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Biology 12
Respiration revision• Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP• Fermentation (plants)Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide• Fermentation (animals)Pyruvate lactic acid• Aerobic respirationGlucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water +
energy (36 – 38 ATP)
Photosynthesis• Uses light energy to convert inorganic
molecules to organic molecules• Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
and some protists and the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria
• Occurs as a series of reactions, involving many different enzymes
• Involves light dependent and light independent reactions (the Light and Dark reactions)
Photosynthesis 2• Net equation:
carbon dioxide + water + solar energy glucose + oxygen + water
• ATP and ADP are used to transfer energy
• NADP is used as a hydrogen carrier
Where it happens
Structure of the chloroplast
Light reaction• Occurs in the grana (thylakoid membrane) of the
chloroplast• Inputs are light and water • Light strikes photosystem II• Electrons pass along until they reach the primary
electron acceptor • Water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain to
photosystem I, forming ATP• The three products of the light reaction are NADPH,
ATP, and O2 • NADPH & ATP are then used in the Calvin Cycle
The Grana – photosystems I and II and the electron transport chain
ATP and ADP
• Act as chemical batteries
• Carry and release small amounts of energy
energy
adenosine
phosphateadenosine
ATP
ADP
Carrier proteins
Carry hydrogen ions to electron transport chains
NADP NADPH + H+
Light independent (Dark) reaction
• Occurs in stroma of the chloroplast
• Inputs are NADPH and ATP from the light reaction, and CO2
• First step is carbon fixation
• A series of reactions lead to the production of water, NADP+ and ADP, and sugar
• NADP+ and ADP return to the light reaction • The carbon of the sugar product comes from
CO2
Calvin cycle
Summary of reactions
Summary of photosynthesisLight dependent reactionOccurs in the granaWater is split into hydrogen ions and oxygenInputs are light and waterOutputs are ATP, hydrogen ions and oxygenInvolves photosystems I and II and electron transport chain
Light independent reactionOccurs in the stromaCarbon is fixedInputs are ATP, hydrogen ions and carbon dioxideOutputs are glucose, water and ADPInvolves the Calvin cycle
Comparison between respiration and photosynthesisRespiration Photosynthesis
Inputs Oxygen & glucose Carbon dioxide, light, water
Products Carbon dioxide, water & energy (ATP)
Oxygen, glucose & water
Type of cells All cells Plants & some protists & bacteria
Location in cells Cytoplasm (anaerobic) & mitochondria (aerobic)
Chloroplast
Where energy comes from
Carbon compounds (chemical breakdown)
Light
Role of ATP End product Carries energy of light reactions into dark reactions
Names of reactions
Glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle
Light reactions – Photosystems I & II & electron transport chain
Dark reactions – Calvin cycle