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Aim: What is a cell?Do Now: On your paper.Notes are in blue. COOL FACT: What is the biggest single
cell on Earth?
COOL FACT: What is the biggest single cell on Earth?
The nerve cells in a giraffe’s legs are the LONGEST single cells- each one is 2 meters (6 ½ feet) long!
Eggs are single cells- so an ostrich egg is one huge cell!
The algae Caulerpa looks like a multicellular plant- but is actually only a single cell- and it can grow to be a meter long (3 ¼ feet)!
Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest bacteria on Earth- it’s 0.75 mm in diameter- so big you can see it with only your eye!!
CELLS
You have already learned that all living things perform the eight MRS. GONER life processes.
You can now add one more thing that all living things do. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS.
Cell Theory
The foundation of modern biologyCredit for the theory is given to three
scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.
What is Cell Theory?
All living things are made up of cells
The cell is the structural and functional unit of organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Today we can add:All cells contain DNA.
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic: No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Example: bacteria
Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus
and other membrane-bound organelles. Example: plants, fungi, and animals.
How many cells do living things have?
Organisms are made of one or more cells.
Unicellular organisms are made of one cell.
Multicellular organisms are made of many cells.
Prokaryotes are almost always unicellular.
Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.
How many cells do multicellular organisms have?
Multicellular organisms can have some or MANY cells.
Human bodies contain around 50 trillion human cells.
Human bodies contain around 500 trillion BACTERIA cells
You are ten times more bacteria than “you” inside of YOU!
Cells Alive Activity!
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm
Wrap-Up!Turn to the chapter 3 word wall on page 95.
Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
Cell OrganellesOur bodies maintain
homeostasis through their organ systems.
Single cells need to maintain homeostasis too.
Cells use organelles to maintain homeostasis.
Organelles are cell structures that do specific jobs.
1. CELL MEMBRANE
Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells
For cells with cell walls,the cell membrane is inside the cell wall
Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell.
Analogy Like your skin!
2. NUCLEUS
Directs all cell activities
Contains instructions for everything the cell does in the form of DNA
Analogy your brain!
4. RibosomesMake proteinsVery small, can be floating in
the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
5. Mitochondria
A cell’s “power plant” Makes ATP, which is the
main molecule that the cell uses for energy.
Analogy your muscles!
6. Endoplasmic ReticulumTWO TYPES:
Rough E.R.Smooth E.R.
Both types of E.R. move molecules around the cell
Analogy your circulatory system
7. Golgi Apparatus
Responsible for moving molecules to the outside of the cell!
Analogy your sweat glands!
Only in Plants: 11. A Large, Central Vacuole
Full of water- makes plants rigidWhen vegetables get soft, they
have have lost water from their vacuoles.
Vocabulary Game!!Choose 8 vocab words from the list:
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cell membrane CytoplasmCytoskeleton NucleusRibosomes Golgi ApparatusMitochondria Lysosome Endoplasmic ReticulumCell Wall ChloroplastVacuole
Wrap-Up!Turn to the chapter 3 word wall on page 95.
Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Where does the energy that sustains all life come from?
The Sun!!(Well most of it anyway...)
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
A process that uses light energylight energy, , carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22)) and water (Hwater (H22O)O) to produce glucoseglucose..
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucoseglucose
SUN
Light energyLight energy
internal leaf structure
chloroplastsouter membrane
inner membrane
thylakoid
Plant PhotosynthesisPlant Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplast
Question:Question:
• Why are plants green?
• Chlorophyll, the chemical that captures the sun's energy, is green!
PlantsPlants• Plants are Autotrophs: They produce their own food.• To do this, plants need:
– Energy (from the sun)– Water (from their ROOTS)– Carbon Dioxide (from their STOMA)
Stoma
Roots Obtain Water
• Roots obtain water using OSMOSIS
• Water is immediately pulled up to the leaves, so the inside of the roots is constantly hypertonic.
Stoma Obtain Carbon Dioxide• A Plant's Stoma are
like little mouths- they breathe in and out!
• Carbon dioxide comes in using diffusion
• Oxygen exits using diffusion
• To prevent water loss, stoma close during droughts!
ChloroplastChloroplast
• OrganelleOrganelle where photosynthesisphotosynthesis takes place.
GranumThylakoid
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Chlorophyll MoleculesChlorophyll Molecules• Chlorophyll molecules Chlorophyll molecules harvest harvest
energy by energy by absorbingabsorbing certain light certain light wavelengthswavelengths ( (blue-420 nm blue-420 nm and and red-660 nm red-660 nm are most important).are most important).
• PlantsPlants are are greengreen because the because the green wavelengthgreen wavelength is is reflectedreflected, , not absorbednot absorbed..
• In other words, plants In other words, plants DON'T USE DON'T USE green light!green light!
Wavelength of Light Wavelength of Light (nm)(nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave(more energy) (less energy)
Absorption of Absorption of ChlorophyllChlorophyll
wavelengthwavelength
Absorption
violet blue green yellow orange red
Wrap-Up!Turn to the chapter 3 word wall on page 95.
Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.
Aim: How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis
tomorrow?
Do Now: On your paper
Notes are in yellow
Cellular Respiration
Two Types: 1. Anaerobic (Without Oxygen)
– A. The Phosphagen System – B. Lactic Acid Fermentation– C. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Aerobic (With Oxygen)
Anaerobic RespirationThe Phosphagen
system…A compound called
creatine phosphate can make ATP (energy) very rapidly.
Allows muscles to work very hard, but only for a very short time.
Lasts for about 8-10 seconds.
Anaerobic RespirationLactic Acid Fermentation
causes... A BURNING SENSATION
IN YOUR MUSCLES.(What trainers are
talking about when they say, “FEEL THE BURN!!”)
This happens when your muscles run out of oxygen.
Anaerobic RespirationAlcohol Fermentation
is used by yeastHappens when yeast
cannot get oxygenHumans use it to
make bread and beer
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
• Aerobic cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose using oxygen.
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
oxygen+glucosecarbon dioxide+water+energy
Where Does Aerobic Respiration Happen?
• The cell organelle responsible for making energy
• Nicknamed the “powerhouse” of the cell.
• Mitochondria
Compare Photosynthesis & Respiration
• Photosynthesis:• Stores energy from the Sun
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Respiration:
• 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Releases Energy from Sugars (ATP)
• What do you notice?
What do you notice?• Photosynthesis:
• Respiration:
Carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen
Sugar + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water