Biology Benchmark II

Cells and Organisms

Compound Microscope

Dissecting Microscope

Independent Variable

• The variable that is manipulated in the experiment

• What you choose to change or study

Biased Data• If you please an employer with their desired

results• If you use only selected sets of data that

supports a specific goal• If you use your personal opinion to decide the

results

Eukaryotes•Have a nucleus

Cell Wall•The main structural component of the cell wall is cellulose

Plant vs Animal Cells• Plant cells contain a – Cell Wall– Chloroplasts

Cell Membrane• The exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide occurs across the cell membrane at the cellular level.

Nucleus• When human red blood cells lose their

nucleus during development, they no longer contain chromosomes.

Chloroplasts• Cellular structures that capture energy from

the sun.

• Groups of cells are organized into tissues that make up organs that work together to form systems that have a similar function.

Homeostasis•Regulating Body

Temperature is a way that your body maintains its homeostasis.

Excretory System• Responsible for the removal of metabolic

wastes from the blood.• Regulation of Extracellular Fluids• Nitrogen Wastes • Water and Salt Balance

Circulatory System• Transports sugars to cell where they are used• passes nutrients (such as amino acids,

electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases,

• stabilize body temperature and pH,• maintain homeostasis.

Endocrine System• Produces chemicals that act at different sites

in the body.• is a system of glands, each of which secretes a

type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body

Levels of Organization•Cell•Tissue•Organ•Organ System

Osmosis• The process by which water moves across a

selectively permeable membrane.

Diffusion• Process by which molecules move from an

area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Cell Membrane• The cell membrane allow certain molecules to

enter and exit the cell.

Mitosis• Know the process• Know the purpose: to produce an identical

copy of a cell

Cilia• Found in organisms and is used for movement

Writing Responses• In a freshwater pond, single-celled organisms

may have a special structure called a contractile vacuole, which is used to pump water out of a cell. Explain why this structure is necessary to maintain a water balance between the cell and its environment.

Writing Responses

• All organisms must be able to exchange chemical substances between their cells and their environment. Some organisms are unicellular and others are multicellular. These organisms have different strategies to obtain and use these chemical substances.

• What chemical substances must be exchanged between each organism and its environment?

• Describe the processes that cause these chemical substances to move into and out of cells.

• Describe the role of the cell membrane in the exchange of materials in both types of organisms.

• Describe the role of body systems in the exchange of materials in a multicellular organisms.

Benchmark II•Monday January 9