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Biology 1/18/11 New learning Targets
& Table of Contents Chapter 9
Read and Define vocabulary 9.1
PS Lab 9.1 Notes 9.1
Energy in a Cell
Chapter 9
Cells Using Biochemical Energy
Essential for life: Active transport Movement Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Cellular respiration All other cellular reactions
What Is ATP?oEnergy used by all Cells
oBroken down into:1. Adenosine Monophosphate
(AMP)-1 phosphate group2. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) –
2 phosphate groups3. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)- 3
phosphate groups
9.1
Chemical Structure of ATP
3 Phosphates Ribose
Sugar
Adenine Base
*ATP contains two, high-energy phosphate bonds*Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar
What Does ATP Do for You?It supplies YOU with
ENERGY!
How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme that breaks the phosphate bonds!
How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!ATP Synthetase
The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-ase
ATP Synthetase
More on ATP Cells Have Enough ATP To
Last For A Few Seconds ATP must constantly be
made ATP Transfers Energy Very
Well ATP Is NOT Good At
Energy Storage
9.2 The Photosynthesis Equation
•Definition????
Photosynthesis
Is the process that plants use to trap the sun’s energy and build carbohydrates such as glucose, that store energy
AutotrophsPlants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
Pigmen
ts
• In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments
• Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs
• Where is chlorophyll found?
• Why are leaves green?
Light and Pigments
Energy From The Sun Enters Earth’s Biosphere As Photons
Photon = Light Energy Unit
Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths
Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors
Photosynthesis has 2 Phases:
1. Light Dependent Reaction – convert light energy into chemical energy which then helps to fuel the next step
occurs in the chloroplasts in the membranes of the thylakoids disks.
2. Light Independent Reaction – produces glucose
takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
Occurs across the thylakoid membranes
Uses light energy Produce Oxygen from water
Convert ADP to ATP Also convert NADP+ into the energy carrier NADPH
Light Dependent Reactions
Inside A Chloroplast
Light dependent rxn
Photosynthesis BeginsElectrons are energized and passed to the Electron Transport Chain
Lost electrons are replaced from the splitting of water into 2H+, free electrons, and Oxygen
2H+ pumped across thylakoid membrane
Light Dependent Reaction
Function of the Stroma
Light Independent reactions occur here
ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose
Location of the Calvin Cycle
GEL LIKE
MATERIAL
Inside A Chloroplast
Light dependent rxn
Light independent rxn
Light Dependent Reaction
Energy Carriers Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)
NADP+ = Reduced Form Picks Up 2 high-energy
electrons and H+ from the Light Reaction to form NADPH
NADPH carries energy to be passed on to another molecule
Photosystem IHigh-energy electrons are moved to Photosystem I through the Electron Transport Chain
Energy is used to transport H+ from stroma to inner thylakoid membrane
NADP+ converted to NADPH when it picks up 2 electrons & H+
Phosphorylation
Enzyme in thylakoid membrane called ATP Synthetase
As H+ ions passed through thylakoid membrane, enzyme binds them to ADP
Forms ATP for cellular
Light Reaction SummaryReactants: H2O Light Energy
Energy Products: ATP NADPH
Light Independent Reaction
ATP & NADPH from light reactions used as energy
Atmospheric C02 is used to make sugars like glucose and fructose
Six-carbon Sugars made during the Calvin Cycle
Occurs in the stroma
The Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle Two turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to make one molecule of glucose
3-CO2 molecules enter the cycle to form several intermediate compounds (PGA)
A 3-carbon molecule called Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP) is used to regenerate the Calvin cycle
Photosynthesis Overview
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Amount of available water
Temperature Amount of available light energy
When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
9.3
Cellular Respiration What is it????? 3 stages
Glycolysis (anaerobic) Citric acid cycle aka Kreb Cycle
(aerobic) Electron transport chain (aerobic)
…….What is Aerobic? Anaerobic?........
Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules
Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s
C6H12O6 + 6O2
YIELDS
What Carries the Electrons?
NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier
NAD+ is a coenzyme
It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion
Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?
YES! Another Coenzyme!
FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Reduced to FADH2
What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain aka ETC
Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:Glycolysis occurs in the CytoplasmKrebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Cytoplasm Occurs
in Matrix
Occurs across Cristae
Glycolysis Diagram
Glycolysis Summary*Takes place in the Cytoplasm
*Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)*Requires input of 2 ATP
*Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid*Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed
Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix
Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Cyclical series of oxidation
reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of
mitochondria
Krebs Cycle Summary Each turn of the Krebs
Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2
Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner
Mitochondrial membrane Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+
to accept e- from glucose NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
Electron Transport Chain
Differences between ETC in photosynthesis and cellular respiration???
FADH & NADH were byproducts of the kreb cycle/citric acid cycle
Electron Transport Chain Animation
Fermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP
Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis Food accumulated Energy from sun
stored in glucose Carbon dioxide
taken in Oxygen given off Produces glucose
from PGAL Goes on only in light Occurs only in the
presence of chlorophyll
Cellular RespirationFood broken downEnergy of glucose released
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen taken inProduces CO2 and H2O
Goes on day and night
Occurs in all living cells