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Biological soil properties & functions as affected by tillage system Results from NL sites
February 26, 2014
NL field sites – Marine clay loam soils
Lelystad RCBD field experiment(different tillage systems for conventional and organic crop rotations
Hoeksche WaardFarmers fields and experimental farm with conventional crop rotations
Lelystad field trial
Minimum tillage (MT)Non-inversion tillage (NIT)Conventional tillage (CT)
Block (n=4)
Lelystad field trial
8 cm
20 cm25 cm
CT NIT MT
All with controlled traffic lanes
Lelystad field trial
potato sugar winter onionsbeet wheat
potato grass white spring carrots s. wheat clover cabbage wheat beans
Conventional crop rotation (synthetic fertilizers)
Organic crop rotation (animal manure)
+ use of green manure where possible
Lelystad field trial
Crittenden et al 2014 (in press)
Lelystad field trial
Measurements 2009-2013:
- Earthworm populations 2009-2011 (Crittenden et al. 2014, APSOIL) & 2012 (Oudshoorn, 2013)
- Nematode feeding groups and microbial parameters 2009 & 2012 (PPO & RIVM)
- Soil physical characteristics (compaction, infiltration, pF, aggregate stability)
- Soil OM/C
- Soil N (including N2O) (PPO)
- Crop yields (PPO)
NB: not all data are available for all parcels all years
Lelystad field trial
Measurements 2009-2013:
- Earthworm populations 2009-2011 (Crittenden et al. 2014, APSOIL) & 2012 (Oudshoorn, 2013)
- Nematode feeding groups and microbial parameters 2009 & 2012 (PPO & RIVM)
- Soil physical characteristics (compaction, infiltration, pF, aggregate stability)
- Soil OM/C
- Soil N (including N2O) (PPO)
- Crop yields (PPO)
Results; Earthworms (2009-2011)
Spring2009 Fall2009 Fall2010 Spring 2011 Fall20110
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
*
*
* NIT CT
Ea
rth
wo
rms
(in
d.
m-2
)
Organic farming J10-6
Crittenden et al 2014 (in press)
Results; Earthworms (2009-2011)
Spring2009 Fall2009 Fall2010 Spring 2011 Fall20110
50
100
150
200
250
300NIT CT
Ea
rth
wo
rms
(in
d.
m-2
)
Conventional farming - J92b
Crittenden et al 2014 (in press)
Results; Earthworms Fall 2012
Data: Oudshoorn 2013OrganicOrganic J10-6Conventional J9-2b
Results; Earthworms Fall 2009-2012
Data: Bas Oudshoorn
OrganicOrganic
Sampling date
Conventional J9-2b Organic J10-6
Tillage system
CT MT NIT CT MT NIT
Fall 2009 Spring barley
95 110 169 Winter wheat; mustard
389 415 289
Fall 2010 Onions; rye grass
279 208 358 Carrots; white clover
357 a 159 b 104 b
Fall 2011 Potatoes 192 245 127 Wheat/Faba bean
841 a 560 b 555 b
Fall 2012 Sugar beet 123 b 263 a 308 a Potatoes; grass clover
723 797 804
Results; Earthworm species
Crittenden et al. 2014 Oudshoorn, 2013
Organic J10-6
Conventional J9-2b
Species composition all yrs
Endogeic species:- A. caliginosa (65-85%)- A. rosea- A. chlorotica (<1%)
Epigeic species:- L. rubellus (CT<MT/NIT)- E. tetraedra - L. castaneus (<1%)- S. mammalis (<1%)
Anecic species- A. longa (<1%)- L. terrestris (<1%)
Results; Nematode feeding groups
Data PPO, Gerard Korthals - 2009 baseline data? (0-25 cm depth)
Nematode Guild AnalysisCalculation of functional indices, nematode guild analysis
oMaturity index (MI) (r-k life strategies, disturbance indicator)
oEnrichment index (EI) (nutrient status)
oStructure index (SI) (soil ecosystem stability)
oBasal index (BI) (disruption)
oChannel index (CI) (bacterial- or fungal decomposition)
Results; Microbial parameters
Data PPO, RIVM, Alterra- 2009 baseline data? (0-25 cm depth)
Results; soil physical characteristics
Data: Crittenden et al in prep.
Conventional J9-2b Organic J10-6
Aggregate stability 2011-2012
Results; soil physical characteristics
Data: Crittenden et al in prep.
Organic J10-3
Aggregate stability 2011-2012
Organic J10-6
Results; soil physical characteristics
Data: Crittenden et al in prep.
Organic J10-6; 0-5 cm Organic J10-6; 10-15 cm
pF 2011-2012
Results; soil physical characteristics
Data: Crittenden et al in prep.
Organic J10-3; 0-5 cm Organic J10-3; 10-15 cm
pF 2011-2012
Results; soil organic matter
Data: Crittenden et al in prep.
Organic J10-6 Organic J10-3
SOM 2011-2012
Results; Soil C stocks 2011
Data: Natasja Poot
Organic J10-6
No net C sequestration (PT=0.911)
●ST: 88±4 Mg/ha
●NIT: 89±4 Mg/ha
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
STNIT
Soil organic carbon (Mg/ha)
Dept
h (c
m)
0-10 cm 10-20 cm0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5 STNIT
Ksat
(cm
/min
)Results; more soil physical characteristics
Data: Poot 2012; Oudshoorn 2013
Conventional
Organic
Conventional J9-2b Organic J10-6
Organic J10-6
Results; soil physical 2012Data: Bas Oudshoorn
Conventional
Organic
Results; crop yields Data: PPO
Teelt Jaar
ST T M ST T M ST T M ST T M ST T M
suikerbiet 100% 100% 100% 100% 102% 104% 100% 97% 96%
a a a a a a
zomergerst 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 104%
a a a
pootaardappel 100% 99% 101%
a a a
peen 100% 92% 88% 100% 77% 80% 100% 74% 69%
b ab a b a a
zomertarwe 100% 105% 108% 100%
a a a a a a
wintertarwe 100% 105% 105%
a a a
grasklaver 100% 108% 100% 144% 141%
a a a b b
veldbonen/zomertarwe 100% 83% 100% 110% 114%
b a a b b
pootaardappel 100% 97% 99% 100% 93% 95%
a a a a a a
zaaiui
consumptieaardappel 100% 100% 95% 100% 100% 100%
b b a a a a
witte kool 100% 98% 95% 100% 103% 93%b ab a
eiwit %
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Discussion / conclusions
Large variation in earthworm densities between parcels and years
Very much dominated by A. caliginosa
When sign. tillage effects are found: Different response in organic farming than in conventional farming.
Hypothesis that NIT would increase total ew numbers is not confirmed
L. rubellus increases under NIT, anecics virtually absent
Can anecics survive in our arable fields?
=> Results also confirmed in farmers fields (Crittenden et al, ms submitted)
Discussion / conclusions
Higher aggregate stability in NIT, especially at 10-20 cm
Higher SOM content in NIT with time (top 15 cms only and only sign. in one of the two parcels) => No net C sequestration
Higher compaction in NIT based on penetrometer readings
Measurement of water infiltration with double ring method? What are we measuring?
Yields: lower for NIT in some crops (esp. carrot), higher for others (grass/cereals), but also dependent on year
Discussion / conclusions
Soil physics: quantification and translation to ecosystem services?
Proxies for ecosystem services? LCA? Scale? Functional unit?
Do we have information about desired levels or ranges for proxies / soil quality indicators? (prototyping).
Thanks to:
Steve Crittenden,
Joana Frazão
Ron de Goede (WU)
Bas Oudshoorn, Natasja Poot, Tamila Eswaramurthy (MSc students)
Wijnand Sukkel, Derk van Balen, Gerard Korthals (PPO)
.. and all SUSTAIN colleagues
Communication 2013-2014
2013 Newsletter
●Soil physical effects
●Soil chemical effects (organic matter, N)
●Soil biology (nematodes, microbial)
2014: NIT Hand book in cooperation with Network of Practice on Reduced Tillage Farming
Presentations for farmers
Conference presentations (EGU, Green Carbon)
Handbook NIT
Yields: PPO
Weed control: advisor
Pests: advisor
Diseases ?
Soil structure: PRI
N dynamics: LBI, PPO
Earthworms: Wageningen Univ.
Soil health: PRI
Practical crop management: advisors
Farmers fields – marine loam soils
Effects of NIT and field margin strips
3 commercial farms and one field station in the Hoeksche Waard
Farmers fields – marine loam soils
Traditional practice:
- Max. 12 species of earthworms
in arable fields
- Appr. 200 ind m-2
Crittenden et al. in prep.
Farmers fields – marine loam soils
Crittenden et al. in prep.
0
100
200
300
400
RAND GEPLOEGD NKG
Aant
alle
n m
-24 bedrijven
L. TerrestrisA. LongaE. TetraedaS. MammalisL. CastaneusL. RubellusD. RubidusM. MinisculaA. LimicolaA. RoseaAl. ChloroticaA. Caliginosa
Farmers fields – marine loam soils
Crittenden et al. in prep.
0
100
200
300
400
RAND GEPLOEGD NKG
Aant
alle
n m
-24 bedrijven
L. TerrestrisA. LongaE. TetraedaS. MammalisL. CastaneusL. RubellusD. RubidusM. MinisculaA. LimicolaA. RoseaAl. ChloroticaA. Caliginosa