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Bioluminescence in ocean
S.SarugaBSc in Fisheries Science,University Of Jaffna,Sri Lanka.
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Over view Introduction
Chemistry of bioluminescence
Colour of bioluminescence
Uses of bioluminescence in nature
Bioluminescence and Harmful Algal Bloom Detection
Uses of bioluminescence to human
Uses of bioluminescent in Biotechnology
Examining the bioluminescence
Conclusion
References
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IntroductionProduction and emission of light by a chemical reaction within a living organism
Cold light- less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation, or heat
Bioluminescence on land and in freshwater is rare compared to its occurrence in
the ocean
In the deep ocean 90% of the animals are luminescent
Higher in deep-living and planktonic organisms
Produced by the organisms themselves and by bacterial symbionts
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Why are so many animals in the ocean bioluminescent?
Sunlight is dim or absent an alternative way to communicate using light
No concealment hide in the wide open
Bioluminescence is effective is vast allowing natural selection
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What are some of the different animals that make light? (Bioluminescent)
Many different types of organisms
Microscopic cells to fish and even a few sharks
No higher vertebrates above the fish
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Bacteria
Radiolaria
Dinoflagellates
Fungi
Coelenterates and Ctenophores (jellyfish): siphonophores, medusae, soft corals,
(comb jellies)
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Gastropods: nudibranchs (rare), clams (rare),squids, octopus (rare)
Annelids (worms): polychaetes (bristle worms), earthworms
Marine crustaceans: mysids (rare), copepods, ostracods (firefleas), amphipods,
krill, shrimp
Insects: beetles (fireflies, glowworms), flies (rare), centipedes (rare), millipedes
(rare)
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Echinoderms: sealilies, seastars, brittlestars, sea cucumbers
Tunicates: pyrosomes, larvaceans
Sharks (rare)
Fishes – many different types
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• Dinoflagellates are the most commonly encountered bioluminescent
organism
• Cause the sparkling lights
• Sailors, swimmers, and beachgoers
• “Bioluminescent bays” which are tourist destinations in Puerto Rico
and Jamaica
• Comb jellies- 90%
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• In some cases, it is hard to establish that a species is nonluminous
• Among filter-feeding organisms, reports of luminescence are hard to confirm
• It is difficult, to separate the organism from associated and ingested protists and
microbes
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Chemistry of bioluminescence Result of energy released during a chemical reaction
Two unique chemicals
Luciferin and either luciferase or photoprotein
Reaction is the oxidation of a light-emitting molecule, a luciferin
The reaction rate for the luciferin is controlled by an enzyme
A luciferase or a photoprotein
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Photoproteins are triggered to produce light upon binding another ion or
cofactor, such as Ca2+ or Mg2+ and ATP
Synthesize luciferin on their own
Many marine animals
Do not synthesize luciferin
Absorb, either as food or in a symbiotic relationship
The bacteria and squid
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Examples of fish that have bacterial photophores
Angler fish
Pinecone fish
Lantern eyes/flashlight fish
Pony fishes
Ichthyococcus
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Colour of bioluminescence • Bioluminescence does come in different colors
• Depending on the habitat and organism
• Blue-green easily visible in the deep ocean
• Sensitive only to blue-green colors
• Most animals in the ocean cannot see red light
• Black loosejaw -red light
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Uses of bioluminescence in nature1) Finding or attract the prey
Use their light to lure prey towards their mouths
Angler fish
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Dragonfish/loosejaws
Emit red light
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2) Defense/ ProtectionSquid and shrimp produce a luminescent glowing cloud
Similar in function to the ink cloud
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Scale worms and brittle stars sacrifice a part of the body
That continues to flash
Some species of sea cucumber can break off the luminescent parts of their
bodies onto nearby fish
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Some squid and fish species are camouflage by counter illumination
bioluminescence
Their bioluminescence matches the color and brightness of the dim sunlight
Called luminescent countershading
Hatchet fish - light producing organs that point downward
Adjusting their bioluminescence
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Some animals use their bioluminescence to "scream" for help
Once an animal is caught in the clutches of a predator, its only hope for escape
may be to attract the attention of something bigger and nastier that may attack
and eat whatever is about to eat it
This amazing light show is known as a "burglar alarm" display
The deep-sea jellyfish- Atolla , is a master of this display
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3) Attracting Mates The male Caribbean ostracod, a tiny crustacean, uses bioluminescent signals on
its upper lips to attract females
Syllid fireworms use bioluminescence to attract males while moving around in
circles
Anglerfish, flashlight fish and ponyfish all are thought to luminesce in order to
tell the difference between males and females
Or communicate in order to mate
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4)Other Bioluminescence Organisms can luminesce when they are disturbed
Changes in the environment, such as a drop in salinity, can force bioluminescent
algae to glow, for instance
These living lanterns can be seen as spots of pink or green in the dark ocean
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• "Milky seas"
• Which flash when their environment is disturbed, milky seas are continuous
glows(Dinoflagellate:-Noctiluca scintillans)
• Sometimes bright and large enough to be visible from satellites in orbit above
the Earth
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• Many small planktonic surface dwellers—such as single-celled dinoflagellates—
are bioluminescent
• When conditions are right, dinoflagellates bloom in dense layers at the surface of
the water,
• Causing the ocean to take on a reddish-brown color in daylight ( known as
red tide)
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Bioluminescence and Harmful Algal Bloom Detection
Marine both toxic and bioluminescent species occurring across the globe
Particularly in Sea of Japan, Aegean Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea
When the dinoflagellates are poisonous to other animals, these events are
called harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Through feeding/food chain, it affect marine mammals or people
It can cause sickness or even death
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Uses of bioluminescence to human
For humans, the beautiful colors and light that are produced by bioluminescence
can be works of art
Some artists use the bacteria itself to create line drawings or entire exhibits with
petri dishes
Used as a tool by researchers
Edie Widder, a scientist who specializes in bioluminescence
o A live giant squid was captured by her for the first time on film in 2012!
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Uses of bioluminescent in Biotechnology
Environmental monitoring
Remedial investigations
Toxicity assessments and
Field methods
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1) Biology and medicine Monitoring of biological processes (e.g. gene expression, protein–protein
interaction and disease progression) with clinical, diagnostic and drug discovery
applications
Biomedical research using bioluminescence imaging
Bioluminescent activated destruction is an experimental cancer treatment
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2)Light production Industrial designers
University of Wisconsin–Madison is researching the use of genetically
engineered bioluminescent E. coli bacteria, for use as bioluminescent bacteria in
a light bulb
In 2016, Glowee, a French company started selling bioluminescent lights
They used bacteria called Aliivibrio fischeri which glow in the dark but the
maximum lifetime of their product was three days
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Underwater Bioluminescence Assessment Tool (UBAT)
It is designed to provide measurement of mechanically stimulated
bioluminescence potential (photons)
UBAT is a small, light-weight bioluminescence sensor designed for deployment
on multiple platforms such as ship-board profiles, Autonomous Underwater
Vehicles (AUVs) and long-term deployment on moorings
By measuring the bioluminescence, it provide a more complete picture of
spatial and temporal variability of the biogeochemical complexity of coastal and
ocean ecosystems
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a) b)
Figure :-(a)Bioluminescence sections measured via an autonomous underwater vehicle (b)Taking samples while underway on board an autonomous underwater vehicle
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Conclusion Tool in marine ecosystem
Mechanisms of luciferin biosynthesis are almost entirely unknown
The question of why so many animals are bioluminescent still does not have a satisfactory
answer
Improvements in remote and automated methods of detecting oceanographic-scale
bioluminescence (satellites and bathyphotometers) will allow better understanding of marine
ecosystem dynamics, harmful algal blooms, and how and why plankton populations
fluctuate over time.
In order to minimize energy consumption and pollution,in future,can use bioluminescent
light
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ReferencesBrejc, K. et al. (1997) Structural basis for the dual excitation and photoisomerization of the Aequorea victoria
green fluorescent protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94, 2306
Haddock S.H.D. Moline M.A. and Case J.F. (2010)Bioluminescence in the sea. Ann. Rev. Marine Sci. 2:293-343.
Hastings J.W.( 1983) Biological diversity, chemical mechanisms, and the evolutionary origins of
bioluminescent systems. J. Mol. Evol. 19, p309.
Herring , P.J. (1987) Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms. Journal of
Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1, 147–163.
McCapra F, Hart R. (1980 )The origins of marine bioluminescence Nature 286. 660-1. Bioluminescence (EB,
190313549).
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Thank You