Biomechanics in Human Body
Mechanics
Statics deal with nonmoving parts (equilibrium).
Dynamics deal with moving systems
Kinematics Describes motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration and mass.
Kinetics Describes forces that
cause motion of a body
Mechanics-study of forces and motions for the body.
Basic Biomechanics
• Biomechanics-apply mechanics to the structure and function of the human body.
Is the scientific study of the mechanics of biological systems.
Engineering(Mechanics)
Anatomy Physiology
Biomechanics
Applications Biomechanics
- Improved the performance ( Human movement)- Preventing or treating injury- Design prosthesis & orthosis or artificial limb
Biomechanics• Biomechanics is be used to:
–To understand the biomechanical analysis (motion) for normal and patient human.
–To understand function of vascular system in order to analysis the fluid biomechanics (blood flow).
–To analysis the biomechanics of : soft tissue (muscle) hart tissue (bones).
–To model these systems to aid in the design of prosthetic devices (e.g. artificial artery or artificial limb)
Principles associated to biomechanical analysis
• Density• Momentum• Velocity• Time• Acceleration• Deceleration• Mass• Inertia• Dimensions• Viscosity
• Balance and stability• Centre of gravity• Elasticity• Forces (action & reaction)• pressure• power• Bending moment• Torque moment
• Friction• Wear
Biomechanical principles associated with basic movement patterns
forcesacceleration and decelerationNewtons lawsfriction
StoppingRunning
forces (action/ reaction)motion (straight line)momentumfriction
General Motion
Most movements arecombination of both
• Newton’s First Law–Law of inertia
• Newton’s Second Law–Law of Acceleration
• Newton’s Third Law–Law of Action and
Reaction
Linear motion
Angular motion
JOINTREACTIO
NFORCES
LoadsThe external forces that act on the body impose loads that affect the internal structures of the body.
First class lever
There are 3 classes of levers.
Second class lever Third class lever
Humans moves through a system of levers
First Class Levers
Using a crowbar to move a rock.
First Class Levers
Using a hammer to pull out a nail.
First Class Levers
A see-saw.
Second Class Levers
The movement of the foot when walking.(the calf muscle provides the effort and
the ball of the foot is the pivot)
Second Class Levers
Opening a bottle with a bottle opener
Second Class Levers
Pushing a wheel barrow.
Third Class Levers
Biceps curl.
Levers• The mechanical advantage of levers may be
determined using the following equations:Mechanical advantage =
ResistanceForceor
Mechanical advantage =Length of force arm
Length of resistance arm
Bitting Force
Dog bite = 1,410 N 2.5
Lion bite down with 5,533 N 10
Boxer can punch with 10,528 N 18
• Human female bite = 360 N• Human male bite = 564 N
Biomechanics of the denture
Bone Biomechanics (Hard tissue)
• Bone is anisotropic material (An anisotropic material is a material which does not behave the same way in all directions.)
• Bones are:strongest in compression.weakest in shear.
• Ultimate Stress at Failure Cortical Bone Compression < 212 N/m2
Tension < 146 N/m2
Shear < 82 N/m2
Mechanical Properties of Bone
return to original shape after fracture
Ductile or Brittle ( is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress)
Depends on age and rate at which it is loaded
- Younger bone is more ductile- Bone is more brittle at high speeds
Brittle hard but liable to break easily.
Bending
Type of Loading
TorsionAxial LoadingCompressionTension
Fracture Mechanics
•Bending load:– Compression strength greater
than tensile strength– Fails in tension
Biomechanics Bone fixation
External fixation
Internal fixation
Biomechanics of External Fixation
• Number of Pins– Two per segment– At least 3 pins
Biomechanics of Internal Fixation
Plate Fixation• Functions of the plate Compression Neutralization Buttress
Biomechanics of Internal Fixation
Biomechanical principlessimilar to those of external fixators
Stress distribution
• Moving surfaces of the knee are metal against plastic
Treatment or Total Knee Replacement
UHMWPE
Biomechanics of Flat Foot
Gait Cycle
Swing Phase
Stance Phase
Heel Strike Midstance Toe off
Biomechanics of motion of human body
To design artificial lower limb
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