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BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
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Biomechanics combination of thesciences of applied anatomy &mechanical physics, focuses on the
forces & movement techniquesassociated with performanceenhancement & injury prevention in
sports, exercise & other motionactivities.
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Application of mechanical principles
in the study of living organisms.
Mechanics branch of physics thatanalyzes the actions of forces on
particles & mechanical systems.
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Static branch of mechanics
dealing with systems in a constant
state of motion. Dynamics branch of mechanics
dealing with systems subject to
acceleration.
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Kinematics study of thedescription of motion in term ofposition (displacement), velocity &
acceleration. Kinetics study of the action of
forces.
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Linear motion point-to-point,straight line movement of a body in
space Angular motion measurement of
how a rigid lever rotating about an
axis & its quantified through the useof polar coordinate system
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Scalar values variable that can be
described in terms of magnitude only.
Vector values magnitude that ismeasured in particular direction/along
an axis/plane.
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Velocity, acceleration, speed,
deceleration, distance, displacement.
Sports biomechanics how athletesgenerate the mechanical techniques for
successful performance.
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BASIC BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT ACTIVITIES
SPRINTING
2 major phases :
Support phase Swing phase
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Support phase high muscle forces are
generated to accelerate or maintain the
sprinters velocity
Swing phase runner is airborne & the leg
segments are in recovery, one preparing to
strike the ground the other beginning to
swing forward from a position behind thebody.
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Over striding results in slowerrunning velocity.
Stride rate is the number taken perunit
Stride length is he distance asmeasured along the ground
between foot positions at takeoff &landing for the same foot.
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To create a high stride rate with an
appropriate stride length fast
rotation of the leg segments aroundthe joints.
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Upper leg must be able to rotate
rapidly around the hip joint in the
bodys sagittal plane in bothflexion & extension.
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The flexion motion is important in the
recovery of the upper leg during the
swing phase, the extension is
important for moving the leg & foot to
the ground.
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The flexion motion begins beforethe foot loses contact with the
ground & continues until the upper
leg reaches its maximum flexion knee lift recovery.
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The faster the this action
completed the shorter the swing
time of the leg.
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Provided the recovery (swing) is
adequate to allow for good leg
preparation for the upcomingsupport phase (shorten the time).
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From the point of maximum hip
flexion, upper leg rotates to the
ground with the initiation of hipflexion.
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The greater the amount of hip flexion at the
end of the swing phase, the more distancethe sprinter has to accelerate the upper leg
into extension brings the foot to the ground.
Fast rotation of the upper leg around the hipjoint will enable better landing mechanics of
the foot.
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Fast rotation of the upper of the hip extension
can be maintained as the support phase
continue, sprinter is able to accelerate at a
higher rate or maintain running velocity whilerequiring a shorter time to the foot on the ground.
Shorter time on the ground increases the stride
rate
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To enhance recovery of the leg fromthe takeoff position until footcontact, knee joint must be flexed toan extreme angle & maintainedthere for a substantial portion of theswing phase.
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After take off with the hip flexing, the
knee flexes, bringing the heel close to
the buttocks shorten the leg lever
(making it easier for the hip flexor
muscles to swing the leg forward into
knee lift position)
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Angle is maintained for much of the
middle portion of the leg swing phase
and combined with near maximum
muscle activity from the hip flexors
time for leg swing is diminished.
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Sprint velocity decreases during last portion of
the race, poor swing mechanics of the leg.
Just before the ground impact of the foot,
hamstring muscles contract forcefully to haltthe knee extension that occurs at the end of
the swing phase.
Action of hamstring causes knee flexionearly portions of the support phase.
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Combination with hip extension knee
flexion reduces braking force that occurs
when the foot strikes the ground.
Braking force is a result of a forward-
moving foot at initial ground impact.
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