ORIGIN OF LIFE

Celeste Roderno-Desingaño

ABIOGENESIS (17TH CENTURY)

Also known as “Spontaneous Generation”

This doctrine states that organic life could and does arise from inorganic matter.

This was opposed by 3 experiments which gave rise to biogenesis (19th century):Francesco Redi in 1668 Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1768Louis Pasteur in 1861

REDI’S EXPERIMENT (1668) Redi’s

experiment proved that maggots did not come from meat

SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT (1768)

Spallanzani demonstrated that microbes were present in the air, and could be killed by boiling.

PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT (1861) Louis Pasteur

performed a series of experiments which demonstrated that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not spontaneously appear in sterile, nutrient-rich media.

EVOLUTION, DIVERSITY OF LIFE AND BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK (1744-1829)Published his “Hypothesis of Evolution (1809)

2 Principles:1. Use and Disuse

Stated that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate.

2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Stated that an organism could pass the

modifications to its offspring.

NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) He coined the term evolution as descent with

modification, meaning the many species of Earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present day species.

Main Ideas of Natural Selection

1. Individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals

2. Over time, Natural selection can increase the match between organism and the environment

3. If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species in the process.

NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION AND ARTIFICIAL

SELECTION

Artificial Selection Process of selective breeding of

domesticated plants and animals by humans to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIO

N

CLASSIFICATION Identifying, naming and grouping of organisms into a

formal system based on similarities such as internal and external anatomy, physiological functions, genetic make-up, or evolutionary history.

Carolus Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Father of Taxonomy Author of the Binomial System of Nomenclature where

organisms are given two names, the generic name and the species name

He used the 2-kingdom classification (Plants and Animals) Used Latin words for the scientific names

RULES IN WRITING SCIENTIFIC NAMES First letter of the Genus should be capital letter and

the first letter of the species is small letter Genus and species should be underlined separately

or italicized.

CLASSIFICATIONErnst Haeckel (1866)

Suggested that the unicellular form with different reproductive patterns be placed in a separate kingdom (Protista)

Herbert Copeland (1938) Suggested the 4-kingdom classification

(Monera)

Robert H. Whittaker (1969) Suggested the 5-kingdom classification

(Fungi)

Carl Woese (1970’s) Suggested the 6-kingdom classification

separating prokaryotic organisms (Kingdom Monera) into two kingdoms, the Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES

Carica papaya – papaya

Aleurodicus dispersus – spiraling whitefly

Pterophyllum scalare – angelfish

Felis domesticus – cat

Allium cepa – onion

Mus musculus – mouse

Musca domestica – housefly

SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES

Chelonia mydas – Green sea turtle

Turnix worcesteri - Button quail

Pithecophaga jefferyi - Philippine eagle

Oryza sativa – rice

Cocos nucifera – coconut

Tarsius syrichta - Philippine tarsier

Cervus alfredi - Philippine spotted deer

SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES

Candida albicans – fungus causing itchiness to vagina

Staphylococcus aureus – bacterium found on open wound and pimples

Plasmodium vivax – protozoa that causes malaria

Penicillium notatum – fungus where penicillin is derived

Rafflesia speciousa – largest flower

Cyatheaceae spp. - Fern

SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES

Caretta caretta – loggerhead sea turtle

Saccharomyces cerevisiae – yeast used for production of beer.

Clostridium botulinum – bacteria that causes food poisoning.

Bubalus mindorensis – Tamaraw

Dugong dugong – Dugong

THE FIVE-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

CLASSIFICATIONKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: sapiensScientific Name: Homo sapiensCommon Name: Human

CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: PlantaePhylum: TracheophytaClass: AngiospermaeOrder: GraminalesFamily: GraminaeGenus: OryzaSpecies: sativaScientific Name: Oryza sativaCommon Name: Rice

CLASSIFICATIONKingdom: FungiPhylum: ZygomycotaClass: ZygomycetesOrder: MucoralesFamily: MucoraceaeGenus: RhizopusSpecies: stoloniferScientific Name: Rhizopus

stoloniferCommon Name: Black bread mold

MONERA

The cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus as well as other membranous structures present in the cells of all other types of organisms.

Example: Bacteria

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

Based on shape Based on flagellar arrangement

PHYLA OF SUBKINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

Phylum Thermoacidophiles Phylum Halophiles Phylum Methanogenes

PHYLA OF SUBKINGDOM EUBACTERIA Phylum Proteobacteria Phylum Rhizobacteria Phylum Cyanobacteria Phylum Prochlorophyta Phylum Schizophyta

PROTISTA

Unicellular and multicellular. Have cells that contain membrane–bounded

nucleus and other intracellular membranous structures

Reproduce sexually or asexually Free living or parasitic in form. Animal-like protist Plant-like protist Fungus-like protist

PHYLA OF PROTISTS Euglenophyta – Euglena

Ciliophora– Paramecium

Zoomastigina –Trypanosoma

Sarcodina – Amoeba

Phaeophyta- Brown Algae

Chlorophyta – Green algae

Rhodophyta –Red algae

PHYLA OF PROTISTS Sporozoa – Plasmodium

Chrysophyta – Pinnularia

Pyrrophyta – Dinoflagellate

Myxomycota – plasmodial Slime molds

Acrasiomycota – Cellular slime molds

Oomycota – water molds and downy mildews

FUNGI They have cell walls

with chitin, but lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their own food.

They cannot ingest large particles of food and depend entirely on absorption of nutrient molecules.

Some are saprophytic – feed on dead and decaying organisms

Reproduce asexually by spore formation or budding.

PHYLA OF FUNGI Zygomycota – Bread Molds Ascomycota – Saccharomyces Basidiomycota – Mushroom Deuteromycota – Candida, Penicillium

PLANTAE

Cells contain rigid cell walls and chloroplast. Autotrophic – can produce their own food for

maintenance and growth

KINGDOM PLANTAE Division Bryophyta

Non-Vascular and multicellular plants

Reproduce by alternation of generation

Division TracheophytaVascular and

multicellular plantsTypes: seedless plants

and seed plants Seed plant is divided

into gymnosperm and angiosperm

GYMNOSPERMS• Plants that bear seeds not enclosed in a fruit

Division Coniferophyta Conifers or evergreen Ex: Pines and spruce

Division Cycadophyta Palm- like gymnosperms Ex: Cycad, zamia

Division Ginkgophyta Deciduous trees that can

tolerate air pollution Ex: Ginkgo biloba

Division Gnetophyta Cone-bearing gymnosperms but

vascular system is more like those of angiosperms.

Ex: Gnetum

ANGIOSPERMS• Flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary that ripens into a fruit

Division Anthophyta Class Monocotyledonae

Have embryo with a single cotyledon, leaves with parallel veins, flower parts in trees or sixes and vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem

They are primarily herbaceous Ex: Rice and corn

Class Dicotyledonae Have embryo with two cotyledon,

veins of leaves in the form of network, flower parts in fours or fives, and vascular tissue organized in a concentric ring.

Some are herbaceous and some are woody

Ex: magnolia, mango, cucumber

KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms

with specialized tissues Most are motile and have no cell wall Performs sexual reproduction Some have rigid parts on the inside of

the body, others have rigid coverings outside the body

Some animals with backbone (vertebrates)

Some animals without backbone (invertebrate)

PORIFERA

COELENTERATA

PLATYHELMINTHES

NEMATODA

MOLLUSCA

ANNELIDA

ECHINODERMATA

ARTHROPODA

ROTIFERA

OSTEICHTYES

CHORDATA

REPTILIA

AVES

AMPHIBIA

MAMMALIA

Urochordata

Chondrichtyes

Agnathans

cephalochordates