French Society of Ichthyology, 25 February 1986. Oceanis, 12(5):323-381; 7 papers.

Three rather general papers (progress in teleost systematics and phylogeny, Notothenioidei phylogeny, and DNA and fish taxonomy) are included along with two more specific studies and two examinations of methodology (numerical taxonomy and origin of the Weberian apparatus). Univ. Paris-VII, France. (gsb)

87:3949 Griffiths, F.B. and V.A. Wadley, 1986. A synoptic

comparison of fishes and crustaceans from a warm-core eddy, the East Australian Ctm~nt, the Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 33(11-12A): 1907-1922.

Mesopelagic fishes and crustaceans inside a newly formed, warm-core eddy off eastern Australia were similar in composition and abundance of species to those from the more northerly Coral Sea and East Australian Current (EAC) source waters of the eddy. The crustaceans inside the eddy were a mixture of warm-water and cold-water species and were dis- similar to the crustacean fauna on either the Tasman Sea or the Coral Sea-EAC sampling sites. In contrast, of the fishes collected, only warm-water or widespread species were present in the eddy. The crustacean fauna of a new eddy was distinct from both the fauna of the source region and of the Tasman Sea because sufficient cold-water species were already present in the geographical location where a new eddy forms. The myctophid fauna of a new warm-core eddy was essentially identical to the Coral Sea fauna because cold-water species do not penetrate into the warmer waters of the source of the eddies. CSIRO Mar. Lab., G.P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.

87:3950 Madhyastha, M.N., B.K. Sharath and I.J. Rao, 1986.

Preliminary studies on marine turtle hatchery at Bengre Beach, Mangalore [India]. Mahasagar, 19(2):137-140. Dept. of Biosci., Mangalore Univ., Mangalagangotri-574 199, India.

87:3951 Montgomery, J.C. and J.A. Macdonald, 1987.

Sensory tuning of lateral line receptors in Ant- arctic fish to the movements of planktonic prey. Science, 235(4785): 195-196.

The suitability of the lateral line system of fish and aquatic amphibia for the detection of planktonic prey was examined in the Antarctic fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki (family Nototheniidae). The best responses of primary afferent lateral line neurons to waterborne vibrations were recorded at frequencies within the range of those produced by swimming crustacea. Simultaneous recordings from a swimming zooplankter held close to the fish and from primary afferent neurons provided direct confir- marion that swimming movements of crustaceans are a potent natural stimulus of the lateral line system. @1987 by AAAS. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

87:3952 Nelson, C.H. and K.R. Johnson, 1987. Whales and

walruses as tillers of the sea floor. Scient. Am., 256(2): 112-117.

Side-scan sonographs from a bottom survey of the northeastern Bering Sea provided evidence of pits and furrows in the sea floor that could not be ascribed to geologic processes. Aerial observations and sediment data on the Chirikov Basin, showing a sand sheet inhabited by ampeliscid amphipods, confirmed that the pits were made by foraging gray whales. The narrow furrows, however, were attrib- uted to foraging Pacific walruses, confirmed by observations supporting the findings of Eskimos who concluded that the sand, gravel and clams found in the walrus' stomachs indicated they were bottom feeders. The whales' foraging resuspends at least 120 million m3/yr of sediment, nearly three rimes the sediment discharge of the Yukon River. These mammals are an important part of the ecosystem, releasing buried nutrients from the sediment into the water. (lit)

87:3953 Peterman, R.M. and M.J. Bradford, 1987. Wind

speed and mortality rate of a marine fish, the northern anchovy (Engrau//s mordax). Science, 235(4786):354-386.

In northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), there is a significant linear relation between larval mortality rate and the frequency of calm, low wind speed periods during the spawning season, possibly because calm winds permit maintenance of concen- trated patches of larval food. Neither cannibalism on larvae nor offshore transport contributed significantly to interannual variation in early larval


mortality. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that wind-driven turbulent mixing affects variability in survival of young fish larvae. However, abundance of recruits does not necessarily reflect abundance of larvae surviving through this early stage.©1987 by AAAS. Nat. Resour. Mgmt. Prog., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.

87:3954 Sahrhage, D., 1986. Contributions to the systematics

of ommastrephid squid (Moilusca, Cephulopoda, Teuthoidea) and their distribution in the Atlantic, based on the catches of FFS WMther Herwig made during 1966 and 1968. Mitt. BundFor- schAnst. Fisch., 40:155pp. Palmaille 9, 2000 Hamburg 50, FRG.

ELI0. Bottom communities

87:3955 Alayse-Danet, A.M., F. Gaill and D. Desbruy~res,

1986. In-situ bicarbonate uptake by bacteria- AlvlneBa associations. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 7(3):233-240.

On walls of some hydrothermal chimneys at 13°N (EPR) numerous epibiotic bacteria were associated with Alvinella pompejana and Alvinella caudata, but not with Paralvinella grasslei. The abundant epibi- oses observed on these Alvinella species are unusual and the relationships between these bacteria and the worms are unknown. Previous results, including t3C values, morphological insertion of the bacteria on the epidermis, presence of RBPCase, and fixation of ~4C bicarbonate in some bacteria and in the dorsal epidermis, suggest that atrophic relationship could exist between Alvinella and its epibiotic bacteria. The present study compared the incorporation area of ~4C bicarbonate in the 3 species. IFREMER, Centre de Brest, B.P. 337, F-29273 Brest cedex, France.

87:3956 Alongi, D.M., 1986. Population structure and trophic

composition of the free-living nematodes inhabiting carbonate sands of Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 37(5):609-619. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville M.C., Qld. 4810, Australia.

87:3957 Buchanan, J.B. and J.J. Moore, 1986. Long-term

studies at a benthic station off the coast of Northumberland [U.K.I. Hydrobiologia, 142:121- 127. Dove Mar. Lab., Cullercoats, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK.

87:3958 CouU, B.C., 1986. Long-term variability of meioben-

thos: value, synopsis, hypothesis generation and predictive modelling. Hydrobiologia, 142:271-279.

A synopsis of the known long-term meiofauna data published to date is presented and a new hypothesis that can be tested based on South Carolina data is suggested. By appropriate statistical modelling, long-term data sets can also be used to assess the appropriateness of the sampling schedule (spatial and temporal) and as a predictor of future trends. Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol., Mar. Sci. Prog., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

87:3959 Coutinho, Ricardo and Ulrich Seeliger, 1986. Sea-

sonal occurrence and growth of benthic algae in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, Brazil. Estuar. coast. ShelfSci., 23(6):889-900. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

87:3960 Coyer, J.A., 1986. The mollusk assemblage associated

with fronts of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) off Santa Catalina Island, California. Bull. south. Calif. Acad. Sci., 85(3): 129-138. Div. of Sci. and Math., Marymount Palos Verdes Coll., Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274, USA.

87:3961 Dunton, K.H. and D.M. Schell, 1987. Dependence of

consumers on macroalgal (Lanffnaria solidungula) carbon in an arctic kelp community: 813C evidence. Mar. Biol., 93(4):615-625.

Stable carbon isotope measurements were used to assess the importance of kelp carbon versus phytoplankton carbon to resident fauna of an isolated kelp-bed community on Alaska's north arctic coast. Animals that showed the greatest assimilation of kelp carbon included macroalgal herbivores, a nonselective suspension feeder and a predatory gastropod. Within some taxonomic groups, species exhibited a broad range in isotopic composition which was related to differences in feeding strategies. Seasonal changes in the ~J3C values of several animals indicated an increased dependence on kelp carbon during the dark winter period when phytoplankton were absent. Univ. of Texas, Mar. Sci. Inst., Port Aransas, TX 78373-1267, USA.

87:3962 Fricke, H.W. and B. Knauer, 1986. Diversity and

spatial pattern of coral communities in the Red Sea upper twilight zone. Oecologia, 71:29-37.


The first quantitative assessment of deep water coral associations below the euphoric zone of the Gulf of Aqaba is reported. The objective is to analyze abundances, diversity, species assemblages and spatial distribution along a continuous depth profile at 100-210 m, and establish a data set for a later study using the same transects, which should detect any changes in community parameters due to natural perturbations and/or detrimental artificial influences. The feasibility of line-transect methods for coral community studies with a submersible is demonstrated. Max Planck Inst. fur Verhaltensphys- iol., 8131 Seewiesen, FRG.

87:3963 Gaines, S.D. and Jonathan Roughgarden, 1987. Fish

in offshore kelp forests affect recruitment to intertidal barnacle populations. Science, 235(4787):479-481.

Kelp forests along the coast of central California harbor juvenile rockfish that prey on the larvae of invertebrates from the rocky intertidal zone. This predation reduces recruitment to barnacle populations to 1/50 of the level in the absence of fish. The dynamics of intertidal community are thus strongly coupled to the dynamics of the offshore kelp community. ©1987 by AAAS. Hopkins Mar. Station, Stanford Univ., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.

87:3964 Gambi, M.C. and Adriana Giangrande, 1986. Dis-

trilmtion of soft-bottom polychaetes in two coastal areas of the Tyrrbeulan Sea (Italy): structural analysis. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 23(6):847-862. Lab. di Ecol. del Benthos, Stazione Zool. di Napoli, Ischia, NA, Italy.

87:3965 Gibbons, M.J. and C.L. Griffiths, 1986. A compar-

ison of macrofannal and meiofaunal distribution and standing stock across a rocky shore, with an estimate of their productivities. Mar. Biol., 93(2): 181-188.

In 1984 and 1985 algal, macrofaunal and meiofaunal standing stocks were estimated along the west coast of False Bay, South Africa. Macrofauna:meiofauna numbers and biomass ratios are presented for each zone and the distribution patterns discussed in relation to the conditions in each. Mean annual productivity ratio calculations indicate that macrofauna account for 75% of total secondary production and meiofauna for 25%. Failure to incor- porate meiofauna in analyses of energy flow on rocky shore ecosystems would thus lead to consid- erable errors. The possible trophie role of meiofauna

is discussed. Mar. Biol. Res. Inst., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.

87:3966 Gourbault, Nicole and Jeanne Renaud-Mornant,

1985. [Structure and population of nematodes in the meiobenthos of the seawater area of the Rance Estuary, N France.] Cah. Biol. mar., 26(4):409- 430. (In French, English abstract.) Mus. natl. d'Hist. Nat., 61, rue de Buffon, F 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France.

87:3967 Hayward, B.W., R.V. Grace and M.P. Francis, 1986.

Sediments and benthos of northeastern Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. Jl R, Soc. N.Z., 16(4):347-355. New Zealand Geol. Survey, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

87:3968 Heip, C., B.F. Keegan and J.R. Lewis (eds.), 1986.

Long-term changes ill coastal benthic communities. Symposium, COST 647 project on Coastal Benthic Ecology, Brussels, 9-12 December 1985. Hydrobiologia, 142:340pp; 26 papers.

The importance of this volume is that for the first time special attention is given to long-term data series of relevant biological variables from different benthic habitats. Some are already classics in the marine biological literature; others were collected in the framework of a monitoring program and are now analyzed from the perspective of the COST 647 project (a forum for European research cooperation in coastal benthic ecology). Several papers are case studies from related fields; natural variability and how to distinguish it from man-induced changes and long-term natural fluctuations that may mask the effects of pollution are among the topics addressed. It is hoped that the papers presented here will add to the continuing debate on the use of benthic populations and communities in marine pollution studies.

87:3969 Herman, P.M.J. and Carlo Help, 1986. The pre-

dictability of biological populations and communities: an example from the meiobenthos. Hy- drobiologia, 142:281-290.

The predictability of temporal changes was analysed in the population density of three meiobenthic copepod species, and for three parameters charac- terizing this community. Cyclic factors can be extrapolated for prediction. Community parameters are generally better predicted than population densities. In our data set total density of the eopepods was the best parameter to monitor. Monitoring does not necessitate a strict sampling


scheme; irregular quarterly sampling showed that the essential features were still discernible. Zool. Inst., Rijksuniv. Gent, Ledeganckstr. 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

87:3970 Hummel, H., A. Meijboom and L. de Wolf, 1986.

The effects of extended periods of drainage and submersion on condition and mortality of benthic animals. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1-3):251- 266.

Temporary closure of the storm-surge barrier in the Oosterschelde Estuary (Netherlands) affects the tidal amplitude and rates of tidal currents. To assess experimentally the effects of tidal manipulation on the numbers and condition of intertidal benthic animals, undisturbed sediment cores and isolated animals were exposed to prolonged drained conditions or submerged in stagnant water. Permanent submersion had no effect, but most species suffered heavily from drainage. Smaller animals without shells such as anemones and small polychaetes were the most susceptible, gastropods the least. Decrease in water and change in salinity did not determine the mortality rate; ambient air-temperature and gly- cogen content did. Delta Inst. for Hydrobiol. Res., Vierstraat 28, 440lEA Yerseke, Netherlands.

87:3971 Jackson, J.B.C., 1986. Modes of dispersal of clonal

benthic invertebrates. Consequences for species' distributions and genetic structure of local populations. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):588-606.

Clonal animals disperse by both asexual and sexual means. Larvae of aclonal animals typically disperse farther, not because they are sexually produced, but because they take longer to develop. Because of the preponderance of asexual reproduction and short- distance larval dispersal among clonal animals, local populations may be dominated by large numbers of closely related individuals. Exploitation of new distant sites apparently occurs as a haphazard consequence of 'sessile' dispersal. The larval stage is the primary mode of dispersal for most clonal animals over maximum distances of a few hundreds or thousands of meters, and generally much less. Beyond that, rafting may be the most common means of long-distance dispersal for both clonal and aclonal species.

87:3972 Jensen, Kurt, 1986. Changes of the macrozoobenthns

at 3 monitoring stations in the western Baltic Sea and the Sound. Hydrobiologia, 142:129-135. Mar. Pollution Lab., Jaegersborg Alle 1 B, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.

87:3973 Lampitt, R.S., D.S.M. Billett and A.L. Rice, 1986.

Biomass of the invertebrate megabenthos from 500 to 4100 m in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 93(1):69-81.

Data are presented from 22 stations on the continental slope in the Porcupine Seabight. Several units of biomass are used, all illustrating a decrease by a factor of ~ 3 0 from 500-4100 m. Biomass levels are compared with those from other deep-sea environments, and differences and trends are discussed in terms of food supply. Suspension-feeders and crustaceans dominated the upper slope biomass, while echinoderms were dominant on the middle and lower slope. The size distribution of megafaunal biomass was examined at several stations. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Natl. Environ. Res. Council, Worm- ley, Godalming GU8 5UB, Surrey, UK.

87:3974 Lundalv, Tomas, C.S. Larsson and Lennart Axels-

son, 1986. Long-term trends in algal-dominated rocky subtidal communities on the Swedish west coast--a transitional system? Hydrobiologia, 142:81-95. Kristineberg Mar. Biol. Station, S-450 34 Fiskebackskil, Sweden.

87:3975 Matsumiya, Yoshiharu, Toshiyuki Koguchi and

Hiroyuki Sudo, 1986. A consideration on sampling efficiency and quantitative sampling for benthos, especially gammaridean amphipods. Bull. Fac. Fish. Nagasaki Univ., 60:41-51. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

The efficiency of three sampling gears (NUS I and II sledge nets and SM grab) was compared for various taxonomic groups of benthos in soft sediments in Shijiki Bay (Hirado Island, Japan). Japan Fish. Info. Serv. Center, 2-9-7 Ikenohata, Daito-ku, Tokyo 110, Japan.

87:3976 Montagna, P.A., J.E. Bauer, M.C. Prieto, Dane

Hardin and R.B. Spies, 1986. Benthic metabolism in a natural coastal petroleum seep. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 34(1-2):31-40.

The rates of three processes known to be mediated by microbial metabolic activity were measured in the sediments of a shallow-water natural petroleum seep and a nearby non-seep area near Santa Barbara, California. Measurements of oxygen flux, hydro- carbon degradation, and sulfate reduction were made in the sediments of three stations with varying amounts of petroleum seepage. We hypothesize that


the higher abundances of infauna and concentrations of ATP at the seep are sustained by heterotrophic bacterial degradation of petroleum and the consumption of those bacteria by infauna. Univ. of Texas, Mar. Sci. Inst., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.

87:3977 01afsson, E.B. and L.-E. Persson, 1986. The inter-

action between Nereis diversicolor O.F. Mfiller and Corophimn volutator Pallas as a structuring force in a shallow brackish sediment. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1-3):103-117. Dept. of Animal Ecol., Univ. of Lund, S-223 62 Lurid, Sweden.

87:3978 Rhoads, D.C. and J.D. Germano, 1986. Interpreting

long-term changes in benthic community structure: a new protocol. Hydrobiologia, 142:291-308.

Mapping of successional mosaics is important for documenting major long-term change in community structure and associated biogenic processes. Our mapping tool consists of a vessel-deployed sediment-profile camera; organism-sediment relationships can be imaged in-situ with this instrument. The successional maps are used to efficiently detect change in a system, design a cost-efficient sampling grid for obtaining geochemical and biological ground-truth samples, and to construct hypotheses about how the change might answer the outlined management questions. Sci. Applications Internatl. Corp., Admiral's Gate, 221 Third St., Newport, RI 02840-6669, USA.

87:3979 Ruyter van Steveninck, E.D. de and R.P.M. Bak,

1986. Changes in abundance of coral-reef bottom components related to mass mortality of the sea urchin Diadema antiilarum. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(1-2):87-94. Biol. Centre, Dept. of Mar. Biol., P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Gn, Netherlands.

87:3980 Wethey, D.S., 1986. Ranking of settlement cues by

barnacle larvae: influence of surface contour. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):393-400.

87:3981 Woodin, S.A., 1986. Settlement of infauna: larval

choice? Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):401-407.

Documentation is presented for the following five patterns: (1) gregarious settlement, (2) selection of a site because of the presence of a positive cue other than the presence of conspecifics, (3) no obvious pattern of positive or negative selection, (4) ~ rejection

of some types of sites because of the presence of a negative cue and (5) passive entrainment of larvae. Only one example was found for patterns 3 and 4, two examples for pattern 5 and three examples for pattern 1. Unfortunately we need to know more about the prevalence of each of these patterns of settlement as well as their predictability in time and space before concluding that differential settlement, whether passive or active, is more important to benthic dynamics than differential early mortality.

87:3982 Zavodnik, Dusan, Jasna Vidakovic and Louis

Amoureux, 1985. Contribution to sediment macrofauna in the area of Rovinj (North Adriatic Sea). Cah. Biol. mar., 26(4):431-444. Rudjer Boskovic Inst., Center for Mar. Res., 52210 Rovinj, Yugoslavia.

El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities

87:3983 Chakrabarti, Kalyan, 1986. Plant and animal dynam-

ics in Sundarban [India] mangroves--an ecological study. Mahasagar, 19(2):147-151.

The subtidal mangrove zone was observed to be comparatively richer in diversity than other zones which are either frequently inundated or situated above the tide level. Generic diversity of the Sundarbans mangrove flora was lower than that of north and south Bengal. Molluscs were more diverse than crustaceans, fish and other organisms. Dept. of Environ., Wild Life Preservation, Eastern Reg., Calcutta-20, India.

87:3984 Heckman, C.W., 1986. Tidal influence on the wetland

community structure behind the dike along the Elbe Estuary. Arch. Hydrobiol., (Suppl.)75(1) (Unters. Elbe-Aestuar. 6): 1-117.

Investigation revealed that the typical estuarine biotic community can survive behind a dike in the vicinity of large flood gates that allow the free passage of tidal currents. Nevertheless, the presence of the dikes has permitted the wetlands to be extensively drained and modified for intensive agriculture, bringing about major changes in the flora and fauna. A consideration of the ecological roles of over 1000 species present revealed an obvious displacement of the lotic water and marsh- land species by those typical of lentic or terrestrial habitats, although the estuarine biota still survives in and beside a few ditches. The dike has also


interrupted the transport of dissolved and particulate matter from the estuary to the flood plain soil, a process that formerly cleansed the Elbe and enriched the alluvial soil. Inst. fur Hydrobiol. und Fischerei- wiss., Univ. Hamburg, FRG.

87:3985 Smith, T.J. III and N.C. Duke, 1987. Physical

determinants of inter-estuary variation in mangrove species richness around the tropical coast- line of Australia. J. Biogeogr., 14(1):9-19. Aus- tralian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, 4810 Qld., Australia.

87:3986 Wolanski, Eric and Peter Ridd, 1986. Tidal mixing

and Irapping in mangrove swamps. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 23(6):759-771. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, Townsville, M.C., Qld., 4810 Australia.

El40. Birds

87:3987 Haney, J.C., 1987. Ocean internal waves as sources of

small-scale patehlness in seabird distribution on the Blake Plateau. Auk, 104(1):129-133.

Seabirds were surveyed at two sites within the Blake Plateau (off the SE U.S. coast), where irregular bathymetry affects Gulf Stream flow. Results of a Pearson's test for homogeneity indicated that seabirds were significantly more likely to be found in association with the divergence area over an internal wave crest than with the convergence over a wave trough. Observed small-scale seabird patchiness was directly related to the irregular spacing of wave crests and troughs. The author speculates that a qualitative difference in available prey may be responsible for the observed patterns. Alaska Fish and Wildlife Res. Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA. (gsb)

87:3988 Ward, G.D., L.S. Davis and R.M.F.S. Sadleir, 1986.

Foraging movements of Adelie penguins at Cape Bird [Antarctica: an attempt to determine the foraging range of nesting Adelie penguins]. N.Z. Antarct. Rec., 7(2):14-18. Ecol. Div., DSIR, Private Bag, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

El50. Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

87:3989 Ducklow, Hugh, 1986. Bacterial hiomass in warm-core

Gulf Stream ring 82-B: mesoscale dis~bntions, temporal changes and production. Deep-Sea Res., 33(11-12A): 1789-1812.

The distribution of bacterioplankton biomass and productivity generally corresponded to the physical and dynamical structure of the ring. The data suggest that warm-core rings are sites of enhanced variability of baeterioplankton properties in the open sea, and strongly support recent work showing that frontal zones are sites of locally enhanced bacterial biomass and production. Horn Point Lab., Univ. of Maryland, CEES, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613-0775, USA.

87:3990 Karl, D.M., C.D. Winn(comment), J.A. Furhman,

H.W. Ducklow, D.L. Kirchman and G.B. McManus (reply), 1986. IDiseuasion:i Does adenine incorporation into nucleic acids measure total micxobial production?: a response to comments by Fuhrman et al. Limnol. Oceanogr, 31(6):1384-1400. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

87:3991 Paul, J.H., W.H. Jeffrey and M.F. DeFlaun, 1987.

Dynamics of extraceflnlar DNA in the marine environment. AppL environ. Microbiol., 53(1): 170-179.

The production and turnover of dissolved DNA in subtropical estuarine and oligotrophic oceanic environments were investigated. Actively growing heterotrophic bacterioplankton were found to pro- duce dissolved DNA amounting to <4% of the ambient dissolved DNA concentration per day. DNA was hydrolyzed by both cell-associated and extracellular nucleases, in both estuafine and offshore environments. Kinetic analysis performed for a eutrophic estuary indicated a turnover time for dissolved DNA as short as 6.5 h. Filamentous and attached bacteria took up most of the radioactivity from [3H]DNA. Dissolved DNA is a dynamic component of the dissolved organic matter, and bacterioplankton play a key role in the cycling of this material. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.

87:3992 Pisano, M.A., M.J. Sommer and M.M. Lolaez, 1986.

Application of pretreatments for the isolation of


bioactive actlnomycetes from marine sediments. Appl. Microbiol., Biotechnol., 25(3):285-288. Dept. of Biol. Sci., St. John's Univ., Jamaica, NY 11439, USA.

87:3993 Taylor, G.T. and M.L. Pace, 1987. Validity of

eucaryote inldbitors for assessing production and grazing mortality of marine bacterioplankton. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 53(1):119-128.

The authors of this report suggest caution in applying inhibitor methods to ecological problems (particularly in systems dominated by phototrophs). Production and mortality estimates showed large inhibitor-specific variability, and did not agree with fractionation data. Both cultures and field populations were examined, and the following inhibitors were tested: thiram, cycloheximide, neutral red, colchicine, and griseofulvin. Inst. of Geophys., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. (gsb)

87:3994 Yayanos, A.A., 1986. Evolntional and ecological

implications of the properties of deep-sea baro- philic bacteria. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 83(24):9542-9546.

The rate of reproduction of deep-sea bacteria from six different capture depths between ~1950-10,500 was studied as a function of temperature and pressure. Results showed that true deep-sea bacteria of different depths have several characteristics distinguishing them from each other and from bacteria of atmospheric-pressure environments; pressure plays a significant role in determining the distribution of oceanic life; and pressure-adapted bacteria are easily recovered from and ubiquitous in the deep ocean. Organisms evolving in habitats of different temperatures and pressures need to be studied to understand, among other things, the physical limits of life and the role of organisms in organic diagenesis and petroleum formation. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

JH-like compounds. Samples contained JH III and methyl farnesoate; the latter is a compound struc- turally related to JH III that has JH bioactivity. Of the tissues examined, only the mandibular organs produced and secreted JH III and methyl farnesoate. However, microchemical analysis revealed that this JH III was racemic, and thus likely an artifactual oxidation product of methyl farnesoate. Secretion of methyl farnesoate was related to reproduction in females. Results indicate that JH-like compounds have regulatory roles in crustaceans. ®1987 by AAAS. Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biol., Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA.

87:3996 Toumi~, Th. and H. E1 Mednaoui, 1986. Metal-

complexing agents released into the marine environment by the deposit feeder Hydrobia nivae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia): characterization and regulation processes. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 34(3):251-259. Station Biol., CNRS, and Univ. P.&M. Curie, F-29211 Roscoff, France.

87:3997 Wakeham, S.G. and E.A. Canuel, 1986. Lipid

composition of the pelagic crab Pleuroncodes planipes, its feces, and sinking particulate organic matter in the equatorial North Pacific Ocean. Org. Geochem., 9(6):331-343.

Crab fecal pellets were a substantial portion of the POM in a sediment trap deployed at the bottom of the mixed layer in the eastern tropical North Pacific. The lipids of fresh P. planipes feces were compared to lipids of the sediment trap material, of mixed zooplankton, and of the crab itself. Significant input of lipids via sedimentation of crab fecal material is indicated, and modification of dietary lipid within the gut of the crab is inferred. Labile dietary fatty acids are depleted and sterols enriched in the fecal pellets and trap material relative to the zooplankton and crab. Dept. of Chem., WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

El80. Biochemistry

87:3995 Laufer, H. et al., 1987. Identification of a juvenile

hormone-like compound in a crustacean. Science, 235(4785):202-205.

Juvenile hormone OH) has central roles in the regulation of insect development and reproduction but has not previously been identified in other arthropod classes. The hemolymph of a crustacean, Libinia emarginata, has now been analyzed for

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crusta- cea, E240-Protozoa)

87:3998 Choi, J.W. and C.H. Koh, 1986. The distribution and

feeding characteristics of some dominant poly- cimetes in the continental shelf of the East Sea, Korea. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 21(4):236-244. Dept. of Oceanogr., Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151, Korea.

OLR (1987) 34 (7) E, Biological Oceanography 603

87:3999 De Weerdt, W.H. and R.W.M. van Soest, 1986.

Marine shellow-water Haplosclerida (Porifera) from the southeastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische verh., 225:1-49.

Sixteen species of marine Haplosclerida were collected, among which two are new to science (Petrosia canariensis and Oceanapia cancap). The haplosclerid fauna of the SE North Atlantic, comprising 46 species, is reviewed, discussed and compared with those of neighbouring areas, including the Medi- terranean. Three distribution patterns are recog- nized: Mediterranean-Atlantic, endemic and amphi-Atlantic. Inst. of Taxonomic Zool., Univ. of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands.

87:4000 Hadfield, M.G., 1986. Settlement and recruitment of

marine invertebrates. A perspective and some proposals. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):418-425.

The papers on settlement and recruitment presented at the larval invertebrate workshop are summarized. Together they represent the research approaches of behaviorists and embryologists. Three major cate- gories of current research are examined: induction of metamorphosis, settlement, and recruitment. Topics deserving new emphasis are: evaluation of interactions of environmental stimuli; expansion of work on the chemistry of metamorphic inducers; prepa- ration of predictive models of recruitment at five scales; and research with larvae in flumes where hydrostatic conditions can be controlled.

87:4001 Jablonski, David, 1986. Larval ecology and mac-

roevolution in marine invertebrates. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):565-587.

That mass extinctions are not simply intensifications or extrapolations of background processes, but may be indifferent to the quality of adaptation, fitness values, or clade configurations achieved during background times, is indicated. The results presented here suggest that evolutional theory (1) should be more explicitly hierarchical (as has been argued), with selection, drift, and other processes occuring at a series of focal levels that are neither wholly extrapolations nor wholly independent of processes at adjacent levels; and (2) must take into account the alternation of background and mass extinction regimes.

87:4002 Lohmann, K.J. and A.O.D. Willows, 1987. Lunar-

modulated geomagnetic orientation by a marine mollusk. Science, 235(4786):331-334.

Behavioral experiments indicated that the marine opisthobranch mollusk Tritonia diomedea can derive directional cues from the magnetic field of the Earth. The magnetic direction toward which nudibranchs spontaneously oriented showed recurring patterns of variation correlated with lunar phase, suggesting that the behavioral response to magnetism is modulated by a circa-lunar rhythm. The discovery of a magnetic sense in a mollusk with giant, reidentifiable neurons provides a unique opportunity to study the cellular mechanisms underlying magnetic field detection. ®1987 by AAAS. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

87:4003 McKinney, F.K., 1986. Evolution of erect marine

bryozoan faunas: repeated success of unilaminate species. Am. Naturalist, 128(6):795-809.

Evidence is presented for the progressive evolution of marine bryozoans (increased relative diversity of the more efficient branched unilaminate forms); this trend is observed through geological time and is largely unaffected (or possibly augmented) by mass extinction events. The author contrasts his results with the three-tiered hierarchy proposed by Gould (1985) in which mass extinctions would negate previous progressive gains. Dept. of Geol., Appa- lachian State Univ., Boone, NC 28608, USA. (gsb)

87:4004 Moran, P.J., 1986. The Acanthaster phenomenon.

Oceanogr. mar. BioL a. Rev., 24:379-480.

A critical review of the literature on outbreaks of A. planci, which can cause extensive coral reef destruc- tion, includes a close scrutiny of the hypotheses formulated to explain the cause(s) of outbreaks and the possible role of human activities. Each hypothesis is found to be lacking; problems include the use of correlative methods which cannot show causation, lack of field studies, equivocal data, and the local nature of most studies. The author suggests that although there are certain similarities among recorded outbreaks, there is not a single, global underlying process. The importance of continued research and incorporation of new data into current hypotheses is stressed. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville, M.C. 4810, Qld., Austra- lia. (gsb)

87:4005 Petersen, J.A., J.P. Sutherland and S. Ortega, 1986.

Patch dynamics of mussel beds near S io Sebas- tiio (S~to Paulo), Brazil. Mar. Biol., 93(3):389- 393.

In permanent quadrats on exposed and protected shores, changes in percent cover of mussels and


barnacles were followed from November 1979 through December 1982. Mussels gradually dis- appeared from both shores, while barnacles came to dominate the exposed, but not the protected, shore. Decreases in percent cover of mussels were related to periods of higher temperatures. Mussels were only transient dominants of the mid-intertidal zone due to lack of recruitment and high summer mortality; the study was carried out near the northern limit of their occurrence as a dominant of mid-intertidal communities. Sutherland: Duke Univ. Mar. Lab., Beau- fort, NC 28516, USA.

87:4006 Richmond, R.H., 1987. Energetlcs, competency, and

long-distance dispersal of planula larvae of the coral Pocillopora damicomis. Mar. Biol., 93(4): 527-533. Mar. Lab., Univ. of Guam, UOG Station, Mangllao, Guam 96923, USA.

87:4007 Rio, Michel, Michel Roux, Maurice Renard, Y.H.

Duvault, Fran~oise Davanzo and S6bastien Clauser, 1986. Carbon isotopic fractionation of Bivalvia depending on chemoantotrophic primary production in abyssal and littoral environments. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S6r. II)303(17):1553- 1556. (In French, English abstract.) Centre des Sci. de la Terre, Univ. Claude-Bernard, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.

E230. Crustacea

87:4008 Agnew, D.J. and P.G. Moore, 1986. The feeding

ecology of two littoral amphipods (Crustacea), ~hinogsmmarus pirloti (Sexton & Spooner) and E. obtusatus (Dahl). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1-3):203-215. Moore: Univ. Mar. Biol. Sta- tion, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, KA28 0EG, Scotland.

87:4009 B~tez R., Pedro, Nibaldo Bahamonde N. and Alfredo

Sanhueza S., 1986. Neollthodes diomedeae (Ben- edict, 1894) in Chile (Crustacea, Decapoda, Lithodidae). lnvestigaci6n pesq., Santiago, 33:105-110. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Mus. Nacional de Historia Nat., Section Hidrobiol., Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile.

87:4010 Barnett, B.M., R.F. Hartwick and N.E. Milward,

1986. Descriptions of the nisto stage of Seyllm'us demani Holthuis, two unidentified Scyllarus

species, and the juvenile of Scyilarus martensii Pfeffer (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), reared in the laboratory; and behavioural obser- vatious of the nistos of S. demani, S. martensii and Thenus orientalis (Lund). Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 37(5):595-608. School of Biol. Sci., James Cook Univ. of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld. 4811, Australia.

87:4011 Bert, T.M., 1986. Speciation in western Atlantic stone

crabs (genus Meaippe). The role of geological processes and climatic events in the formation and distribution of species. Mar. Biol., 93(2): 157-170. Florida Dept. of Nat. Resour., Bur. of Mar. Res., 100 8th Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.

87:4012 Blaszkowski, Claudia and G.S. Moreira, 1986.

Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and duration of larval stages of Pagurus criniticornis (Dana) (Crustacea, Paguri- doe). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1-3):77-86. Inst. de Biociencias, CP 11461, Univ. de Silo Paulo, 05499 S~o Paulo, Brazil.

87:4013 Cottarelli, Vezio, 1985. Laophontidae (Crustacea,

Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the interstitial littoral waters of Indonesia. Boll. Mus. civ. Star. nat. Verona, 12:283-297. (In Italian, English abstract.) Dipart. di Biol. Animale e dell'Uomo, Univ. di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

87:4014 Cottarelli, Vezio and Sergio Altamura, 1985. A new

species of Apodopsyllus (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the interstitial littoral waters of the Philippines: Apodopsyllus biarticulatus n .

sp. Boll. Mus. cir. Star. nat. Verona, 12:299-305. (In Italian, English abstract.) Dipart. di Biol. Animale e dell'Uomo, Univ. di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

87:4015 Cottarelli, Vezio, P.E. Saporito and A.C. Puccetti,

1985. lndolaophonte ranmi n.gen., n.sp. (Crus- tacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from interstitial littoral waters of the island of Bali (Indonesia). Boll. Mus. cir. Star. nat. Verona, 12:273-281. (In Italian, English abstract.) Dipart. di Biol. Ani- male e dell'Uomo, Univ. di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.


87:4016 Cottarelli, Vezio, P.E. Saporito and A.C. Puccetti,

1985. A remarkable harpacticoid from the interstitial fittorai waters of Thailand: Stenocopia reducta n. sp. (Crustacea, Copepoda). Boll. Mus. cir. Stor. nat. Verona, 12:307-317. (In Italian, English abstract.) Dipart. di Biol. Animale e dell'Uomo, Univ. di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

87:4017 Dailey, M.D. and Stephen Ralston, 1986. Aspects of

the reproductive biology, spatial distribution, growth, and mortality of the deepwater caridean shrimp, Heterocarpns laev/gatns, in Hawaii. Fish- ery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 84(4):915- 925. Dept. of Biol., Calif. State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.

87:4018 Dauvin, J.-C., 1985. [Two new species of amphipods

from Roscoff, France.] Cah. Biol. mar., 26(4): 469-471. (In French, English abstract.) Station mar. de Roscoff, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris VI, 29211 Roscoff, France.

87:4019 de Freitas, A.J., 1986. Selection of nursery areas by

six southeast African Penaeidae. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 23(6):901-908.

A survey was carried out along the shore and adjacent mangrove swamp of Maputo Bay in Mozambique, east Africa. Data suggest that Penaeus japonicus prefers sandy substrata, while P. semisul- catus chooses areas rich in submerged macrophytes. P. indicus and P. monodon both appear to favour muddy mangrove channels, although P. monodon may require marginal or floating vegetation as nurseries. Metapenaeus stebbingi seems to prefer the swash zone in quiet areas with minimal wave action, while M. monoceros is more widespread and is able to cope with very low salinities. Results indicate that managers of coastal systems should attempt to maintain a diversity of biotopes within larger systems. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., P.O. Box 10712, Mar. Parade 4056, Durban, South Africa.

87:4020 Domanski, P., 1986. The near-hottom shrimp faunas

(Decapoda: Natantia) at two abyssal sites in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 93(2): 171- 180.

At both sites an increase in abundance was observed in the bottom 90 m of the water column, with the largest numbers of shrimps occurring closest to the sediment surface (10 to 25 m off the bottom).

Hymenodora glacialis was the dominant species at the shallower (4040 m) site but it was absent from the near-bottom samples at the deeper (5440) one; H. acanthitelsonis, however, occurred at both sites. Vertical migration and differences in modes of reproduction are discussed. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Brook Rd., Wormley, Godalming GU8 SUB, Surrey, England.

87:4021 Dube, Pierre, 1986. [Growth of the lobster Homams

amerlcanus, in the areas north and south of the archipelago of the Madeleine Islands. I Cah. Inf. Min. Agric. Aliment., 117:2-42. (In French, English abstract.)

87:4022 Guti6rrez, A.T., 1983. [Morphological differences in

'forma robustns' of Rhynchocinetes Opus (Crus- tacea: Decapoda: Rhynchocinetidae).] Investnes mar., Valparaiso, 11:3-17. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Fomento Pesquero, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 2633, Casilla 1287, Santiago, Chile.

87:4023 Hicks, G.R.F., 1986. Phyiogenetic relationships

within the harpacticoid copepod family Peltidiidae Sars, including the description of a new genus. Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 86(4):349-362. Natl. Mus. of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.

87:4024 Lakkis, Sami and Raymonde Zeidane, 1987. [Cory-

caeidae (Copepoda, Cyclopoidea) from the coastal waters of Lebanon: morphological and ecological observations.] J. Plankt. Res., 9(1):15-25. (In French, English abstract.) Faculte des Sci., Univ. Libanaise, Hadeth, Beirut, Lebanon.

87:4025 Laugier, Nicole and J.-C. Chaix, 1985. Regeneration

and lmSt-antotomy molting cycle in the spider crab Acantlmnyx iunulatus (Risso) (Crnstacea Decapoda Oxyrhyncha). Cah. Biol. mar., 26(4): 379-392. (In French, English abstract.) Univ. Aix-Marseille III, Lab. de Zool. Mar., 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France.

87:4026 Lewinsohn, Ch. and L.B. Holthuis, 1986. The

Crnstacea Decapoda of Cyprus. Zoologische verb., 230:1-64. Holthuis: Rijksmus. van Nat. Hist., Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.


87:4027 Martinez-Iglesias, J.C., 1986. [Crustacean decapods

from the Batabun6 Guff, Cuba, Caridea: Penaei- dea.! eoeyana, 321:1-37. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Oceanol., Aead. de Ciencias de Cuba.

87:4028 Meruane Z., J.A., 1982. [Amphipoda Hyperiidea

collected from the waters surrounding Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands in January 1974.] Investnes mar., Valparaiso, 10(1-2):35-40. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Invest. Marinas, Centro Coquimbo, Univ. del Norte, Chile.

87:4029 O'Brien, D.P., D.A. Ritz and R.J. Kirkwood, 1986.

Stranding and matting behaviour in Nyctiphanes austra//s 0guphauslldae: Crustucea). Mar. Biol., 93(3):465-473. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Tasmania, Box 252C, G.P.O., Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.

87:4030 Oh6, Makoto and Masatsune Takeda, 1986. A new

deep-sea shrimp of the genus Paracrangun [P. okutanii n.sp.] from central Japan. Bull. hath. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, (A)12(2):75-81. Noritake Co., Ltd., 3-1-36 Noritake-shinmachi, Nishi-ku, Nagoya- shi, Aichi 451, Japan.

87:4031 Ooishi, Shigeko and P.L. Illg, 1986. A notodelphyid

copepod, Lonch/d/opsis hartmeyer/ Vanh6ffen, associated with a simple ascidian from Ago Bay [Japan]. Bull. hath. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, (A)12(2): 45-59. Faculty of Fish., Mie Univ., Tsu, Mie 514, Japan.

87:4032 Palmer, J.D. and B.G. Williams, 1986. Comparative

studies of tidal rhythms. II. The dual clock control of the locomotor rhythms of two decapod crustaceans. Mar. Behav. Physiol., 12(4): 269-278. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.

87:4033 Posey, M.H., 1986. Predation on a burrowing shrimp:

distribution and community consequences. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1-3):143-161.

The role of predation in limiting the intertidal distribution of a burrowing ghost shrimp, Callianassa californiensis, on an Oregon tidal flat is examined. The ghost shrimp displays a distinctive zonation

pattern in many Pacific northwest embayments; direct effects of surface predators in maintaining this zonation were examined by excluding predators seaward of a dense bed and transplanting shrimp to low intertidal cages; diets and distributions of potential predators were also observed. Predator exclusion caused ghost shrimp to migrate downward in the intertidal zone and show high survival in transplanted areas. Because ghost shrimp burrowing can affect the numbers of many other tideflat organisms, restriction to higher tidal zones allows a different assemblage of species to exist in the low intertidal than otherwise would be present, dem- onstrating the importance of predation on ghost shrimp in determining species composition. Oregon Inst. of Mar. Biol., Charleston, OR 97420, USA.

87:4034 Sarkar, S.K., B.N. Singh and A. Choudhury, 1986.

The ecology of copopeds from Hooghly Estuary, West Bengal, India. Mahasagar, 19(2):103-112. S.D. Mar. Biol. Res. Inst., Sagar Island, Sunder- bans, West Bengal, India.

87:4035 Schwartz, F.J., 1987. Comments on color, size, and

distribution of the xanthid mud crab Glyptoxun- thus erosus in North Carolina and the western Atlantic Ocean. ASB Bull., 34(1):15-17. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of North Carolina, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.

87:4036 Sieg, Jtlrgen, 1986. Crustacea Tanaidacea of the

Antarctic and the Subantarctic. 1. On material collected at Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados, and the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarct. Res. Ser, Am. geophys. Un, 45:180pp.

About 2700 tanaidaceans from 131 stations, collected at Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados, and along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, were studied. A total of 36 species representing 26 genera and 11 families were determined; four genera, one subgenus, and 12 spp. are new to science. Range extensions are reported for 14 species. A key to the Recent suborders of the Tanaidaeea and distribution maps for each species are presented.

87:4037 Stancyk, S.E. and R.J. Feller, 1986. Transport of

non-decapod invertebrate larvae in estuaries: an overview. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):257-268.

Limited information reveals a variety of potential larval adaptations to estuarine transport problems and suggests that the tidally-entrained behaviors


characteristic of many decapod larvae may be less developed in other invertebrate larvae. The mechanisms and significance of larval transport cannot be separated from the overall biology of the organisms; consequently, studies may best be carried out in estuaries where long-term, quantitative information already exists. In such localities, simultaneous intensive investigations of pertinent environmental factors and larvae within specific taxonomic groups, together with laboratory and field studies of individual larval behavior, can reveal ecologically important differences between species and increase understanding of the complexities of estuarine ecology in general.

87:4038 Steele, D.H., 1986. The genus Anonyx (Crustacea,

Amphipoda) in the North Pacific and Arctic oceans: Anonyx laticoxae group. Can. J. Zool., 64(11):2603-2623. Dept. of Biol., Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada.

87:4039 Takahashi, Keiko and Masaaki Murano, 1986. A

new species of the genus Paracantlmmysis [P. spadix sp.nov.i (Crustacea, Mysidacea) from northeastern Japan. Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, (A)12(2):61-66. Tokyo Univ. of Fish., Tokyo, Japan.

87:4040 Turner, J.T., 1986. Zooplankton feeding ecology.

Contents of fecal pellets of the cyclopoid copepods Oncaea venusta, Coryeaeus amazonicus, Oithona plumifera, and O. simplex from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 7(4):28%302.

In-situ feeding habits were studied by SEM analysis of fecal pellets, the contents of which reflected copepod gut contents upon capture; pellet contents were compared with assemblages of phytoplankton present in surface waters at times of copepod collection. Dominant components of peUets generally did not mirror those of available phytoplankton assemblages. It appears that cyclopoid feeding mechanisms are complex, and likely more so than those of many calanoids. Biol. Dept., SE Massa- chusetts Univ., No. Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.

87:4041 Vald6s-Mufioz, Emilio, 1986. [Distribution of brach-

yuran crabs (Crnstacea: Brachyura) in the coastal zone of Punta del Este, Cuba.] Poeyana, 323:1-19. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Oceanol., Acad. de Ciencias de Cuba.

87:4042 V~lsquez, J.A. and J.C. Castilla, 1982. [Recruitment

areas and population structure of Rhynchoc/netes typns (Cnt~cea Rhynchocinetidae) in central Chile.] Investnes mar., Valparaiso, 10(1-2):1-14. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Biol., Pontificia Univ. Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D Santiago, Chile.

87:4043 Watkins, J.L., D.J. Morris, C. Ricketts and J.

Priddle, 1986. Differences between swarms of Antarctic kriH and some implications for sampling krill populations. Mar. Biol., 93(1):13%146.

Four biological characteristics of the krill (length, sex, moult, gut fullness) were examined in a study of variation between swarms. Analysis of these characteristics indicated extensive differences between swarms; no single characteristic, or combination of characteristics consistently accounted for the observed heterogeneity. There was no relationship between the degree of heterogeneity and the physical or temporal proximity of swarms. The variability between even close swarms strongly suggests that swarms are the basic unit of organization of krill populations. This conclusion has important implications for sampling programmes aimed at esti- mating population parameters. British Antarctic Survey, Nat. Environ. Res. Council, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.

E240. Protozoa (except E250-Foraminifera, Radiolaria and Tintinnida)

87:4044 Uribe, Eduardo and Jorge Castillo, 1982. [Tintinnids

as indicators of specific water masses.] Investnes mar., Valparaiso, 10(1-2):15-34. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Investigaciones Marinas Centro Coquimbo, Univ. del Norte, Valparaiso, Chile.

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintin- nida, e tc . (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOL- OGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

87:4045 Deuser, W.G., 1987. Seasonal variations in isotopic

composition and deep-water fluxes of the tests of perennially abundant planktonic Foraminifera of the Sargasso Sea. Results from sediment-trap collections and their paleoceanographic significance. J. foram. Res., 17(1):14-27.


Three species--Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinella aequilateralis, and Orbulina universa--are abundant throughout the year and undergo consistent annual cycles in number, mass, average weight, and oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of tests approach- ing the seafloor. The annual flux variations do not significantly bias the isotopic composition of multi- annual accumulations toward certain seasons. Therefore, all three species are good paleoceanographic indicators: isotopic analyses of multispeci- men samples give information on mean annual hydrography, whereas the spread among analyses of individual tests can indicate the amplitude of the annual temperature-salinity variation. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

87:4046 Grossman, E.L., 1987. Stable isotopes in modern

benthic Foraminifera: a study of vital effect. J. foram. Res., 17(1):48-61.

The carbon and oxygen isotopic equilibrium in foraminiferal calcite and aragonite and the causes of disequilibria (vital effect) are examined. The major cause of vital effect appears to be incorporation of metabolic carbon-oxygen compounds into the test, with a relationship between isotopic 'behavior' and environment. Taxa that tolerate low oxygen conditions tend to precipitate tests in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with the water; those which generally occur in oxygenated environments exhibit vital effect. The ~13 of Uvigerina, Cassidulina spp. and Planulina wuellerstorfi reflects the isotopic composition of ambient dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of bottom waters, but the ~13 of Globobulimina spp. records the chemistry of pore waters. Isotopic fractionation between aragonitic Hoeglundina and ambient DIC shows a temperature dependence not observed in Uvigerina spp. Dept. of Geol., Texas A&M Univ., Coll. Station, TX 77843, USA.

87:4047 Wetmore, K.L., 1987. Correlations between test

strength, morphology and habitat in some benthic Foraminifera from the coast of Washington. J. foram. Res., 17(1):1-13. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

E 2 6 0 . Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

87:4048 Akatsuka, Isamu, 1986. Japanese Gelidiales (Rho-

dophyta), especially GelkHum. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev, 24:171-263. Dept. of Biol., Chuo

Univ., 22-1, Kita-mati-3, Nukui, Koganei-si, Tokyo-to, 184 Japan.

87:4049 Deysher, L.E. and T.A. Dean, 1986. In-situ recruit-

ment of sporophytes of the giant kelp, Macro- cystis pyrlfera (L.) C.A. Agardh: effects of physical factors. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 103(1- 3):41-63. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

87:4050 Francis, M.P. and R.V. Grace, 1986. Marine algal

survey of northeastern Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. Jl R. Soc. N.Z., 16(4):335-346. Leigh Mar. Lab., Univ. of Auckland, R.D., Leigh, Northland, New Zealand.

87:4051 Haritonidis, S., G. Nikolaidis and I. Tsekos, 1986.

Seasonal variation in the biomass of marine Macrophyta from Greek coasts. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 7(4):359-370.

The marine plant communities of the littoral zone in different biotopes of the Greek coasts were investigated in 1980-81. Communities of Cystoseira crinita and C. compressa exhibited maximum biomass during the summer months. Corallina officinalis and Pterocladia capillacea/Ulva rigida communities pre- dominated with maximum biomass in autumn and exhibited a decrease in winter, except in stressed biotopes. The species diversity and productivity of seaweeds along the Greek coasts are interpreted in relation to a number of environmental parameters. Botanical Lab., Univ. of Thessaloniki, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.

87:4052 Hirata, Tetsu, 1986. Succession of sessile organisms

on experimental plates immersed in Naheta Bay, Izu Peninsula, Japan. I. Algal succession. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(1-2):51-61.

Algal succession over ~3 years was studied by suspending concrete plates at depths of 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 m. The process of succession was divided into four stages by dendrogram analysis. The pattern of transition of algae (17 species total) differed with depth, but the number of species 37 months after immersion was low at all depths. Inst. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura, 305 Ibaraki, Japan.

87:4053 Melkonian, Michael, 1986. Systematics and evolution

of the algae. [Review.] Prog. Bot., 48:266-293.


Progress made during 1984-85 in research on the systematics and evolution of algae is detailed in this report. More than 600 publications were evaluated; the increasing importance of algae as research tools in biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics contributes to the usefulness of these data. Bot. Inst. der Westfalischen Wilhelms-Univ., Schlossgarten 3, D-4400 Munster, FRG. (llt)

87:4054 Riechert, R. and C.J. Dawes, 1986. Acclimation of

the green alga Cau/erpa racemosa var. uv//era to light. Botanica mar., 29(6):533-537. Dawes: Dept. of Biol., Univ. of So. Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.

87:4055 Russell, G., 1986. Variation and natural selection in

marine macroalgae. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 24:309-377.

This overview of macroalgal evolution considers variation within and between species, micro- and macro-evolution, and adaptations to specific environmental conditions and complete adaptive 'strategies.' Variations in physiology, biochemistry, morphology, and reproduction are examined. The author concludes that much phenotypic variation (mostly quantitative) exists within species and that individual traits may be stable or plastic (within the constraints imposed by the genotype). Sources of variation, the similarity between processes at the micro-level and transspecific or higher taxa level, determination of species status, deduction of ancient lineages, identification of selective effects, and distinguishing adaptive and non-adaptive traits are discussed. Dept. of Botany, The University, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. (gsb)

87:4056 Schiel, D.R. and M.S. Foster, 1986. The structure of

subtidal algal stands in temperate waters. Ocean- ogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 24:265-307.

In response to the poor representation of subtidal algal communities in reviews of marine community processes, the recent literature has been reviewed and critically analyzed with special emphasis on large brown algae. Plant-plant and plant-abiotic process interactions, as well as the more often cited plant-herbivore interactions, are included. Fish. Res. Centre, Ministry of Agric. and Fish., P.O. Box 297, Wellington, New Zealand. (gsb)

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

87:4057 Jones, A.K. and R.C. Cannon, 1986. The release of

micro-algal photosynthate and associated bacterial uptake and heterotrophic growth. Br. phycol. J., 21(4) :341-358.

Some fraction of normal algal production is exuded in the form of organic substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, peptides, organic phosphates, vola- tile compounds, growth modulators, enzymes, phe- nolics, vitamins, and toxins. Consequently, a zone of enrichment (the 'phycosphere') exists around algal cells. The availability of phycosphere nutrients to heterotrophic bacteria and the importance of this trophic link are examined. Utilization is found to be significant but highly variable, depending on photon flux density, CO2 concentration, nutrient stress, and growth kinetics of the algal assemblage; species- specific variation also occurs. Dept. of Botany and Microbiol., Univ. Coll. of Wales, Penglais, Aber- ystwyth, Dyfed, SY23 3DA Wales, UK. (gsb)

87:4058 Kaczmarska, Irena, G.A. Fryxell and T.P. Watkins,

1986. Effect of two Gulf Stream warm-core rings on distributional patterns of the diatom genus NitzscMa. Deep-Sea Res., 33(11-12A): 1843-1868.

Two warm-core rings (WCR) of different ages, 81-D and 82-H, were studied in early autumn of sequential years for the composition and distribution of Nitzschia. The results indicate that species of this genus were dynamic and abundant elements of the diatom flora. Two different types of assemblages characterized the two rings, and indicated that the Gulf Stream was probably a primary source of these WCR water masses. This study supports the concept of WCR as a flattening bowl or disc-shaped body that responds within hours to internal overturns and incorporation of slope water streamers. Mount Allison Univ., Dept. of Biol., Sackville, NB, E0A 3C0, Canada.

87:4059 Kristiansen, Jorgen, 1986. Silica-scale bearing chry-

sophytes as environmental indicators. Br. phycol. J., 21(4):425-436.

The potential use of silica-scaled crysophytes as both paleobiological and current indicators of acidifi- cation and eutrophication is examined. Although several species are suitable as indicators because of their specific ecological requirements and identi- fiable ultrastructure, the author includes caveats

610 2. Biological Oceanography OLR (1987) 34 (7)

regarding precise identification and thorough knowl- edge of species ecology. Inst. for Sporeplanter, Univ. of Copenhagen, Oster Faramagsgade 2D, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. (gsb)

87:4060 McFadden, G.I. and M. Melkonian, 1986. Use of

Hepes buffer for microalgal culture media and fixation for electron microscopy. Phycologia, 25(4):551-557. Melkonian: Botanisches Inst., Univ. Munster, Schlossgarten 3, D-4400 Mun- ster, FRG.

87:4061 Plante, Raphael, M.-R. Plante-Cuny and J.-P. Reys,

1986. Photosynthetic pigments of sandy sediments on the north Mediterranean coast: their spatial distribution and its effect on sampling strategies. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(1-2): 133-141.

The distribution of photosynthetic pigment concentrations was studied in the shallow sandy bottoms of the Gulf of Fos (France). Surface sediment samples revealed several patchiness scales related to the size scales of sedimentary structures: (1) on a large scale (some kin), stations on exposed shores exhibit more heterogeneous distributions than those in sheltered areas; (2) on a medium scale, sand waves (~10 m) induce accumulation of plant pigments in the depressions; (3) on a small scale, ripple marks (3-10 cm) may leave a pigmentary record even after they fade out. The influence of vertical distribution within sediments and of seasonal effects is analyzed, and a sampling strategy based on the maximum dispersal of samples within any previously defined strata is discussed. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Sta. Mar. d'Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France.

8"/:4062 Stockner, J.G. and N.J. Antia, 1986. Algal pico-

plankton from marine and freshwater ecosystems: a multidisciplinary perspective. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 43(12):2472-2503.

The discovery of minute (0.2-2.0 /~m) algal pico- plankton in the late 1970s in both marine and freshwater ecosystems has led to a resurgence of research activity throughout the world, addressing questions related to taxonomy, distribution and abundance, physiology and biochemistry, and ecological considerations of their role in aquatic food webs. To many, their discovery provided the 'missing link' in the controversial carbon supply-demand question in the world's oceans and gave further credibility to the emerging new paradigm on the importance of microbial food webs in energy transfer and nutrient recycling in aquatic systems. In this essay we provide the first comprehensive

multidisciplinary review of phototrophic picoplank- ton in lake and ocean ecosystems, discussing what is currently known about their occurrence, taxonomy, physiology, and biochemistry and their role in primary production and aquatic food webs. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, 4160 Marine Dr., W. Vancouver, BC V7V IN6, Canada.

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350- Atmospheric pollution, C210-Chemical pollution, F250-Waste disposal)

87:4063 Ahsanullah, M. and A.R. Williams, 1986. Effect of

uranium on growth and reproduction of the marine amphipod Allorchestes compress~ Mar. Biol., 93(3):459-464. Environ. Sci. Div., Austra- lian Atomic Energy Comm., Lucas Heights Res. Lab., Private Bag, Sutherland, NSW 2232, Australia.

87:4064 Blackstock, J., P.J. Johannessen and T.H. Pearson,

1986. Use of a sensitive indicator species in the assessment of biological effects of sewage disposal in fjords near Bergen, Norway. Mar. Biol., 93(2):315-322.

A combined approach, which included biochemical analysis of a pollution-sensitive polychaete (Glycera alba) and ecological analysis of the benthic fauna, was used to study the effects of coastal sewage disposal along a gradient of enrichment. Alterations in enzymatic activities of the indicator species and in benthic community structure were associated with • nvironmental changes along the gradient of sewage impact. Comparisons are made with earlier studies, and the utility of this coordinated approach is discussed. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 3, Oban PA34 4AD, Argyll, Scotland. (gsb)

87:4065 Elliott, N.G., R. Swain and D.A. Ritz, 1986. Metal

interaction during accumulation by the mussel MytUns edulis planulatns. Mar. Biol., 93(3):395- 399. Div. of Fish. Res., CSIRO Mar. Lab., G.P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.

87:4066 Essink, K. and J.J. Beukema, 1986. Long-term

changes in intertidal flat macrozoobenthns as an


indicator of stress by organic pollution. Hydro- biologia, 142:209-215.

Organic waste-water from beetsugar factories has been discharged by pipeline into the eastern part of the Dutch Wadden Sea since 1969; the waste load was high in the first four years, diminishing consid- erably after 1974. Since 1968 macrobenthos have been monitored at five permanent stations, two situated relatively close to the outfall. Data on numerical density of seven species were analysed for synchrony of yearly fluctuations in order to dis- criminate between pollution-induced changes in population densities and changes due to variation of natural environmental factors. Rijkswaterstaat, Tidal Water Div., Hereweg 99a, 9721 AA Groningen, Netherlands.

87:4067 Hagerman, Lars and Anna Szaniawska, 1986. Be-

haviour, tolerance and anaerobic metabolism under hypoxia in the brackish-water shrimp Crangon crangon. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser~ 34(1- 2): 125-132. Mar. Biol. Lab., Strandpromenaden, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark.

87:4068 McLusky, D.S., Victoria Bryant and Ruth Campbell,

1986. The effects of temperature and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals to marine and estaarine invertebrates. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 24:481-520.

Some general conclusions about acute metal toxicity have been drawn from a review of the literature on marine and estuarine invertebrates: toxicity values derived from fixed salinity or temperature studies are inappropriate for estuarine and near-shore marine systems; for estuarine species, toxicity increases with temperature and decreases with salinity; suscepti- bility to heavy metals is highest in organisms near their temperature or salinity limits; toxicity decreases in the order of Hg > C d > C u >Zn >Cr > Ni > P b ~As; and taxonomic sensitivity decreases in the order of Annelida >Crustacea ~Mollusca. Dept. of Biol. Sci., The University, Stifling FK9 4LA, Scotland. (gsb)

87:4069 Prevot, P. and M.O. Soyer-GobiUard, 1987. The

degradation of parathion in cultures of the marine dinoflagelinte Prorocentrum m/cans E. Wat. Res., 21(1): 19-23. Dept. de Biol. Cellulaire, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab. Arago, U.A. 117 CNRS, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France.

Tygon tubing on marine phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 34(1-2):41-49. Depts. of Botany and Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2BI, Canada.

87:4071 Rainbow, P.S. and P.G. Moore, 1986. Comparative

metal analyses in amphipod crustaceans. Hydro- biologia, 141(3):273-289. School of Biol. Sci., Queen Mary Coll., Mile End Rd., London E1 4NS, UK.

g7:4072 Ramavat, B.K., Y.A. Doshi, R.G. Parekh and V.D.

Chauhan, 1986. Concentration of polyvalent metals by seaweeds from Okha coast [lndia]. Phykos, 25(1-2):44-50. Central Salt and Mar. Chemicals Res. Inst., Bliavnagar 364 002, India.

87:4073 Rao, Ch.K. and V.K. Indusekhar, 1986. Manganese,

zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt contents in seawater and seaweeds from Saurashtra coast [India]. Mahasagar, 19(2):129-136. Central Salt and Mar. Chemicals Res. Inst., Bhavnagar 364 002, India.

8"/:4074 Shaw, D.G., T.E. Hogan and D.J. Mclntosh, 1986.

Hydrocarbons in bivalve mollusks of Port Valdez, Alaska. Consequences of five years' permitted discharge. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 23(6):863- 872. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Alaska, Fair- banks, AK, USA.

87:4075 Talbot, V., 1986. Seasonal variation of copper and

zinc concentrations in the oyster Saccostrea cuccu//ata from the Dampier Archipelago, West- ern Australia. Implications for pollution moni- toting. Sci. total Environment, 57:217-230. Dept. of Conserv. and Environ., 1 Mount St., Perth, WA 6000, Australia.

87:4076 Tervo, V., K. Erkomaa, H. Sandler, V. Miettinen, R.

Parmanne and E. Aro, 1980. Contents of metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in fish and benthic invertebrates in the Gulf of Bothnia and in the Gulf of Finland in 1979. Aqua fenn., 10:42-57. Inst. of Mar. Res., P.O. Box 166, SF-00141 Helsinki 14, Finland.

87:4070 Price, N.M., P.J. Harrison, M.R. Landry, F. Azam

and K.J.F. Hall, 1986. Toxic effects of latex and

87:4077 Villalba, A. and J.M. Viritez, 1985. [A study of

anneHd polychaetes from the rocky substrate of


the intertidal zone of the contaminated Ponteve- dra Estuary in Galicia, Spain. I. Biocoenosis.] Cah. Biol. mar., 26(4):359-377. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dpto. de Zool., Fac. de Ciencias, Univ. de Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.

87:4078 Villeneuve, J.P., S.W. Fowler and V.C. Anderlini,

1987. Organochlorine levels in edible marine organisms from Kuwaiti coastal waters. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 38(2):266-270. Inter- natl. Lab.. of Mar. Radioactivity, I.A.E.A., Musee Oceanogr., MC98000 Monaco.

87:4079 Ward, T.J., R.L. Correll and R.B. Anderson, 1986.

Distn'bution of cadmium, lead and zinc amongst the marine sediments, seagrasses and fauna, and the selection of sentinel accumulators, near a lead smelter in South Australia. Aust. J. mar. Fresh- war. Res., 37(5):567-585. Div. of Fish. Res., CSIRO Mar. Lab., G.P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

87:4080 Yoshida, Tamao, Toshiro Marnyama, H.I. Kojima,

Ibrahim Allahpichay and Susumu Moil, 1986. Evaluation of the effect of chemicals on aquatic ecosystem by observing the photosynthetic activity of a macrophyte, Porphyra yezoensis. Aquat. Toxicol., 9(4-5):207-214.

A procedure is developed to assess the effects of chemicals on algae using a species which is common in temperate zone coastal waters and is exploited for aquaculture in Japan. Bicarbonate labelled with ~4C was used to trace assimilation and extracellular products after exposure of P. yezoensis to three common herbicides (DCMU, PCP, and amitrole), and ECs0 values were estimated. With DCMU and PCP (but not amitrole) photosynthesis was inhibited and extracellular products increased. Dept. of Mar. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Tokyo Univ. of Fish., 5-7, Konan 4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan. (gsb)

E330. Laboratory culture (rearing experiments, etc.)

87:4081 Turner, D.T. and C.E. Bower, 1983. Removal of some

inorganic and organic substances from fresh water and artificial seawater by two commercial ill- ¢xants. J. Aquaricult. aquat. Sci., 3(4):57-63. Sea Res. Fdn., Biol. Dept., Eastern Connecticut State Univ., Willimantic, CT 06226, USA.

E340. Aquaculture (commercial) 87:4082

Henken, A.M., H. Lucas, P.A.T. Tijssen and M.A.M. Machiels, 1986. A comparison between methods used to determine the energy content of feed, fish and faeces samples. Aquaculture, 58(3- 4): 195-201.

Three different methods used to determine gross energy content were compared: (1) calculation from chemical composition using values for protein, fat and carbohydrates; (2) combustion of each material in a bomb calorimeter; and (3) dichromate wet oxidation of each material. The results indicate that the gross energy content of feed and faeces can be determined most accurately by combustion; calculation from chemical composition underestimated dietary and faecal gross energy content, and dichromate wet oxidation underestimated the gross energy content of all three materials tested. Dept. of Fish Culture and Fish., Agric. Univ., P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, Netherlands.

87:4083 Ingram, Michael, 1987. High technology, high return

aquaculture? Aquacult. Mag., 13(1): 18-20.

Europe's high technology fish farming industry is investing large sums of money in improving the production, processing and marketing of their products. But since end-product quality is directly related to source, it is also necessary to improve the broodstock and ova. Broodstocks require several seasons to benefit from the new biotechnology being employed, and fish farmers can use early planning to control the growth of their stocks so that they are sold at the optimal market time. Biotechnology, combined with a controlled environment (mechan- ically regulated temperature, photopeilod), means that 'total market control' may become a reality. (wbg)

87:4084 L~ger, P., D.A. Bengtson, K.L. Simpson and P.

Sorgeloos, 1986. The use and nutritional value of Artem/a as a food source. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 24:521-623.

Several features of the small branchiopod crustacean Artemia make it a preferred food source for cultured larvae of aquatic species: its wide, year-round availability in the form of "cysts,' the ease of harvesting, and the short time required (24 h) to convert the cyst into a live food (free-swimming nauplii). The variety of applications of Artemia as a food source, and its composition and nutritional value, are examined. Faculty of Agric., State Univ. of Ghent, Rozier 44, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. (gsb)

OLR(1987)34(7) 613

87:4085 McCoy, H.D. II, 1987. Intensive culture, the past, the

present and the future. Part II. Aquacult. Mag., 13(1):36-40.

This second in a series of three articles on intensive culture systems overviews significant current developments pertinent to intensive culture. Discussed, among other things, are microencapsulated feeds and efforts to reduce stress in cultured animals while maximizing stocking density.

87:4086 Rhodes, R.J., 1986. Status of world aquaculture:

1986. Aquacult. Mag., Buyers' Guide '87:4-16.

While forecasts that world aquaculture production levels will reach 20 million metric tons by the year 2000 now seem excessive, it is quite possible that a level of 15 million MT may be reached---an amount that is about double the current rate of production (Asia's production is about 75% of that amount). This report surveys some of the major developments in aquaculture, focusing on countries that play significant roles in the process. In general, the salient factors controlling aquaculture development, aside from market demand, are production costs and the availability of suitable farming sites (limited in some developing countries by industrialization). P.O. Box 16190, Charleston, SC 29412, USA. (wbg)

87:4087 Staff, 1986. Buyer's Guide '87 and Industry Directory.

Special issue. Aquacult. Mag., Buyer's Guide '87: ca. 135 pp; 9 papers.

This sixteenth annual buyer's guide reports on the status of world aquaculture and provides lists of national and state aquaculture organizations, fish farming associations, universities and institutions with aquaculture facilities and courses, soil conser-

vation biologists, and available diagnostic services. A directory of products and services and industry suppliers as well as an advertising index are also included. (lit)

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

87:4088 McCauley, Edward and W.W. Murdoch, 1987.

Cyclic and stable populations: plankton as paradigm. Am. Naturalist, 129(1):97-121.

An extensive analysis of data from Daphnia-algae studies revealed three patterns: both populations stable, both dynamic, or Daphnia cyclic but algae stable. These patterns apparently are a product of the interaction of Daphnia and its food supply and do not reflect external forcing by environmental factors. The similarity between laboratory and field population dynamics is discussed and features which must be explained by any model of the system are outlined. Ecol. Div., Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. (gsb)

E400. Books, collections (general)

87:4089 Cameron, R.A. (co-editor), 1986. Proceedings of the

Invertebrate Larval Biology Workshop. Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 26-30 March 1985. Bull. mar. Sci., 39(2):145- 622; 37 papers.

These workshop papers discuss current research on invertebrate larvae including dispersal, settlement and metamorphosis, life history ecology, and evolution. The common focus is an examination of how larval forms can contribute to an understanding of the biology of the various invertebrate life patterns. (llt)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

87:4090 Anonymous, 1986. Materials selector 1987, Mater.

Engng, Deeember:330pp.

The annual guide to materials is divided into 3 sections: materials comparisons, materials selection, and product directory. Materials covered include ferrous and nonferrous metals, plastics, rubbers etc., ceramics etc., fibers etc., finishes, composites, ad- hesives, parts and forms. (fcs)

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Biological oceanography Apparatus and methods

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