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BIOLOGY FORM 4
CHAPTER 9- ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM -
.POLLUTION.
BY 4 SCIENCE 2013
- YAP MEI JEAN
- LOW YEN YEE
TEACHER - MR. SHAIK ALAWDEEN
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Pollution
AirPollution
WaterPollution
ThermalPollution
NoisePollution
P
O
L
L
U
T
IO
N
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Sources:
Factories that pump large amounts of carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide into theatmosphere.
Exhaust fumes from motor vehicles contains soot, lead, carbonmonoxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Open burning and forest fire that release excessive smokeswith suspended solids and pollutant gases such as carbondioxide and carbon monoxide.
Coal-fired power stations that release large amounts of carbondioxide into the atmosphere.
Quarries, cement factories and sawmills which emit dusts intothe air.
The condition when pollutants enterthe air from various sources.
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Air Pollution
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Effects Formation of haze and excessive smokes in air that:
-Decrease light penetration and cause the deposition of dust and
carbon particles on the stomata of leaves. Photosynthesis would
be affected and crop production of reduced.
- Reduce visibility and may lead to the closure of airports.
-Coat the buildings and structures with layers of carbon and dirt
thus increase the maintenance coats.
- Cause health problems such as bronchitis, rhinitis, eye irritation
and conjunctivitis.
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Acid Rain
Gases such as nitrogen oxides and
sulphur dioxide combine with water
vapour in the atmosphere, forming
nitric acid and sulphuric acid which
then fall as acid rain.
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- Soil becomes more acidic and less suitable for planting of
crops.
- Salts in the soil would be dissolved and carried into rivers and
lakes. High level of certain salts such as aluminium salts may
be poisonous to aquatic organisms.
- Erosion of bridges, metal railings and also the limestone or
marble structures.
- Affected plans growth when chlorophylls and photosynthesis
tissues are destroyed.
The adverse effects of acid rains are:
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Trees badly damaged by acid rain.
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A system adopted by MalaysiaGovernment to indicate the levelof air pollution based on itshealth impact
Air Pollution
Index(API)
API Descriptor
0
50 Good
51 100 Moderate
101 200 Unhealthy
201 300 Very unhealthy
> 300 Hazardous
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- The condition when pollutants enter the water sources such aslake, rivers and sea from various activities.
Sources:
Domestic activities
-The disposal of solid wastes like rubbish, detergents and sewagefrom housing areas.
Industrial activities
-Untreated waste toxic chemicals such as mercury, lead, zinc.
-Radioactive waste substances.Agricultural practices
-The run-off excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides.
Shipping activities
- Crude oil spills from tanker ships.
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Leaching of inorganic fertilisers / input of untreated sewage / run off animal
waste
Increase in mineral nutrients into bodies of water
Algae bloom (rapid growth of algae)
Death of other aquatic photosynthetic plants and algae
Decomposition by bacteria (rapid growth of bacteria)
Bacteria use up oxygen
Aquatic organisms die
Restricts the penetration of light into the water
BOD level increase
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High BOD and the spread of water borne diseases.
-The presence of organic materials in water promotes rapid
growth of micro-organisms such as algae, bacteria, and protozoa.
These lead to the increase of BOD (Biological/Biochemical Oxygen
Demand). When dissolved oxygen in water is reduced, the life of
the living aquatic organisms would be affected. Thus, the high
BOD value indicates that the level of water pollution is high.
Water polluted with pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and virus may
spread infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and
hepatitis A.
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Accumulation of toxic materials.
-The illegal dumping of waste and the discharging of effluent from heavy industries are
the main sources of toxic pollution in water resources.
-Heavy metal ions such as arsenic, Cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc, and organicchemicals toxics such as DDT, benzene in water would accumulate in the benthic
organisms and the producers, which would be passes up to the higher level of
organisms via food chains. Bioaccumulation of these metal ions and toxic chemicals
would cause devastating effects in human such as damage of body organs and gene
mutation that would lead to cancer and leukaemia.
Environment disaster
Spillage of crude oil from tankers into the sea can cause major environment disaster.
The layer of oil on the surface of sea would:
-Prevent the light from penetrating into the sea water, thus the photosynthetic activities
of aquatic plants are disturbed.-Reduce the exchange of oxygen between the air and the sea water, thus affect the
organisms living in the water.
-Poison certain animals when they come in contact with this oil.
-Damaged animals fur and birds feathers when coated with oil, thus they could neither
fly nor escape themselves from predators. They could not also keep their bodies warm
buy will die by freezing to death.
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Definition: The condition where the temperature of the surrounding increase when excessheat is released into the environment.
Sources:
Reflection of heat from glass buildings that increases the temperature of surrounding air.
Factories that use water to cool down machineries release warm water into the rivers,lakes or seas.
Nuclear reactors release hot water into the river, lakes or seas.
Effects:
Many aquatic organisms would die as they cannot tolerate the rise in the surroundingwater temperature. The increase in the water temperature of as much as 5 above thenormal water temperature would be fatal to aquatic organisms that only survive within acertain range of temperature.
Increase in BOD value when the metabolic rate of aquatic organisms increases.
Warm water contains less dissolved oxygen for the respiration of aquatic organisms such
as the planktons, thus the food webs are distured when planktons die.
Migrations of organisms occur when the food chains are affected and the ecosystembalance is disturbed.
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Noise PollutionDefinition: The condition where the unwanted human-created arounddisrupts the environment or because harmful to human health andwelfare.
Sources:
Trains
Aeroplane
Motor vehicles
Factory machines
Drilling machines and pilling in construction sites.
Effects:
Decrease in hearing sensitivity when someone is continuously exposed tothe noise level at about 80 decibels (dB) and above, which will finally leadto deafness (since the safe noise level is < 55dB according to WHO and thenoise at 140 dB damages the auditory organs).
Development of health problems such as indigestion. ulcers, high bloodpressure , coronary disease, depression and headaches.
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Noise level(dB)
Noise types Effects
40 - 60 Normal conversation Safe for the ear.
80 - 100 Food blender, lawn
mower, heavy traffics,
tractors
Annoying and continuous exposure leads
temporary hearing damage. If not treated can
cause permanent damage.
> 100 Piling, drilling, rock
concert
Unprotected regular exposure cause
permanent hearing loss.
> 125 Jet engine, shotgun High potential for hearing loss.
Effects that according to noise level
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Noise intensity
of daily human
activities
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