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Characteristics of Life
Science vs Psuedoscience◦Psuedo = ????????
Science vs Psuedoscience◦Psuedo = false/fake
Science is either :◦Physical or Biological
Physical Science is: remember last year◦ Non-living◦ Earth Science
Meteorology – Weather Oceanography – Oceans Geology – Rocks and Minerals Astronomy – Stars and Planets
◦ Chemistry – Make-up of matter and it’s changes◦ Physics – Study of Energy: heat, light, electrical,
mechanical, and nuclear
Biological Science is:◦ Living – Biology is the study of life◦ Botany
Plants
◦ Zoology Animals
◦ Environmental: Botany and Zoology◦ Anatomy: Zoology◦ Organism – an individual capable of life
processes
The Goal of Science is:◦The process of gaining new knowledge
about the world (nature) living and non-living through data collection
◦ Data- information gathered from observations 1. Quantitative
-numbers-count (1,2,3, etc…)-measure (1g, 2 cups)
2. Qualitative-descriptive characteristics
the dog looks old
A. Variable- one factor being tested ◦ 1. Manipulated Variable (independent)
-deliberately changed◦ 2. Responding Variable (dependent)
-observed changes in response to manipulated variable
B. Control-experiment w/out variable◦ It’s the part you DON’T change in experiment
Designing an Experiment SCIENTIFIC METHOD
◦ State the problem◦ Form a hypothesis
If……….and ……..then◦ Set up experiment◦ Record data◦ Analyze results◦ Draw a conclusion
The true nature of science and experimentation lies in the hypothesis
Three parts IF…. Problem part of experiment CONTROL AND…contains INDEPENDENT
maninipulated variable THEN…. Contains the DEPENDENT
responding variable
people made observations and said that some living things could suddenly appear:◦ -Maggots on meat (no refrigerators then)◦ -Mice on grain◦ -Beetles on cow dung
Thought: live arose (came) from nonliving ◦ -maggots arose from meat◦ -beetles arose from dung
Spontaneous Generation- idea that life could arise from nonliving matter
1668- Redi◦-propose a different hypothesis for why maggots appear on meat Question: Do flies produce maggots?
◦ The idea that life only comes from other life◦ Disproved spontaneous generation by putting meat
into jars
Published result in a book that other scientist read.
Redi’s Experiment:◦ Some jars were covered with a mesh cloth◦ Others were left open◦ Several days later maggots were on the meat in
open jars, no maggots were on the covered meat
Anton van Leeuwenhoek◦-discovered tiny moving objects in pond water, rainwater, and dust
◦-objects “alive” -called them animolecules or “tiny animals”
-made drawings -shared with other scientists
Needham◦-challenged Redi’s work◦-Remember: Redi= no spontaneous generation
-Needham = spontaneous generation could occur under the right conditions
-sealed bottle of gravy and heated it◦-claimed heat killed any living organisms
◦-waited a few days◦-observed tiny organisms (microorganisms)
-conclusion: organisms could have only come from juice of gravy
-Thought Needham didn’t heat gravy long enough- improved experiment◦ -2 bottles of gravy◦ -both boiled◦ -1 open, 1 sealed◦ -waited a few days
Conclusions:◦ -open bottle= many microorganisms◦ -closed bottle = none
life only comes from life
Pasteur (mid 1800’s)◦ Repeated past experiments
Designed a curved (swan neck) flask Flask remained open but air could not make it
through the neck in to the flask Showed as long as broth was protected from
microorganisms, it remained free of living things◦ Year after experiment began
Broke flask Organisms grew
Observations use senses to gather information
Inference is logical interpretation (not always fact) based on prior knowledge
Theory-most logical explanation for an event in nature◦ -time-tested◦ -dependable prediction
If a theory survives time and experimentation it becomes a:
Scientific Law- summarizes facts◦ -does NOT explain◦ -states what always happens under given
circumstances **Both Laws and Theories are tentative
◦ -they may change as new information is provided
Nine (9) Characteristics all living things have in common
FRED H GARC
FRED◦F – Use and need Food
◦R – Must be capable of Reproduction
◦E – Must be able to transfer Energy
◦D – Develop and Grow Undergo a series of stages to reach maturity Infant – Toddler – Young Adult – Adult And an increase in living material
H◦H – Homeostasis
Steady internal state H+
Blood Pressure Respiration Body Temperature Ect.
GARC◦G – Genetic code Based on universal genetic code
◦A – Adapt to change Structural – wings, arms, ect. Physiological – internal body processes Behavioral – innate, learned
◦R – Respond to stimuli
◦C – Made of at least one (1) Cell
1. molecules2. cells3. groups of
cells (tissues, organs & organ systems)
4. organisms
7. Populations
8. Community
8. Ecosystems
8. Biosphere
Biotic◦ Living factors
Abiotic◦ Non-living factors
Adaptation◦ A feature that enable survival
Species ◦ A group of similar looking organisms that can
breed and produce offspring Evolution
◦ A gradual change in a species over time
Characteristics of Life