Biology Semester 1 Biology Semester 1 Final Exam ReviewFinal Exam Review

January 2014January 2014

Chapter 2: Chapter 2: BiochemistryBiochemistry

1.1. On the pH scale, the lower On the pH scale, the lower numbers mean _numbers mean _acidicacidic____ and ____ and the higher numbers mean the higher numbers mean ______basicbasic_____. (pg. 44) _____. (pg. 44)

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Chapter 3Chapter 3

2. Most of the molecules that 2. Most of the molecules that make up living things are made make up living things are made from which element? from which element?

CarbonCarbon

3. 3. List the 4 List the 4 macromolecules. macromolecules. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Lipids,

Proteins, Nucleic AcidsProteins, Nucleic Acids

4. 4. What is the function What is the function of carbohydrates? of carbohydrates? Storage of energyStorage of energy

5. 5. Glycogen, used to store energy in Glycogen, used to store energy in the liver and muscle tissue, is an the liver and muscle tissue, is an example of which type of example of which type of

macromolecule?macromolecule? CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

6. Amino acids are the 6. Amino acids are the building blocks of which building blocks of which macromolecule?macromolecule?ProteinsProteins

7. 7. Which element is Which element is found in proteins, but found in proteins, but not in carbohydrates and not in carbohydrates and lipids? lipids? NitrogenNitrogen

8. 8. Which macromolecule Which macromolecule makes up part of cell makes up part of cell membranes ?membranes ?LipidsLipids

9. 9. An organism’s genetic An organism’s genetic information is stored in which information is stored in which type of macromolecule ?type of macromolecule ?

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Cell Structure & Cell Structure & FunctionFunction

Chapter 4Chapter 4

10. List the 3 parts of 10. List the 3 parts of Cell Theory. Cell Theory.

1.1. All living things are composed of All living things are composed of cells. cells.

2.2. Cells only come from other cells. Cells only come from other cells.

3.3. Cells are the basic unit of Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an structure and function in an organism.organism.

11. 11. The size of a cell is The size of a cell is limited by its… limited by its…

Surface Area to Surface Area to Volume RatioVolume Ratio

12. The packaging and 12. The packaging and distribution center of the distribution center of the cell is the…cell is the…Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

13. List the major 13. List the major functions of the plasma functions of the plasma membrane. membrane.

– Is selectively permeableIs selectively permeable– Separates the cell from the Separates the cell from the

environmentenvironment– Allows materials to enter and Allows materials to enter and

leave the cellleave the cell

Homeostasis and Cell Homeostasis and Cell TransportTransport

Chapter 5Chapter 5

14. 14. What is a What is a contractile vacuole? contractile vacuole? An organelle in paramecium An organelle in paramecium

that pumps extra water that pumps extra water outside the cell.outside the cell.

15. 15. Why is drinking seawater Why is drinking seawater harmful to humans? (Hint: Think harmful to humans? (Hint: Think about osmosis and hypertonic about osmosis and hypertonic

solutions!)solutions!) Seawater is hypertonic to Seawater is hypertonic to

cells causing them to lose cells causing them to lose water, leading to water, leading to dehydrationdehydration

16. Define diffusion. 16. Define diffusion.

Movement of molecules from Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low a high concentration to a low concentration.concentration.

17. 17. When would When would substances be likely to substances be likely to enter a cell through enter a cell through diffusion? diffusion? When the concentration of a When the concentration of a

substance is greater outside substance is greater outside the cell than inside.the cell than inside.

18. Define Osmosis. 18. Define Osmosis.

The diffusion of The diffusion of water. water.

19. 19. Which way does Which way does water move during water move during osmosis? osmosis? Water moves from a high Water moves from a high

concentration to a low concentration to a low concentration. concentration.

Chapter 6Chapter 6

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

20. 20. Which process is directly Which process is directly used by producers (plants) used by producers (plants) to store energy in glucose? to store energy in glucose?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

21. What is the 21. What is the equation for equation for photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

22. In what organelle 22. In what organelle does photosynthesis does photosynthesis occur?occur?The ChloroplastThe Chloroplast

23. Where did the energy 23. Where did the energy originally stored in glucose originally stored in glucose come from?come from?

The SunThe Sun

24. 24. During photosynthesis, During photosynthesis, _________ energy is converted _________ energy is converted into ___________ energy. into ___________ energy.

LightLightChemicalChemical

25. 25. During photosynthesis, the energy During photosynthesis, the energy from the sun splits the water molecules from the sun splits the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. What into hydrogen and oxygen. What happens to the oxygen during the happens to the oxygen during the process of photosynthesis? process of photosynthesis?

It is given off as a It is given off as a by-productby-product

26. 26. Plants produce large amounts Plants produce large amounts of oxygen during photosynthesis of oxygen during photosynthesis because…(Hint: See #14). because…(Hint: See #14).

Water molecules from the Water molecules from the soil are soaked up the roots soil are soaked up the roots of the plant. The plant splits of the plant. The plant splits the water molecules into the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen isn’t needed by the oxygen isn’t needed by the plant so it is given off as a plant so it is given off as a by-product.by-product.

27. 27. An acorn weighs approximately 200 An acorn weighs approximately 200 grams. A full grown oak tree can weigh almost grams. A full grown oak tree can weigh almost 10 metric tons (20,000,000 grams)! How do 10 metric tons (20,000,000 grams)! How do you explain where this extra mass comes you explain where this extra mass comes from? from?

Through the process of Through the process of photosynthesis, the tree photosynthesis, the tree combines carbon dioxide combines carbon dioxide from the atmosphere with from the atmosphere with water from the ground to water from the ground to produce polysaccharides like produce polysaccharides like cellulose (wood), adding cellulose (wood), adding massmass

28. 28. In which organelle is In which organelle is a cell’s ATP energy a cell’s ATP energy produced? produced? MitochondriaMitochondria

29. 29. If plants have chloroplasts that If plants have chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight and capture energy from sunlight and store it as chemical energy in store it as chemical energy in glucose, why do they also have glucose, why do they also have mitochondria? mitochondria? Mitochondria release energy Mitochondria release energy

in glucose to create ATP in glucose to create ATP which the plant cell uses.which the plant cell uses.

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

30. 30. Why is cellular Why is cellular respiration considered respiration considered the opposite of the opposite of photosynthesis? photosynthesis? The products of The products of

photosynthesis are the photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular reactants of cellular respiration.respiration.

31. How are 31. How are photosynthesis and cellular photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?respiration related? In photosynthesis, carbon In photosynthesis, carbon

dioxide and water are used to dioxide and water are used to capture light energy and capture light energy and produce glucose and oxygen. produce glucose and oxygen. In respiration, carbon dioxide In respiration, carbon dioxide and water result from the and water result from the breakdown of glucose which breakdown of glucose which releases chemical energy. releases chemical energy.

32. 32. Why would an athlete lose weight Why would an athlete lose weight over time if she increased her over time if she increased her activity level but changed nothing activity level but changed nothing else? else?

She is using stored She is using stored energy since her food energy since her food intake has not intake has not changed. changed.

HomeostasisHomeostasis

33. 33. The human body ha a system The human body ha a system for returning pH to normal levels for returning pH to normal levels after exercise. This body process after exercise. This body process is called…is called…

HomeostasisHomeostasis

34. 34. If you are dehydrated, what If you are dehydrated, what would happen to your urine would happen to your urine production in order to maintain production in order to maintain homeostasis? homeostasis?

Decreased urine Decreased urine production to production to conserve waterconserve water

35. 35. How does perspiring How does perspiring (sweating) help the body (sweating) help the body maintain homeostasis? maintain homeostasis? It helps cool the body down by It helps cool the body down by

decreasing your body decreasing your body temperaturetemperature

36. 36. Microbes that enter the Microbes that enter the body, causing disease, body, causing disease, are known as…are known as…

PathogensPathogens

37. What is the 37. What is the function of the function of the circulatory system?circulatory system? Transports oxygen, Carbon Transports oxygen, Carbon

Dioxide, nutrients, and hormones Dioxide, nutrients, and hormones to and from cells.to and from cells.

38. What is the 38. What is the function of the function of the digestive system?digestive system? To mechanically and chemically To mechanically and chemically

break down food and absorb break down food and absorb nutrientsnutrients

39. Microbes that enter 39. Microbes that enter the body, causing the body, causing disease, are known as…disease, are known as…

PathogensPathogens

EcologyEcology

Chapter 18Chapter 18

1. 1. List several biotic and List several biotic and abiotic components of an abiotic components of an ecosystem. ecosystem. Biotic (living) – Biotic (living) –

Plants, bacteria, Plants, bacteria, animalsanimals

Abiotic (nonliving) Abiotic (nonliving) – Energy, oxygen, – Energy, oxygen, moisturemoisture

2. 2. The maintenance of a The maintenance of a self-sustaining ecosystem self-sustaining ecosystem requires what? requires what? Cycling of materials between Cycling of materials between

organisms and their environment. organisms and their environment.

3. Define producers. 3. Define producers.

Organisms that Organisms that make their own make their own food. food.

PlantsPlants

4. 4. In going from one trophic level to In going from one trophic level to the next, what happens to the energy the next, what happens to the energy available? Does it increase or available? Does it increase or decrease? decrease?

Energy decreases as you go up Energy decreases as you go up the pyramid. the pyramid.

5. Name the parts of 5. Name the parts of the water cycle. the water cycle. Evaporation, Transpiration, Evaporation, Transpiration,

Precipitation, Run-off, Precipitation, Run-off, SeepageSeepage

6. 6. If hawks were to hunt snakes If hawks were to hunt snakes to near extinction, what would to near extinction, what would happen to the rest of the happen to the rest of the ecosystem? ecosystem? The snakes prey population The snakes prey population

(mice) would increase and (mice) would increase and their predator’s (hawks) their predator’s (hawks) population would decrease population would decrease because all of the snakes are because all of the snakes are almost gone.almost gone.

7. What is a 7. What is a decomposer? Give 2 decomposer? Give 2 examples. examples. Bacteria and Fungi help Bacteria and Fungi help

recycle chemical nutrients in recycle chemical nutrients in an ecosystem by breaking an ecosystem by breaking down dead material.down dead material.

8. 8. What is a biogeochemical What is a biogeochemical cycle? List the four cycles cycle? List the four cycles briefly and describe each briefly and describe each one. one. Water and minerals needed Water and minerals needed

by all organisms on Earth by all organisms on Earth pass back and forth between pass back and forth between the biotic and abiotic the biotic and abiotic portions of the environment. portions of the environment.

Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon Cycle and Phosphorus Carbon Cycle and Phosphorus Cycle are examples.Cycle are examples.

9. 9. If lots of hot water were dumped into If lots of hot water were dumped into a lake, what would happen to the a lake, what would happen to the amount of oxygen available to the fish? amount of oxygen available to the fish? Hint: Heat removes the amount of Hint: Heat removes the amount of oxygen from water. oxygen from water. You would see a decrease in You would see a decrease in

the amount of dissolved the amount of dissolved oxygen in the lake.oxygen in the lake.

10. 10. How much of the total How much of the total energy is transferred from one energy is transferred from one energy level to the next in an energy level to the next in an energy pyramid? energy pyramid?

10%10%

11. 11. The producers in an ecosystem The producers in an ecosystem produce 25,000,000 kilocalories per produce 25,000,000 kilocalories per year. How much energy is most likely year. How much energy is most likely available to the organisms in Level 2 of available to the organisms in Level 2 of the pyramid? the pyramid?

2,500,000 kilocalories2,500,000 kilocalories 25,000,000 x .10 (10%) 25,000,000 x .10 (10%)

= 2,500,000= 2,500,000

12. 12. How many levels can How many levels can there be in an energy there be in an energy pyramid? Why?pyramid? Why? It depends. An energy It depends. An energy

pyramid is limited by the pyramid is limited by the amount of energy that is lost amount of energy that is lost at each trophic level. at each trophic level.

You could probably have 4-5 You could probably have 4-5 levels.levels.

13. What is a 13. What is a consumer? Give 3 consumer? Give 3 examples. examples. An organism that needs to An organism that needs to

consume plants or other consume plants or other animals for energy. animals for energy.

Examples: A Bumble Bee, Examples: A Bumble Bee, Tiger, and an Eagle.Tiger, and an Eagle.

14. 14. What’s the difference What’s the difference between a food chain and a between a food chain and a food web? Draw an example of food web? Draw an example of each. each. Food Chain – pathway of energy transfer Food Chain – pathway of energy transfer

through various stages as a result of the through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms feeding patterns of a series of organisms

Food Web – A diagram that shows the Food Web – A diagram that shows the feeding relationship among organisms in an feeding relationship among organisms in an ecosystemecosystem

Community Community InteractionsInteractions

Chapter 20Chapter 20

1. Define succession. 1. Define succession.

The process of one community The process of one community replacing another as a result of replacing another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic changing abiotic and biotic factors. factors.

2. Explain secondary 2. Explain secondary succession. Give an succession. Give an example. example.

The change that takes place The change that takes place after a community of after a community of organisms has been removed organisms has been removed by the soil remains. Example: A by the soil remains. Example: A fire burns down a forest and fire burns down a forest and after many years, it grows after many years, it grows back. back.

Human Impact on the Human Impact on the EnvironmentEnvironment

Chapter 22Chapter 22

1. 1. How have the activities of How have the activities of people accelerated (sped up) people accelerated (sped up) extinction? extinction? Habitat destructionHabitat destruction HuntingHunting Harvesting Harvesting Transfer of invasive species into Transfer of invasive species into

new habitatsnew habitats

2. 2. How has human pollution How has human pollution impacted the ozone layer? impacted the ozone layer?

Burning large quantities of Burning large quantities of fossil fuels, generating a lot of fossil fuels, generating a lot of carbon dioxide raising the carbon dioxide raising the carbon dioxide level, and carbon dioxide level, and releasing large quantities of releasing large quantities of chlorofluorocarbons into the chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere. atmosphere.

3. 3. Are habitat destruction, Are habitat destruction, hunting, and extinction all caused hunting, and extinction all caused by human activity? Explain. by human activity? Explain.

Yes. Habitat destruction, Yes. Habitat destruction, hunting and introduction of hunting and introduction of invasive species are top invasive species are top reasons for mass extinction reasons for mass extinction of species today because of of species today because of human activities. human activities.

4. 4. The pesticide DDT accumulates in the fatty The pesticide DDT accumulates in the fatty tissue of animals and is transferred along food tissue of animals and is transferred along food chains. DDT’s concentration (amount) increases as chains. DDT’s concentration (amount) increases as the food chain increases. This is called biological the food chain increases. This is called biological magnification. What organism in the food chain magnification. What organism in the food chain would receive the highest concentration of DDT? would receive the highest concentration of DDT? Producers, Primary Consumers, Herbivores or a Producers, Primary Consumers, Herbivores or a

Top Predator?Top Predator? Top Predator because they Top Predator because they

are the highest in the food are the highest in the food chain! chain!