Biology 30 The Endocrine System. 2 Comparison of Nervous System and Endocrine System Long lasting...

Biology 30Biology 30The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

22

Comparison of Nervous System Comparison of Nervous System and Endocrine Systemand Endocrine System

Long lastingLong lastingLasts a short whileLasts a short while

Slow actingSlow actingFast actingFast acting

Hormones travel Hormones travel through blood to their through blood to their

targettarget

Direct Direct

cell to cell cell to cell communicationcommunication

Produces Produces

hormoneshormones

Produces Produces neurotransmittersneurotransmitters

Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemNervous SystemNervous System

33

General Things to KnowGeneral Things to Know

Endocrine = Hormone SystemEndocrine = Hormone System Hormones are chemicals produced in Hormones are chemicals produced in

minute amountsminute amountsAll hormones in body together weigh less All hormones in body together weigh less

than 5 ounces.than 5 ounces.

44


Control the Control the slowslow processes in our bodies processes in our bodies Rate of growthRate of growth MetabolismMetabolism Development before birthDevelopment before birth Pregnancy, birth process, lactationPregnancy, birth process, lactation Initiation of puberty & sexual maturityInitiation of puberty & sexual maturity Storing & breakdown of foodStoring & breakdown of food Maintaining water & mineral levelsMaintaining water & mineral levels

55


Hormones are chemical messengersHormones are chemical messengers Produced in a glandProduced in a gland Travel through the Travel through the blood streamblood stream Act on a “Act on a “targettarget” cell.” cell.

Hormones are created in glands called Hormones are created in glands called ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE glands (“ductless glands”) glands (“ductless glands”)

Because the glands secrete into the blood Because the glands secrete into the blood stream, not into a body cavity (stream, not into a body cavity (exocrineexocrine).).

66

Types of HormonesTypes of Hormones

1.1. Local HormonesLocal Hormones• NotNot typical hormones typical hormones• Act immediately on area near secretionAct immediately on area near secretion• Action is local and rapidAction is local and rapid• Example = histaminesExample = histamines

Released by tissues when affected by a Released by tissues when affected by a foreign substance… pollen…foreign substance… pollen…

Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into tissuestissues

Inflammation, redness, swellingInflammation, redness, swelling

77

Types of HormonesTypes of Hormones

2.2. Circulating HormonesCirculating Hormones• Typical Typical • Produced by endocrine glandsProduced by endocrine glands• Travel through blood Travel through blood • To target cellTo target cell• Combine with receptor on or in the target Combine with receptor on or in the target

cellcell Receptor site is either on the membrane or in Receptor site is either on the membrane or in

cytoplasmcytoplasm Initiates a change in the target cellInitiates a change in the target cell

88

Chemical Structure of HormonesChemical Structure of Hormones

We are concerned with 2 typesWe are concerned with 2 types1.1. Protein or Peptide HormonesProtein or Peptide Hormones

• Made up of peptide chains or long proteinsMade up of peptide chains or long proteins• Water soluble / lipid insolubleWater soluble / lipid insoluble• Cannot cross phospholipid bilayerCannot cross phospholipid bilayer• Includes hormones from Includes hormones from

1.1. HypothalamusHypothalamus2.2. PituitaryPituitary3.3. PancreasPancreas

99

2.2. Steroid HormonesSteroid Hormones• Chemically related to cholesterolChemically related to cholesterol• Water insoluble / lipid solubleWater insoluble / lipid soluble• Can pass right through the cell membraneCan pass right through the cell membrane• Includes Includes

Sex hormonesSex hormones ThyroxinThyroxin Hormones from the adrenal cortexHormones from the adrenal cortex

Chemical Structure of Hormones

Anatomy of the Anatomy of the Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Its time for a sensational Its time for a sensational multi-media event!multi-media event!

Lipid Soluble HormoneLipid Soluble Hormone

Lipid Insoluble HormoneLipid Insoluble Hormone

1414

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Anatomy of the Endocrine System AssignmentAssignment

IdentifyIdentify the following endocrine glands the following endocrine glands on a diagram of a human and on a diagram of a human and identifyidentify the major hormones produced by that the major hormones produced by that gland:gland:Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

ThyroidThyroid

ParathyroidParathyroid

ThymusThymus

StomachStomach

DuodenumDuodenum

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

Pancreas Pancreas

Islets of LangerhansIslets of Langerhans

Gonads Gonads

Let’s zoom in on the head.Let’s zoom in on the head.

2020

Anatomy of the Endocrine SystemAnatomy of the Endocrine System

HypothalamusHypothalamus hormones produced here are secreted hormones produced here are secreted

into the blood through the into the blood through the posterior posterior pituitarypituitary..

2222

Source = HypothalamusSource = Hypothalamus

SourceSource HormoneHormone TargetTarget EffectEffect

PosteriorPituitary

2323



Hypothalamus Hypothalamus (Posterior (Posterior Pituitary)Pituitary)

PosteriorPituitary

2424




OxytocinOxytocin

PosteriorPituitary

2525




OxytocinOxytocinUterusUterus,,

MammaryMammary

PosteriorPituitary

2626



HypothalamusHypothalamus

(Posterior (Posterior Pituitary)Pituitary)


MammaryMammary

Uterine Uterine contractioncontraction, ,

milk milk secretionsecretion

PosteriorPituitary

2727





MammaryMammary




PosteriorPituitary

2828





MammaryMammary




ADHADH

PosteriorPituitary

2929





MammaryMammary




ADHADH KidneyKidney

PosteriorPituitary

3030





MammaryMammary




ADHADH KidneyKidney Water Water reabsorptionreabsorption

PosteriorPituitary

3131

Source = Anterior PituitarySource = Anterior Pituitary


Ant. PituitaryAnt. Pituitary

3333



Ant. PituitaryAnt. PituitaryGGrowth rowth

HHormone ormone (somatotropin)(somatotropin)

3434





GeneralGeneral

3535





GeneralGeneral Stimulates Stimulates body growthbody growth

3636






Ant. PituitaryAnt. Pituitary

3737






Ant. PituitaryAnt. PituitaryTThyroid hyroid

SStimulating timulating HHormoneormone

3838








ThyroidThyroid

3939








ThyroidThyroid

Stimulates Stimulates release of release of thyroxine thyroxine

from thyroidfrom thyroid

4040



Ant. Ant. PituitaryPituitary

4141




Adreno-Adreno-corticotropic corticotropic

HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH

4242





HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH

Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex

4343





HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH


Stimulates Stimulates “Stress” “Stress”

Hormone Hormone ReleaseRelease

4444





HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH



Hormone Hormone Release Release CortisolCortisol


4545





HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH



Hormone Hormone ReleaseRelease

CortisolCortisol

Ant. Ant. PituitaryPituitary ProlactinProlactin

4646





HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH




Ant. Ant. PituitaryPituitary ProlactinProlactin MammaryMammary

4747





HormoneHormone

ACTHACTH




Ant. Ant. PituitaryPituitary ProlactinProlactin MammaryMammary

Milk Milk production & production &

SecretionSecretion

4848




4949




Follicle Follicle Stimulating Stimulating HormoneHormone

FSHFSH

5050





FSHFSH

OvaryOvary & & TestesTestes

5151





FSHFSH


Growth of Growth of ovarian ovarian folliclefollicle, ,

Production of Production of SpermSperm

5252





FSHFSH





5353





FSHFSH





Luteinizing Luteinizing HormoneHormone

LHLH

5454





FSHFSH






LHLH


5555





FSHFSH






LHLH


Stimulates Stimulates ovulationovulation, ,

production of production of testosteronetestosterone

5858

Source = Pineal GlandSource = Pineal Gland


Pineal Pineal GlandGland

5959



Pineal Pineal GlandGland MelatoninMelatonin

6060



Pineal Pineal GlandGland MelatoninMelatonin GeneralGeneral

6161



Pineal Pineal GlandGland MelatoninMelatonin GeneralGeneral

Biorhythms Biorhythms

(sleep vs. wake) (sleep vs. wake)

(summer vs. winter)(summer vs. winter)

Length of daysLength of days

6363

Source = Thyroid GlandSource = Thyroid Gland


Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland

6464



Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland ThyroxinThyroxin

6565



Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland ThyroxinThyroxin GeneralGeneral

6666



Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland ThyroxinThyroxin GeneralGeneral

Stimulates Stimulates metabolism, metabolism,

growth, growth, developmentdevelopment

6767

6868



Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland

6969



Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland CalcitoninCalcitonin

7070



Thyroid Thyroid GlandGland CalcitoninCalcitonin BoneBone

7171




Lowers calcium Lowers calcium levels by levels by

inhibiting bone inhibiting bone breakdownbreakdown

7272






Parathyroid Parathyroid GlandGland

7373







Parathyroid Parathyroid HormoneHormone

7474







Parathyroid Parathyroid HormoneHormone BoneBone

7575







Parathyroid Parathyroid HormoneHormone BoneBone

Raises calcium Raises calcium levels by levels by

stimulating bone stimulating bone breakdownbreakdown

7878

Source = Adrenal GlandsSource = Adrenal Glands



7979



Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex AldosteroneAldosterone

8080



Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex AldosteroneAldosterone KidneyKidney

8181



Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex AldosteroneAldosterone KidneyKidney Reabsorbs Reabsorbs

sodium and watersodium and water

8282






8383





Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex CortisolCortisol

8484





Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex CortisolCortisol GeneralGeneral

8585





Adrenal Adrenal CortexCortex CortisolCortisol GeneralGeneral

StimulatesStimulates

Glucose ReleaseGlucose Release

Long term stressLong term stress

8686



Adrenal Adrenal MedullaMedulla

8888




EpinephrineEpinephrine

(Adrenalin)(Adrenalin)

8989





(Adrenalin)(Adrenalin)Liver & Liver & MuscleMuscle

9090






Stimulates Stimulates Glucose releaseGlucose release

Short term stressShort term stress

9191









9292









Norepinephrine Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)(noradrenalin)

9393










General General HeartHeart

9494










General General HeartHeart

Constrict BloodConstrict Blood

VesselsVessels

Increase Heart Increase Heart RateRate

9696

Source = PancreasSource = Pancreas


Pancreas Pancreas Beta Cells Beta Cells of Islets of of Islets of

LangerhansLangerhans

9797





InsulinInsulin

9898





InsulinInsulin GeneralGeneral

9999






Lowers blood Lowers blood glucose levels glucose levels

Stimulates uptake Stimulates uptake of glucose into of glucose into

cellscells

100100








cellscells

Pancreas Pancreas Alpha Cells Alpha Cells of Islets of of Islets of


101101








cellscells



GlucagonGlucagon

102102








cellscells



GlucagonGlucagonLiver & Liver & Fatty Fatty

TissueTissue

103103








cellscells



GlucagonGlucagonLiver & Liver & Fatty Fatty

TissueTissue

Raises blood Raises blood glucose levels by glucose levels by stimulating liver to stimulating liver to convert glycogen convert glycogen back into glucoseback into glucose

104104

Source = OvarySource = Ovary


OvaryOvary

106106



OvaryOvary EstrogenEstrogen

107107



OvaryOvary EstrogenEstrogenGeneralGeneral

UterusUterus

108108




UterusUterus

Develop & Maintain Develop & Maintain secondary female secondary female characteristics characteristics

Growth of uterine Growth of uterine lininglining

109109




UterusUterus



OvaryOvary

110110




UterusUterus



OvaryOvary ProgesteroneProgesterone

111111




UterusUterus



OvaryOvary ProgesteroneProgesterone UterusUterus

112112




UterusUterus



OvaryOvary ProgesteroneProgesterone UterusUterusPromotes continued Promotes continued

growth of uterine growth of uterine lininglining

113113

Source = TestesSource = Testes


TestesTestes

115115



TestesTestes TestosteroneTestosterone

116116




General & General & Reprod-Reprod-uctive uctive

StructuresStructures

117117




General & General & Reprod-Reprod-uctive uctive

StructuresStructures

Develop & Develop & Maintain Maintain

secondary male secondary male characteristics characteristics

Promotes Promotes spermatogenesisspermatogenesis

Now that you know what Now that you know what they are…they are…

Let’s find out how and when Let’s find out how and when they are produced and how the they are produced and how the

system can be shut off when system can be shut off when things are fine.things are fine.

119119

Hormones & FeedbackHormones & Feedback

Hormone levels are regulated through a Hormone levels are regulated through a process called process called negative feedbacknegative feedback When the brain detects an inappropriate level When the brain detects an inappropriate level

of a certain hormone, it will do things to fix the of a certain hormone, it will do things to fix the problem.problem.

When the problem is solved, the brain stops When the problem is solved, the brain stops trying to fix it. trying to fix it.

Let’s look at an example.Let’s look at an example.

120120


When insufficient levels of When insufficient levels of thyroxinthyroxin in in body…body…

1.1. the pituitary releases the pituitary releases TSHTSH

2.2. Thyroid then produces ThyroxinThyroid then produces Thyroxin

3.3. Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for pituitary to stop releasing TSHpituitary to stop releasing TSH..

4.4. As a result, As a result, thyroxin release stopsthyroxin release stops..






126126

A Diploma Exam DiagramA Diploma Exam Diagram

127127

Hormonal Control AssignmentHormonal Control Assignment

Using your textbook and class notes, Using your textbook and class notes, describe each the following disorders by describe each the following disorders by

1.1. indicating the symptomsindicating the symptoms

2.2. identifying the hormones involvedidentifying the hormones involved

3.3. identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or hyposecretion.hyposecretion.

1.1. hypothyroidismhypothyroidism

2.2. hyperthyroidismhyperthyroidism

3.3. goitergoiter

4.4. diabetes mellitusdiabetes mellitus

5.5. gigantismgigantism

6.6. dwarfismdwarfism

7.7. acromegalyacromegaly

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Biology 30 The Endocrine System. 2 Comparison of Nervous System and Endocrine System Long lasting...

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