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Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division …

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Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division …. Making New Cells Making New DNA. Where it all began…. You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…. And now look at you…. How did you get from there to here?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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2006-2007 Regents Biology Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division
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Page 1: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

2006-2007 Regents Biology

Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division…

Page 2: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

2006-2007 Regents Biology

Making New CellsMaking New DNA

Page 3: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Where it all began…

You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…

Page 4: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

And now look at you…

How did you get from there to

here?

Page 5: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…

and divide…and divide…

and divide…

Getting from there to here…

Page 6: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide… __________________________

one celled organisms (clones)

__________________________ from fertilized egg to multi-celled organism

__________________________ replace cells that die from

normal wear & tear or from injury

amoeba

starfish

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Page 7: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Dividing cells… What has to be copied

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________

animal cellplant cell

Page 8: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Copying DNA A dividing cell ______________________

creates 2 copies of all DNA separates the 2 copies to opposite ends

of the cell splits into 2 daughter cells

But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus

If you tried to divide it like that, it could tangle & breaknucleus

cell

DNA

Page 9: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Organizing & packaging DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

nucleus

cell

4 chromosomesin this organism

DNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell

DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide

DNA has been “wound up”

Page 10: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Chromosomes of Human Female

46 chromosomes23 pairs

Page 11: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Chromosomes of Human Male

46 chromosomes23 pairs

Page 12: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Paired bases DNA structure

double helix 2 sides like a ladder

Bases match together ______________

______________ ______________

______________

Page 13: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Watson and Crick

Page 14: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Copying DNA Matching bases allows

DNA to be easily copied

Page 15: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Making new DNA Copying DNA

______________DNA starts as a double-stranded

molecule matching bases (A:T, C:G)

then it unzips…

Page 16: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

DNA replication Strands “unzip” at the weak bonds

between bases

Page 17: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

DNA replication

DNA polymerase

Enzyme ______________ adds new bases

DNA basesin nucleus

Page 18: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

DNAPolymerase

Copying DNA Build daughter DNA strand

use original parent strand as “template”

add new matching bases _________________________

_____________

Page 19: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

New copies of DNA Get 2 exact copies of DNA to split

between new cells

DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase

Page 20: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Copied & Paired Up Chromosomes

centromere

Page 21: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Copying & packaging DNA

Copying DNA

Coil DNA into compact chromosomes

When cell is ready to divide… copy DNA first, then… coil up doubled chromosomes

like thread on a spool… now can move DNA around cell without having

it tangle & break

Page 22: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

double-strandedhuman chromosomesready for mitosis

Page 23: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

DNA must be duplicated…

nucleus

cell

DNA in chromosomes

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

chromosomes in cell

4 single-stranded chromosomes

duplicatedchromosomes

4 double-stranded chromosomes

Page 24: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 1: cell copies DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA _____________

(interphase)

Page 25: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes

DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

(prophase)

_____________

Page 26: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 3: Chromosomes line up

chromosomes line up in middle attached to protein “cables” that will

help them move

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

(metaphase)

_____________

Page 27: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 4: Chromosomes separate

chromosomes split, separating pairs start moving to opposite ends

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

(anaphase)

_____________

Page 28: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 5: Cell starts to divide

cells start to divide nucleus forms again

(telophase)

_____________

Page 29: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 6: DNA unwinds again

cells separate now they can do their every day jobs

(cytokinesis)

_____________

Page 30: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

New “daughter” cells Get __________ copies of original cells

________________ ________________

Page 31: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Cell division in Animals

Page 32: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis in whitefish embryo

Page 33: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Mitosis in plant cell

Page 34: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

onion root tip

Page 35: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

Copy DNA Wind Up

Line Up Separate Divide

Bye-Bye!

Page 36: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

2006-2007 Regents Biology

Any Questions??

Any Questions??

Page 37: Biology is the only subject in which  multiplication  is the same thing as  division …

Regents Biology

And now look at you…

How did you get from there to

here?


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