BIOLOGY-101Sections 800 & 802

BIOL-101

Brookdale Community College

Mr. D. Fusco

Agenda

*Introduction to BIOL-101

*Personal Information

*Syllabus review

*Philosophy of Life Sciences (Chapter 1)

*Characteristics of Life

*Organization of Life

*Classification

*Scientific Method

Personal Information

First & Last NameAddress - Line 1

Address - Line 2

Phone Number

Email addressEmergency Contact: Name & Phone Number

Reason for taking course

One thing I should know about you

Career Goals

Occupation (Please note if you are a F/T or P/T student)

Icebreaker

•Milk Chocolate = Tell how you spent your winter break

•Krackel = Name the reality show you would be on (if you had to) and why

•Special Dark = Tell something that you have done that you think no one else has done

•Mr. Goodbar = Share one of your favorite memories

Philosophy of Life Sciences

What is Biology?

•Biology is the - a VAST topic•Biologists ask questions such as:

•How a single cell develops into an

•How the human mind works

•How living things interact in

•There are many key themes that connect the concepts of biology

Major theme of biology

•A striking underlies the of life; for example:

• is the universal genetic language common to all organisms

•Unity is evident in many features of

•Yet, all organisms (even within the same species) exhibit great

What is Life?

•Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition

•Life is recognized by what living things do

•What do living things do?

•How do we identify something living?

Order

Adaptation

Responseto theenvironment

Reproduction

Growth anddevelopment

Energyprocessing

Regulation

Fig. 1-3

Characteristics of Life

•Life involves characteristics

•All living things:

•R (to environment)

•E (use & acquire)

•G (directed by genes)

•R (like produces like)

•O (demonstrate)

•A (over a longer period of time)

•R (maintain homeostasis)

Organization of Life

•Life is highly

•Life can be studied at from

molecules to the entire living planet

•New properties emerge at each level in the

•The study of life can be divided into different levels of

Fig. 1-4

10 µmThe biosphere

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Ecosystems

Organs and organ systems

Cells

Cell

Organelles

Atoms

MoleculesTissues

1 µm

50 µm

Levels of Organization

Organization

• are the simplest level.•Two or more atoms comprise a . (Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.)• are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

Organization

• are the basic living unit.• are groups of cells functioning together.•Groups of tissues form

•Groups of organs function together as

•Organ systems functioning together make up an

Organization

•A group of organisms within a specified area make a •The set of populations that inhabit a particular area create a •All of the living things in the community, as well as nonliving components (such as soil, water, and light) make an •All of the earth’s ecosystems combine to make up the

Classification

•Approximately species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year

•Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from

• is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

Taxonomy “taxis” = arrangement; “nomy” = science of

•Hence taxonomy becomes the

•Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms

Aristotle384-322 BC (Greece)

•

• Classified into two main groups:

• Plants because they are

• Animals because they are

Carolus Linnaeus1707-1778 (Sweden)

•

• Binomial system of nomenclature

• Scientific name (aka Latin name)

• Consists of

Fig. 1-14

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Ursus americanus(American black bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

Levels of Classification• (broadest)

•

•

•

•

•

•

• (most specific)

D

e

c

r

e

a

s

i

n

g

D - Eukarya

K - Animalia

P - Chordata

C - Mammalia

O - Carnivora

F - Ursidae

G - Ursus

S - americanus

Scientific Name

• 2 names (Genus & species)

•

•

• Latin

• Either in italics or underlined

African elephant

Loxodonta africana

African lion

Panthera leo

Wolf

Canis lupus

Domains

•The system is currently used

•Some scientists still refer to 5 kingdoms as well

•Domain includes most of the common bacteria

•Domain includes bacteria that live in extreme environments (hot springs and salt lakes)

•Domain includes all eukaryotic organisms

Eukarya

•The domain Eukarya includes three

• • •

•Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called , though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

Kingdoms

• Monera (combine Bacteria & Archaea)

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

Each kingdom will be discussed according to:

1. Cell Type

2. Organization

3. Acquiring energy

4. Reproduction

5. Motility

6. Example(s)

Monera (Bacteria)

• (NO nucleus)

•

• Absorb food

• Asexual reproduction (binary fission)

•

• Example: bacteria

•Escherichia coli

•Helicobacter pylori

Protista•

• Unicellular or Multicellular

•

• Asexual or sexual reproduction

• Motile or nonmotile

• Example: Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, Seaweed

Fungi

•

•

• Absorb food (hyphae)

• Asexual or sexual reproduction

•

• Example: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus); Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Plantae

•

• Multicellular

• (make their own food)

• Sexual reproduction

•

• Example: Rose (Rosa macdub)

Animalia

• Eukaryotic

•

•

•

• Motile

• Example: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Question?

Where are the

viruses?

Are viruses alive?

•Virus means

•Originally, they were considered

•Because of their properties,

researchers saw a parallel with

•Let’s look again at the characteristics of life

Order

Adaptation

Responseto theenvironment

Reproduction

Growth anddevelopment

Energyprocessing

Regulation

Fig. 1-3

Are viruses alive?

•Viruses cannot

•Most biologists would agree that they are alive since they do not exhibit all of the characteristics of life

•Viruses lead a

Scientific Inquiry

•The word is derived from Latin and means

•Inquiry is the search for

•There are two main types of scientific inquiry:

•The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena

Discovery Science

•Discovery science describes

•This approach is based on observation and the analysis of •Data are or items of information•Data fall into two categories

• , or descriptions, rather than measurements• , or recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

Inductive Reasoning

•Discovery science often employs •Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the logical process of induction•Repeat observations can lead to important

•For example, “the sun always rises in the east”

Hypothesis-Based Science

•Observations can lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called •A hypothesis is a

•A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be

Limitations of Hypotheses

•A hypothesis must be •Hypothesis-based science often makes use of two or more alternative hypotheses•Failure to falsify a hypothesis that hypothesis

•For example, you replace your flashlight bulb, and it now works•This the hypothesis that your bulb was burnt out, but (perhaps the first bulb was inserted incorrectly)

Deductive Reasoning

•Hypothesis-based science involves the use of

•Deductive reasoning uses premises to make

predictions•For example, organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)

Scientific Method

•The scientific method is an

•Hypothesis-based science is based on the “textbook”

but rarely follows all the ordered steps• has made important contributions with very little dependence on the so-called scientific method•However, we will identify steps in order to grasp its parts

Scientific Method Parts

•Identify

•Make

•Create a

•Design a

•Analyze and make a

Case Study: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations

•Many poisonous species are brightly colored, which

• are harmless species that closely resemble poisonous species

•Henry Bates hypothesized that this mimicry evolved in as an adaptation that

•This hypothesis was tested with the poisonous eastern coral snake (top) and its mimic the nonpoisonous scarlet king snake (bottom)

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Hypothesis

•Both species live in the Carolinas, but the king snake is also found in regions poisonous coral snakes

•If predators inherit an avoidance of the coral snake’s coloration, then the

in the regions where coral snakes are present

Experiment

•To test this mimicry hypothesis, researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes:

•An resembling king snakes

•A resembling plain brown snakes

• of both types were placed at field sites, including areas without poisonous coral snakes

Conclusion

•After four weeks, the scientists retrieved the artificial snakes and

bite or claw marks•The data fit the predictions of the mimicry hypothesis: the

in the geographic region where coral snakes were found

Controlled Experiment

•A controlled experiment compares an (the artificial king snakes) (the artificial brown snakes)

•Ideally, only the (the color pattern of the artificial snakes) differs between the control and experimental groups

•A controlled experiment means that control groups are used to

•A controlled experiment does mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant

Theories & Laws

•In the context of science, a is:

•broader in scope than a hypothesis

•general, and can lead to new testable hypotheses

•supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis

•Example:

•In the context of science, a is:

•described as an

•supported by a larger population (usually outside of the scientific community) than a theory

•Example:

Limitations of Science

•In science, observations and experimental results must also be

•Science

, which are outside the bounds of science

Science & Technology

•Science and technology are

•The goal of technology is to

for some specific purpose

•Biology is marked by while

technology is marked by

Science & Society

•The combination of science and technology has dramatic effects on society

•Example, the discovery of DNA allowed for advances in DNA technology

• can arise from new technology, but have as much to do with

as with science and technology

Review Questions

1. Explain the unity and diversity of life.

2. Name and describe the 7 characteristics of life.

3. Correctly identify the various levels of organization from a molecule to the biosphere.

4. Describe the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to taxonomy.

5. Define, in order, the 8 levels of scientific classification.

6. Name and describe the 3 domains.

7. Identify 5 major kingdoms, along with important characteristics of each.

8. Explain how viruses are classified and why.

9. Define scientific inquiry and name 2 types.

10. Define describe 2 different types of data.

11. Name and describe 2 different types of reasoning.

12. Explain the use of the scientific method and its “textbooks” parts.

13. Explain a controlled experiment.

14. Differentiate between hypothesis, theories, and laws.

15. State 2 limitations of science and explain the relationship between science and technology.