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The Importance of CHNOPS
•CARBON – Major structural atom in all organic molecules.
– Key component in photosynthesis, returned back to the environment through cellular respiration, and decomposition.
– CO2 is the major nonliving source of carbon in the atmosphere.
Hydrogen - Major component of all organic molecules.
- Most common atom in the Universe.
- Enters biological systems largely bonded to oxygen in water.
- Returned to the environment by decomposition and water release.
Nitrogen • Found in all proteins and nucleic acids. • Major nonliving source is N2 in the atmosphere. • Makes its way into the food chain via nitrogen
fixing bacteria, which convert it into a usable form of N2 that can be used by producers and passed on to consumers in the food chain.
• Returned back to the environment through decomposition and denitrifying bacteria (convert nitrates in the soil into atmospheric nitrogen).
Oxygen
• Found in most organic molecules.
• Oxygen is in our atmosphere, as well as in our water.
• Incorporated into the food chain through cellular respiration and returned back to the environment through photosynthesis.
Phosphorus
• Found in all nucleic acids
• Used quickly to store and release free energy in cells.
• Decomposition returns it back to the environment.
Sulfur
• Found in all proteins.
• Major nonliving source is found in rocks.
• Weathering releases it back into the soil, where producers absorb it and pass it through the food chain.
• Decomposition returns it back to the environment.
The building blocks of life!
All contain the element carbon!
Also known as biomolecules, carbon based molecules, and
macromolecules
Unique atomic structure because it has four
unpaired electrons on the outer energy level, and can form covalent bonds with
up to four other atoms!!!!!!
There are four!
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM
Monomer / Polymer
Monomer= small molecular subunit
Polymer= molecule that contains many Monomers bonded together.
How many monomers are above?
• How do we make a polymer from a monomer? _________________________________________
• How do we break down a polymer?__________________________________
• ________________________________: a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds.
• _______________________________: A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions.
Use the diagram below to help
you answer these questions!
Answers
• 1. How do we make a polymer from a monomer? Dehydration synthesis / take water away.
• 2. How do we break down a polymer? Hydrolysis / add water
• 3. Dehydration Synthesis: a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds.
• 4. Hydrolysis: A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions.
Macromolecule Chart Macromolecule Basic Formula & Functional Group Monomer
Carbohydrates CHO
1:2:1
-OH (hydroxyl)
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Lipids CHO
1:2: very few
-CH3 (methyl)
- OH
Triglyceride
(Glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
No true monomer.
Proteins CHONS
No ratio
NH2 (amino)
COOH (carboxyl)
Amino Acids = also known as
“the building blocks of
proteins.”
Nucleic Acids CHONP
PO4 Nucleotide: made up of a 5
carbon sugar, phosphate, and
a nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G)
Sub-groups and
Polymers
Examples Functions / Uses
Monosaccharides
= simple sugars
Disaccharides=
double sugars
Polysaccharides=
many sugars
Glucose,
galactose,
fructose
Sucrose, lactose
Starch- plants
Glycogen-
animals
Cellulose- plants
Chitin- insects
Main source of energy
Store energy
Provide structure
Carbohydrates
Saturated= all single bonds, full of
H
Monounsaturated= One double
bond
Polyunsaturated= two or more
double bonds
Phospholipids (phosphate
replaces a fatty acid)
Steroids (4 fused rings)
Waxes (-OH replaces a fatty acid)
Butter
Soft Margarine
Olive Oil
Cell Membrane
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Progesterone
Beeswax (paraffin)
Long term energy storage
Protect the cell: selects what can enter and leave the
cell.
Chemical messengers
Repel water (leaves)
Dipeptide= two amino acids
Polypeptide= many amino acids
Enzymes
Muscles
Skin
Some Hormones
Storage
Signal
Structural
Contractile
Defensive
Enzyme
Transport Receptor
DNA
RNA
ATP, ADP, AMP
Genes
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Stores and transmits genetic information. Protein synthesis Main source of energy for cells
Practice identifying the macromolecule!
Explain how monomers are related to polymers.
Match the Monomer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Protein
Monosaccharide _________ B. Lipid
Nucleotide _________ C. Nucleic acid
Amino acid _________ D. Carbohydrate
Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
DNA _________ A. Protein
Enzyme _________ B. Lipid
Triglyceride _________ C. Nucleic acid
Polysaccharide _________ D. Carbohydrate
Taking Volunteers!
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide _________ B. RNA
Nucleotide _________ C. Enzyme
Amino acid _________ D. Phospholipid
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Enzyme
Glucose _________ B. Triglyceride
Nucleotide _________ C. Starch
Amino acid _________ D. DNA
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Amino acid _________ A. Glycogen
Nucleotide _________ B. Phospholipid
Monosaccharide _________ C. Protein
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ D. DNA
Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
Cholesterol _________ A. Protein
Enzyme _________ B. Nucleic Acid
RNA _________ C. Carbohydrate
Cellulose _________ D. Lipid
How do we break down a polymer and turn it into a monomer?
• Eat pasta (starch)-> There is a protein (enzyme) in your spit that breaks the pasta down -> glucose
• Let’s try it! “The Saltine Cracker Experiment” – 1. Chew the cracker, DON’T SWALLOW IT
– 2. Put another crack in, chew it, don’t swallow it, just chew.
– 3. You should taste the cracker getting sweeter= glucose.
What if glucose is needed now?
• We make a polymer called glycogen (similar to starch, but only found in animals), which are repeating units, or monomers of glucose with lots of branches. Glycogen curls around and makes a BIG globby molecule.
• Globby and branched= sticks out all over the place.
• Enzymes attach to the ends, and break down the glycogen into glucose= ENERGY
• Where is glycogen found, and where do you need it the most? Liver and Muscles!
Phospholipids • Form the bilayer of the cell
membrane. • First line of defense for the cell. • One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a
phosphate. • Hydrophobic tails- made up of fatty
acids, and are afraid of water (non-polar).
• Hydrophilic heads- made up of glycerol and phosphate, and love water (polar).
Functions of Proteins Function Description
Catalyzing Enzymes •Activate metabolic reactions, speed up
rates of reactions.
•Lowers activation energy-> the amount of
energy needed to get a reaction started.
•On-going / never stop.
•Need certain factors in order to work
properly-> pH, temperature, enzyme
concentration, substrate concentration, and
the presence of inhibitors.
•Ex- Human enzymes work best at 98.6,
above 104 they fall apart.
Defensive Proteins •Basis of the bodies endocrine and immune
systems. They attack invading microbes and
cancer cells.
•Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteria
•Ex- fibrinogen = protein that causes your
blood to clot
Storage Proteins Bind with iron and calcium to provide
nourishment for an organism.
Function Description
Transport Proteins •Allow larger molecules to move in and out of
cells.
Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygen
Ex- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles
Support Proteins •Provide structural support and protection.
•Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails
•Ex- Fibrin- allows your blood to clot
•Ex- Collagen and elastin- major
components of connective tissue
Motion Proteins •Such as myosin and actin, cause muscles to
contract or change shape.
Messenger Proteins •Allow different cells to communicate
Ex- Hormones- regulate body
functions
Ex- Insulin- regulates glucose levels
Ex- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to
reabsorb water
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Double stranded, twisted ladder,
double helix
• Sugar= deoxyribose
• Location= Nucleus only
• Function= carries and transfers
genetic info.
• Processes= DNA Replication
• Base Pairs=
– A-T (Adenine – Thymine)
– C-G (Cytosine- Guanine)
– Known as Chargaff’s Rule
• Ribonucleic Acid
• Single Stranded
• Sugar= Ribose
• Location= Nucleus and cytoplasm
• Function= carries and transfers
genetic information and
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (the
process by which the genetic code
puts together proteins in the cell).
• Processes: Transcription and
Translation
• Base Pairs=
– A-U (Adenine – Uracil)
– C-G (Cytosine to Guanine)
Questions
• 1. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid made up of?
• 2. What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases?
• 3. What type of bond holds together the sugars and phosphates?
• 4. Which base pairs match up in DNA?
• 5. Which base pairs match up in RNA?
• 6. In RNA, thymine is replaced with ___________.
• 1. Nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
• 2. Hydrogen bonds
• 3. Covalent bonds
• 4. A-T and C-G
• 5. A-U and C-G
• 6. Uracil
Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_-6JXLYS-k
Stores and transmits genetic information.________
Makes Enzymes ________________
Insulin ______________
Sucrose ______________
Saturated ________________
Fatty Acids _____________
Glucose ______________
Antibodies _______________
Enzyme Substrate Complex _____________
Phospholipid Bilayer ________________
Contains nitrogenous bases __________
Amino acids ___________________
Monosaccharides _____________
Main component of the cell membrane
___________
The only one that contains phosphorus (sugar,
phosphate, nitrogenous base) _______________
Glycerol _________________
Collagen _________________
Polyunsaturated ________________
Long term energy storage _______________
Main source of energy _____________
Cholesterol ________________
Hemoglobin _____________
Disaccharides _______________
Starches __________________
ATP___________________
Unsaturated fats ________________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid_________________
Ribonucleic Acid _________________
Steroids _________________
Lactose __________________
Ends in “ose” __________________
Olive oil __________________
Cellulose _________________
Triglycerides _________________
Has an “R” group _________________
Monomers are nucleotides _________________
Hormones ____________________
Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecules
1.________________________________ 2.______________________________
3.________________________________ 4.______________________________
Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented by
the description. Put a C for carbohydrate, P for protein, L for lipid, and NA for
nucleic acids.