PRESENTED BY,

PRADEEP S JAISWAL

MSC. PART-2

SEMESTER-4

PAPER-3

Contents :

• Introduction.

• WHO statistics.

• SOURCE OF

BOMEDICAL

WASTE.

• HAZARDS

EFFECT

EXISTENCE.

• Management.

• conclusion.

• References.

Introduction

• Waste: Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use. eg. municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste.

• Biological waste:Waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological products for humans or animals (WHO).

Wastes

Solid wasteLiquid Waste

Gaseous Waste

85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous.

10% is infectious.

5% is non-infectious.

Estimation Of WHO

Sources of Bio-Medical Waste

Major Sources

Hospitals LabsResearch

centersAnimal

researchBlood banksNursing

homesMortuariesAutopsy

centers

Minor sources

Clinics

Dental clinics

Home care

Cosmetic clinics

Paramedics

Funeral services

Institutions

Hazardous health care waste can result in

1.Infection

2. Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity

3. Chemical toxicity

4.Radioactivity hazards.

5.Physical injuries .

Infection

The infectious agents enter into the body through :

Puncture Abrasion Cut in the skin Through mucous

membranes By inhalation and

ingestion.

Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity

• Irritant to skin and eyes

E.g. alkylating agent, intercalating

agent

• Carcinogenic and Mutagenic

e.g. Secondary neoplasia due to

chemotherapy

Chemical Toxicity

• Many drugs are hazardous

• May cause intoxication , burns, poisoning

on exposure

Radioactivity Hazards

• Radioactive waste exposure

may cause headache,

dizziness, vomiting,

genotoxicity and tissue

damage.

• Visual impact of the anatomical

waste, recognizable body parts.

• Sharps.

• Chemicals.

• Explosive agents.

Physical injuries

How did BMW come into

Existence

• In the late 1980’s

– Items such as used syringes washed up on several East Coast beaches USA

– Concern about HIV and HBV virus infection

– Lead to development of Biomedical Waste Management Law in USA.

• However in India the seriousness about the management came into lime light only after 1990’s.

Bio-Medical Waste Flow Chart

In House Segregation(Collection, Segregation Packing

in Color Coded Poly Bags)

Common Storage Point

At

Hospitals

Transportation (Approved Special Vehicle)

Unloading and Temp

Storage at CBWTF

Treatment(Incineration, Autoclaving

and Shredding)

Disposal

( Recycling & Landfill)

Waste Water

to ETP

Re Use

Generator (HOSPITALS)

COLOR WASTE TREAT

Yellow Human & Animal anatomical waste / Micro-biology waste and soiled cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc.

Incineration/DB/

Red Tubings, Catheters, IV sets. Autocl/microwav/chemical treatment

Blue / White

Waste sharps( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc. )

Autocl/microwav/chemical treatment/destruction/shredding

Black Discarded medicines/cytotoxic drugs,Incineration ash, Chemical waste.

Disposal in land fields

HOW TO MANAGE BMW

1. Survey of waste generated

2. reduction at source .

3. Segregation of hospital waste.

4. Collection & Categorization of waste.

5. Storage of waste.

6. Transportation of waste.

7. Treatment of waste.

Source Reduction

• Source Reduction : ways to lessen

the amount of material.

• Segregation : keeping noninfectious

waste out of the infectious waste stream.

• Minimization: reduce or eliminate

waste at the source.

• Engineering controls: methods

to reduce quantity of waste(smaller

containers).

Steps to Manage Hazardous Wastes before Disposal

1. Know what hazards you

have.

2. Purchase smallest

quantity needed, and don’t

purchase hazardous

materials if safe alternative

exists .

3. Limit use and access to

trained persons with

personal protective gear.4. Use Engineering Controls

such as Ventilation, Hoods for Select Hazards.

5. Recycle Products When Possible.

Label of Hazard Warnings

toxic

biohazard

inflammable

corrosiveRadiation

Gas bottle explosive

Health danger

LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS

Collection, transportation,

storage (within the hospital)

• Waste collected and stored in thick non-

corrosive disposable plastic bags or containers

of specific colour code.

• The waste in bags or containers should be stored

in a separate area, room, or building of a size

appropriate to the quantities of waste produced

and the frequency of collection.

• Health care waste should be transported within

the hospital or other facility by means of hand

cart wheeled trolley .

TRANSPORTATION

• Transportation of BMW can be divided into internal and external transportation.

• INTERNAL: it is for yellow ,red ,blue and white bags.

• EXTERNAL: it is for the general waste collected in the black coloured plastic bags.

DISPOSAL METHODS OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES

• Incineration

• Chemical disinfection

• Inertisation

• Autoclave

• Encapsulation

• Microwave

• Shredder

• Plasma pyrolysis

• Deep burial

ANNUAL REPORT

• To be submitted to the prescribed authority by 31 January every year

• Name of the occupier with Address

• Categories of waste generated and Quantity [monthly average] basis:

• Name of treatment facility with Address

• Category-wise quantity of waste treated

• Mode of treatment with details:

• Any other information

Conclusion:• Thus refuse disposal cannot be solved without

public education.

• Individual participation is required.

• Municipality and government should pay importance to disposal of waste economically.

• Thus educating and motivating oneself first is important and then preach others about it.

• PPE does not replace proper procedures and techniques, consider all as hazard.

References:

• Luxton R., Biomedical science Explained

clinical biochemistry, Rep. edition- New york,

Butterworth HEINEHANN 1999.

Thank you