Biology 202 Final

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

a.

to p

roduc

e ga

met

es

b.

to p

roduc

e re

prod

...

c.

to p

rom

ote g

row

th

d.

to p

rom

ote m

atura

...

76%

6%12%

6%

a. to produce gametes

b. to produce reproductive hormones

c. to promote growth d. to promote

maturation

The testes are housed in the ______ which _______.

a.

test

icle

… e

leva

tes.

..

b.

epid

idym

is…

pro

v...

c.

scro

tum

… lo

wer

s ...

d.

darto

s m

uscle

… l.

..

0% 0%

100%

0%

a. testicle… elevates sperm development temperature.

b. epididymis… provides energy to the sperm.

c. scrotum… lowers sperm development temperature.

d. dartos muscle… lowers the scrotum.

The ______ is/are responsible for producing semen.

a.

test

es

b.

sem

inal

ves

icle

s

c.

pros

tate

gla

nd

d.

both

b a

nd c

11%

42%

16%

32%

a. testes b. seminal vesicles c. prostate gland d. both b and c

As many as _______ sperm can be released with each ejaculation.

a.

300

b.

3000

c.

400

mill

ion

d.

40 tr

illio

n

0% 0%

100%

0%

a. 300 b. 3000 c. 400 million d. 40 trillion

Which of the following hormones do males secrete?

a.

test

oster

one

b.

FSH

c.

LH

d.

all o

f the

above

37%

63%

0%0%

a. testosterone b. FSH c. LH d. all of the above

Which of the following structures house the ova?

a.

ovar

ian

med

ulla

b.

fallo

pian tu

bes

c.

uter

us

d.

folli

cles

in th

e ova

r...

21%

42%

16%21%

a. ovarian medulla b. fallopian tubes c. uterus d. follicles in the

ovarian cortex

Female reproductive hormones are derived from the ________.

a.

ova

b.

uter

us

c.

thec

al c

ells

and c

...

d.

ovar

ian

med

ulla

11% 11%

74%

5%

a. ova b. uterus c. thecal cells and

corpus luteum d. ovarian medulla

The _______ of the uterus receives the embryo and provides nourishment until the placenta is formed.

a.

endom

etriu

m

b.

myo

met

rium

c.

perim

etriu

m

d.

cerv

ix

100%

0%0%0%

a. endometrium b. myometrium c. perimetrium d. cervix

What is/are the major differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

a.

sper

mat

ogenes

is ..

.

b.

oogen

esis

resu

lts ..

c.

oogen

esis

is th

e r..

.

d.

oogen

esis

is c

omp.

..

0%11%11%

78% a. spermatogenesis begins

while the male fetus is in the uterus

b. oogenesis results in the formation of one viable oocyte whereas spermatogenesis results in the formation of four viable sperm

c. oogenesis is the result of several mitotic divisions

d. oogenesis is complete before ovulation occurs

A woman who wants to ensure conception might buy an “ovulation predictor” kit. Which of the following hormones, when detected by the kit, would be the best indicator of imminent ovulation?

a.

estro

gen

b.

GnRH

c.

LH

d.

FSH

0%6%

44%50% a. estrogen

b. GnRH c. LH d. FSH

From a hormonal standpoint, why is the first day of menstrual bleeding counted as the first day of a new cycle rather than as the end of the previous cycle?

a.

beca

use h

orm

one...

b.

beca

use w

ithout

f...

c.

the

cycl

e is

coord

i...

d.

beca

use m

enst

rual

...

16%11%11%

63%

a. because hormone secretion from the pituitary peaks at day 1 and causes menstruation

b. because without feedback from a fertilized zygote, the corpus luteum degenerates and pituitary hormones are no longer under ovarian negative feedback

c. the cycle is coordinated with ovulation, so each time ovulation occurs, the cycle resets

d. because menstrual flow is necessary to allow implantation of a fertilized zygote

What percentage of sperm carries the Y chromosome?

a.

10 %

b.

25 %

c.

50 %

d.

75 %

0% 0%

89%

11%

a. 10 % b. 25 % c. 50 % d. 75 %

The majority of absorption occurs in the ________.

a.

stom

ach

b.

smal

l inte

stin

e

c.

larg

e in

test

ine

d.

mout

h

5% 5%5%

85% a. stomach b. small intestine c. large intestine d. mouth

The majority of _____ occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.

a.

inges

tion

b.

chem

ical

dig

estio

n

c.

mec

hanic

al d

iges

tion

d.

abso

rptio

n

7% 7%

43%43% a. ingestion b. chemical

digestion c. mechanical

digestion d. absorption

Stimuli that regulate gastrointestinal tract activity are generated by _________.

a.

the

CNS

b.

chem

orece

ptors

i...

c.

nerv

es in

the

diges

...

d.

all o

f the

above

0%

67%

7%

27%

a. the CNS b. chemoreceptors

in the gut c. nerves in the

digestive tract d. all of the above

Choose the answer that lists the 4 layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the appropriate order from innermost to outermost.

a.

muco

sa, s

ubmuc

os..

b.

subm

ucosa

, muco

...

c.

sero

sa, m

ucosa

, ...

d.

musc

ularis

ext

ern.

.

95%

0%0%5%

a. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa

b. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa

c. serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa

d. muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa, mucosa

In general, parasympathetic inputs to the gut are ______ while sympathetic inputs are ______.

a.

stim

ulat

ory…

inhib

...

b.

rapi

d… lo

ng last

ing

c.

inhib

itory

… s

timul

...

d.

horm

onal

… n

eura

l

65%

0%

30%

5%

a. stimulatory… inhibitory

b. rapid… long lasting

c. inhibitory… stimulatory

d. hormonal… neural

A patient with a low RBC count receives vitamin B12 injections every 2 weeks. Why?

a.

this

pat

ient

is tr

ain...

b.

this

pat

ient

is a

nem

..

c.

parie

tal c

ells

in th

i...

d.

this

pat

ient

’s p

arie

...

0% 0%

47%53%

a. this patient is training for a triathlon

b. this patient is anemic and has low iron

c. parietal cells in this patient’s stomach have ceased producing intrinsic factor

d. this patient’s parietal cells have stopped secreting HC1

When your stomach growls in response to an ad on TV for food, the ______ phase of gastric secretion is initiated.

a.

cephal

ic

b.

gast

ric

c.

inte

stin

al

d.

gast

rin

89%

0%6%6%

a. cephalic b. gastric c. intestinal d. gastrin

Why is the small intestine well adapted for nutrient absorption?

a.

acid

sec

retio

ns fr.

.

b.

CCK is re

leas

ed f.

..

c.

the

inte

rior o

f the

...

d.

the

smal

l int

estin

e ..

0% 0%

83%

17%

a. acid secretions from the stomach are neutralized in the duodenum

b. CCK is released from the duodenum to promote liver and pancreatic secretion

c. the interior of the small intestine has a huge surface area due to the presence of the plicae circulares, villi and microvilli

d. the small intestine is very long and thin

In terms of digestion, the large intestine’s greatest contribution is

a.

exposi

ng the

chym

...

b.

abso

rptio

n of a

ll p...

c.

abso

rptio

n of w

ater

.

d.

regu

latio

n of g

astr.

.

37%

0%

53%

11%

a. exposing the chyme to the rich assortment of pancreatic enzymes through the process of segmentation.

b. absorption of all primary nutrients.

c. absorption of water. d. regulation of gastric

motility.

The ______ is/are the primary location for lipid absorption.

a.

lact

eals

b.

hepat

ic p

orta

l vei

n

c.

epip

loic

appen

dages

d.

brus

h bord

er

28%

39%

11%

22%

a. lacteals b. hepatic portal vein c. epiploic

appendages d. brush border

For what metabolic reason does respiration occur?

a.

to in

crea

se b

lood O

2

b.

to s

upply

cel

ls w

i..

c.

to re

gulate

bre

athi..

d.

to d

ecre

ase

blood

...

0%10%

0%

90% a. to increase blood O2

b. to supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis and to remove CO2 from the blood

c. to regulate breathing rate

d. to decrease blood O2 and increase blood CO2

The _____ zone includes the alveoli while the _______ zone includes the trachea.

a.

phar

ynx…

lung

b.

pulm

onar

y… re

spi..

.

c.

resp

irato

ry…

cond...

d.

ventil

atio

n… tr

ans.

..

6% 6%

56%

33%

a. pharynx… lung b. pulmonary…

respiration c. respiratory…

conducting d. ventilation…

transport

Occasionally food or liquids will “go down the wrong pipe,” initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens?

a.

lary

ngophar

ynx

b.

thyr

oid c

artil

age

c.

epig

lotti

s

d.

glot

tis

0%

21%

74%

5%

a. laryngopharynx b. thyroid cartilage c. epiglottis d. glottis

The respiratory membrane is composed of

a.

alve

olar

sac

s an

d...

b.

the

alve

olar m

em...

c.

type

I cel

ls a

nd ty

pe...

d.

alve

olar

pore

s.

10%0%0%

90% a. alveolar sacs and

pulmonary arteries. b. the alveolar

membrane, the capillary wall and their fused basement membrane.

c. type I cells and type II cells.

d. alveolar pores.

The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________.

a.

intra

pulmonar

y p...

b.

intra

pleura

l pre

ssur

e

c.

transp

ulmona

ry p

...

d.

atm

ospher

ic p

res.

..

70%

10%0%

20%

a. intrapulmonary pressure

b. intrapleural pressure

c. transpulmonary pressure

d. atmospheric pressure

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of __________.

a.

the

diaphra

gm

b.

abdom

inal

musc

les

c.

atm

ospher

ic p

re...

d.

exte

rnal

inte

rcos

t...

11%16%

74%

0%

a. the diaphragm b. abdominal

muscles c. atmospheric

pressure d. external

intercostals muscles

Air is forced out of the lungs during normal expiration due to _________.

a.

move

men

t of t

he d...

b.

elas

tic re

coil

of ti

...

c.

contra

ctio

n of b

ro...

d.

contra

ctio

n of t

he ..

.

44%

17%

6%

33%

a. movement of the diaphragm

b. elastic recoil of tissues

c. contraction of bronchioles

d. contraction of the external intercostals muscles

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

a.

CO2

diffuse

s m

uc...

b.

CO2

binds

to O

2 ...

c.

CO2

is m

ore s

olubl..

.

d.

CO2

is a

ctiv

ely

tra...

10%

0%

50%

40%

a. CO2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells

b. CO2 binds to O2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously

c. CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2

d. CO2 is actively transported into the alveoli

Red blood cells contain the enzyme _____, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid.

a.

carb

onic a

nhyd

rase

b.

carb

on dio

xide

a...

c.

chlo

ride

shift

d.

bica

rbonat

e io

n

63%

38%

0%0%

a. carbonic anhydrase

b. carbon dioxide acidase

c. chloride shift d. bicarbonate ion

The _________ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.

a.

VRG

b.

DRG

c.

pontin

e re

spira

tor..

.

d.

pons

20%

73%

0%7%

a. VRG b. DRG c. pontine

respiratory group d. pons

________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration.

a.

O2

b.

N

c.

H2O

d.

CO2

25%

75%

0%0%

a. O2

b. N c. H2O

d. CO2

Which of the following best describes the immune system?

a.

the

set o

f org

ans

t...

b.

the

organ

set

that

...

c.

the

diver

se s

et o

f...

d.

antib

odie

s

7% 7%

60%

27%

a. the set of organs that are collectively called the immune system

b. the organ set that accumulates pathogens and kills them

c. the diverse set of molecules and immune cells that are found in lymphoid tissue and body fluids

d. antibodies

Which of the following act as the first line of defense against foreign pathogens?

a.

skin

b.

lym

phocyt

es

c.

muco

us m

embr

anes

d.

both

a a

nd c

16%

84%

0%0%

a. skin b. lymphocytes c. mucous

membranes d. both a and c

________ and __________ are the most common phagocytic cells in the blood.

a.

Neutro

phils…

eos

...

b.

Eosinophi

ls…

mo.

..

c.

Neutro

phils…

mo...

d.

Natura

l kill

er c

ells

...

40%

5%

50%

5%

a. Neutrophils… eosinophils

b. Eosinophils… monocytes

c. Neutrophils… monocytes

d. Natural killer cells… eosinophils

The process by which phagocytes exit capillaries and enter injured tissue is called _________.

a.

chem

otaxi

s

b.

leuko

cyto

sis

c.

leuke

mia

d.

diap

edes

is

50%

39%

0%

11%

a. chemotaxis b. leukocytosis c. leukemia d. diapedesis

Your hand has a scratch. What signals would indicate that the injury is inflamed?

a.

cold

, gra

y, s

unken

...

b.

yello

w, not s

wolle

n,...

c.

red, h

ot, sw

ollen, p

...

d.

no c

hange

to th

e si

..

0% 0%

95%

5%

a. cold, gray, sunken, numb

b. yellow, not swollen, tingling, normal temperature

c. red, hot, swollen, painful

d. no change to the site other than evidence of the scratch

The process of attaching complement proteins to the bacterial cell wall to enhance phagocytosis is called _________.

a.

optim

izat

ion

b.

MAC a

ttach

men

t

c.

lysi

s

d.

opso

niza

tion

0%

71%

19%10%

a. optimization b. MAC attachment c. lysis d. opsonization

The adaptive immune system involves three major cell types: antigen-presenting cells, T cells, which constitute _______ immunity, and B cells, which govern _______ immunity.

a.

nonsp

ecifi

c… s

pec.

..

b.

antig

enic

… a

llerg

ic

c.

MHC…

MAC

d.

cell-

med

iate

d… h

...

71%

24%

0%6%

a. nonspecific… specific

b. antigenic… allergic

c. MHC… MAC d. cell-mediated…

humoral

Lymphocytes are educated within primary lymphoid organs. B cells are educated in the _______ while T cells are educated in the ________.

a.

bone

mar

row…

t...

b.

thym

us…

bon

e m

...

c.

bone

mar

row…

b...

d.

thym

us…

thym

us

84%

0%0%

16%

a. bone marrow… thymus

b. thymus… bone marrow

c. bone marrow… bone marrow

d. thymus… thymus

A patient has been immunized against chicken pox. What type of immunity is this?

a.

natu

rally

acq

uired...

b.

artif

icia

lly a

cquire

...

c.

natu

rally

acq

uired ..

.

d.

artif

icia

lly a

cquire

d...

10%

45%

0%

45% a. naturally acquired passive

b. artificially acquired passive

c. naturally acquired active

d. artificially acquired active

Which of the following best describes an antibody’s mode of action?

a.

antib

odies

pun

ch ..

.

b.

antib

odie

s im

mob

i...

c.

antib

odies

bin

d to ..

.

d.

antib

odie

s se

cret

e...

0% 5%10%

85% a. antibodies punch

holes in the cell membrane

b. antibodies immobilize antigens and mark them for destruction

c. antibodies bind to antigens and escort them to the liver for excretion

d. antibodies secrete antimicrobial proteins

Lymphatic vessels…

a.

colle

ct le

aked

flui

d ...

b.

drai

n blo

od fro

m ..

.

c.

are

part o

f the

ven

...

d.

are

built

like

arte

ries.

68%

11%11%11%

a. collect leaked fluid from interstitial spaces.

b. drain blood from lymph nodes.

c. are part of the venous system.

d. are built like arteries.

Why would removal of lymph vessels from the right axillary region cause edema in the right arm?

a.

exce

ss b

lood p

las.

.

b.

surg

ery

alway

s re

s...

c.

blood

is in

effic

ient

l...

d.

both

b a

nd c

58%

37%

5%0%

a. excess blood plasma builds up in regions where there are no lymph vessels

b. surgery always results in tissue swelling

c. blood is inefficiently circulated in areas where surgery has occurred

d. both b and c

Which of the following contribute to flow of lymph through vessels?

a.

hear

t act

ion

b.

milk

ing

actio

n of s

...

c.

pres

sure

chan

ges ..

d.

both

b a

nd c

13%

75%

6%6%

a. heart action b. milking action of

skeletal muscle c. pressure changes

in the thorax d. both b and c

_________ can enter lymph capillaries.

a.

Bacte

ria

b.

Larg

e pro

tein

s

c.

Inte

rstit

ial f

luid

d.

All of t

he ab

ove

6%

89%

6%0%

a. Bacteria b. Large proteins c. Interstitial fluid d. All of the above

Of the following vessel types, which are those responsible for exchange of gases and nutrients with tissues?

a.

arte

ries

b.

arte

riole

s

c.

capill

arie

s

d.

vein

s

0%6%

82%

12%

a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins

Of the following vessel types, which are those that conduct blood toward the heart, regardless of oxygen content?

a.

arte

ries

b.

arte

riole

s

c.

capill

arie

s

d.

vein

s

15%

80%

0%5%

a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins

Of the following blood vessel components, which is the most critical in regulating systemic blood pressure?

a.

tuni

ca in

tima

b.

tuni

ca m

edia

c.

tuni

ca e

xter

na

d.

venous

valv

es

7%

20%20%

53%

a. tunica intima b. tunica media c. tunica externa d. venous valves

Of the following cardiovascular components, which contains the majority of the body’s blood volume at any one time?

a.

pulm

onary

cap

illar

ies

b.

hear

t

c.

syst

emic

vei

ns a

n...

d.

syst

emic

cap

illar

ies

6%13%

81%

0%

a. pulmonary capillaries

b. heart c. systemic veins

and venules d. systemic

capillaries

Predict the change in peripheral resistance as blood vessel diameter increases.

a.

perip

hera

l res

ista

...

b.

perip

hera

l res

ista

n..

c.

perip

hera

l res

ista

n..

d.

perip

hera

l res

ista

n..

25% 25%25%25% a. peripheral resistance decreases

b. peripheral resistance increases

c. peripheral resistance remains unchanged

d. peripheral resistance is constant in humans

What is the major factor controlling stroke volume during resting periods?

a.

sym

path

etic

input

b.

para

sym

pathet

ic i.

..

c.

venous

retu

rn to

t..

d.

perip

hera

l res

ista

...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. sympathetic input b. parasympathetic

input c. venous return to

the heart d. peripheral

resistance changes

Of the following factors affecting blood pressure, which is/are the most easily regulated?

a.

vess

el le

ngth

b.

vess

el d

iam

eter

c.

blood

vis

cosi

ty

d.

vess

el d

iam

eter

a..

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. vessel length b. vessel diameter c. blood viscosity d. vessel diameter

and cardiac output

Which of the following changes would effect the longest lasting changes in blood pressure?

a.

rele

ase

of nore

pin...

b.

rele

ase

of antid

iure

...

c.

incr

ease

d hea

rt ra

te

d.

rele

ase

of angio

te...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. release of norepinephrine

b. release of antidiuretic hormone

c. increased heart rate

d. release of angiotensin

Why does blood velocity decrease as it flows into a capillary bed?

a.

beca

use th

e dia

me.

..

b.

beca

use th

e cr

oss...

c.

blood

flow s

lows

to...

d.

the

press

ure

is m

...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. because the diameter of the capillaries is smaller than that of the arterioles and arteries

b. because the cross-sectional area of the capillary beds is approximately 2000x than that of the aorta

c. blood flow slows to allow diffusion to occur

d. the pressure is muscle higher in the capillaries

The primary mechanism driving filtration in capillary beds is ______.

a.

diffu

sion

b.

capill

ary

osmot

ic...

c.

hydro

stat

ic p

ress

...

d.

hydro

stat

ic p

res.

..

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. diffusion b. capillary osmotic

pressure c. hydrostatic

pressure of the interstitial fluid

d. hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure created by _________ tends to _______.

a.

blood

volu

me…

pu.

.

b.

nondiff

usab

le p

la...

c.

inte

rstit

ial f

luid

… ..

.

d.

prot

eins

in th

e in

ter..

.

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. blood volume… push fluids out of the capillary.

b. nondiffusable plasma proteins… draw fluids into the capillary.

c. interstitial fluid… draw fluids out of the capillary.

d. proteins in the interstitial fluid… push fluids into the interstitial fluid.

The presence of intercalated disks between adjacent cardiac cells causes the heart to behave as a/an _____________.

a.

singl

e ce

ll

b.

contra

ctile

myo

fibril

c.

desm

osom

e

d.

func

tiona

l syn

cytiu

m

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. single cell b. contractile

myofibril c. desmosome d. functional

syncytium

The plateau portion of the action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells is due to

a.

an in

crea

sed

pota

...

b.

an in

flux

of c

alci

um...

c.

an in

flux

of s

odium

...

d.

exit

of cal

cium

ions.

..

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. an increased potassium permeability.

b. an influx of calcium ions.

c. an influx of sodium ions.

d. exit of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The stimulus for the heart’s rhythmic contractions comes from _________.

a.

inte

rcal

ated

dis

cs

b.

acet

ylch

oline

c.

a neu

rom

uscu

lar j

...

d.

a pac

emak

er p

oten

...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. intercalated discs b. acetylcholine c. a neuromuscular

junction d. a pacemaker

potential

The major ionic change that initiates the rising phase of the autorhythmic cell action potential is __________.

a.

pota

ssiu

m io

n exi

t

b.

sodiu

m io

n entry

c.

calc

ium

ion e

ntry

d.

calc

ium

ion

exit

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. potassium ion exit b. sodium ion entry c. calcium ion entry d. calcium ion exit

In a normal heart, which of the following structures is responsible for setting the heart’s pace?

a.

sinoa

trial

node

b.

atrio

ventri

cula

r node

c.

atrio

ventri

cula

r b...

d.

Purkin

je fi

bers

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. sinoatrial node b. atrioventricular

node c. atrioventricular

bundle d. Purkinje fibers

The primary inputs to the heart by the cardioinhibitory center are primarily found in the ___________.

a.

sinoa

trial

node

and

...

b.

Purkin

je fi

bers

c.

the

card

iac

contra

c...

d.

bundle

of H

is

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

b. Purkinje fibers c. the cardiac

contractile fibers d. bundle of His

The majority (80%) of ventricular filling occurs ___________.

a.

durin

g la

te v

entri

cul..

b.

pass

ivel

y th

rough

...

c.

with a

trial

sys

tole

d.

both

a a

nd b

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. during late ventricular systole

b. passively through blood flow alone

c. with atrial systole d. both a and b

Cardiac output is determined by________.

a.

hear

t rat

e

b.

stro

ke v

olum

e

c.

card

iac

rese

rve

d.

both

a a

nd b

0% 0%0%0%

a. heart rate b. stroke volume c. cardiac reserve d. both a and b

10

Predict what would happen to the end systolic volume (ESV) if contraction force were to increase.

a.

it would

dec

reas

e

b.

it would

incr

ease

c.

it would

rem

ain c

o...

d.

ESV is n

ot a

ffect

e...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. it would decrease b. it would increase c. it would remain

constant d. ESV is not

affected by contraction force

Predict what happens to end diastolic volume when an increase in heart rate is not accompanied by an increase in contractility.

a.

end d

iast

olic

vol

um...

b.

end d

iast

olic

volu

m...

c.

end d

iast

olic

vol

u..

d.

end d

iast

olic

volu

m...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. end diastolic volume is increased

b. end diastolic volume is decreased

c. end diastolic volume is unchanged

d. end diastolic volume is not affected by heart rate

The major function of the most common plasma protein, albumin, is __________.

a.

mai

ntenan

ce o

f p...

b.

buffe

ring c

hanges

...

c.

fightin

g fore

ign in

...

d.

both

a a

nd b

0% 0%0%0%

a. maintenance of plasma osmotic pressure

b. buffering changes in plasma pH

c. fighting foreign invaders

d. both a and b

10

Red blood cells are efficient oxygen transport cells. Of the following characteristics, which is the major contributor to the large oxygen-carrying capacity of a red blood cell?

a.

red b

lood

cells

lac.

..

b.

red

blood

cells

don..

c.

red b

lood

cells

are

...

d.

red

blood

cells

con

...

0% 0%0%0%

10

a. red blood cells lack mitochondria

b. red blood cells don’t divide

c. red blood cells are biconcave discs

d. red blood cells contain hemoglobin