PowerPoint Presentation

Biometrics, Security, & YouPresenter: Dr. Karl Ricanek, Jr.Director Face Aging GroupDept. of Computer Science, UNCWOverviewBiometrics DefinitionHistory of BiometricsBiometrics OverviewVariety of Biometric TechnologyAnatomy of a BiometricFace recognition biometric deep diveAcquiring face, features of face used, similarity measures, etc.Remaining challenges of FRBiometrics, Security and YouSecurity needs for biometricsWhy implement biometrics for security?Where can we find biometrics in use today?What are the future trends for biometrics? Is the movie Minority Report on target?What are you opinions of a pervasive use of biometrics for security purposes?Wrap Up / Q&A

Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)21/28/09Biometrics DefinitionBiometrics (wikipedia) -- Biometrics are used to identify the identity of an input sample when compared to a template, used in cases to identify specific people by certain characteristics.possession-based: using one specific "token" such as a security tag or a cardknowledge-based: the use of a code or password. Biometrics (questbiometric.com) -- The word "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words 'bios' and 'metric' ; which means life and measurement respectively. This directly translates into "life measurement. General science has included biometrics as a field of statistical development since the early twentieth century. A very good example is the statistical analysis of data from agricultural field experiments comparing the yields of different varieties of wheat. In this way, science is taking a life measurement of the agriculture to ultimately determine more efficient methods of growth.

Biometrics technologies measure a particular set of a person's vital statistics in order to determine identity.

Biometrics in the high technology sector refers to a particular class of identification technologies. These technologies use an individual's unique biological traits to determine one's identity. The traits that are considered include fingerprints, retina and iris patterns, facial characteristics and many more.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)31/28/09History of BiometricsThe earliest written record of biometric use was by the Egyptians during the building of the great pyramids. The workforce for building the pyramids has been estimated in the tens of thousands. Payments were recorded based on identifying characteristics of the person, parentage, and place of birth.China 14th Century merchants stamped childrens palm prints and footprints on paper with ink to differentiate the young children. Practice is in use today throughout the world.Alphonse Bertillon (Paris 1890) developed a system track criminals by taking multiple body measurements. The system known as Bertillonage was used for years until it was discovered that some people had the same body measures. (not a unique measure.)Richard Edward Henry (Scotland Yard) is credited for developing the fingerprinting method. (Note: that the Chinese had been doing this for centuries prior.)The last three decades has seen an explosion in the development of, and use of, biometrics. An impetus was the tragedy of September 11. Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)41/28/09Biometrics OverviewThe security field uses three different types of identification: Something You Know a password, PIN, or piece of personal information (such as your mother's maiden name); Something You Havea card key, smart card, or token (like a Secure ID card); and/or Something You Area biometric. Of these, a biometric is the most secure and convenient authentication tool. It can't be borrowed, stolen, or forgotten, and forging one is practically impossible. Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)51/28/09Biometrics Overview (cont.)Types of AuthenticationIdentification (1 to many) - A task where the biometric system searches a database for a reference matching a submitted biometric sample, and if found, returns a corresponding identity. A biometric is collected and compared to all the references in a database. Identification is closed-set if the person is known to exist in the database.Verification (1 to 1) - A task where the biometric system attempts to confirm an individuals claimed identity by comparing a submitted sample to one or more previously enrolled templates.Watch List (1 to few) - The biometric system determines if the individuals biometric template matches a biometric template of someone on the watch list. The individual does not make an identity claim.

Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)61/28/09Biometrics Overview (cont.)Characteristics of a biometric for authentication:Uniqueness -The same trait will not appear in two people.Universality -The trait has to occur in many people as possible. Permanence -The trait does not change over time. Measurability -The trait can be measured with simple technical instruments. User friendliness -The trait is easily measured with minimal discomfort. Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)71/28/09Variety of BiometricsTwo categories of biometrics:Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)81/28/09Variety of Biometrics (cont.)Passive Biometrics does not require active participation by subject. Face Recognition: The identification of a person by their facial image characteristics. Voice Recognition: Identification using the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. (partial passive)Iris Recognition: This identification method uses the unique characterizes of the iris. (partial passive)Gait Recognition: This identification method uses the unique characteristics of a persons walking pattern differentiate people.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)91/28/09Variety of Biometrics (cont.)Active Biometrics does require active participation of subject.Fingerprint Recognition: Identification by using patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips are unique to that individual. By far the most widely accepted biometric.Hand and Finger Geometry: Identification by measuring either physical characteristics of the fingers or the hands. Signature Verification: Identification using the dynamic analysis of a signature to authenticate a person (keystroke biometric is a derivative of this form of biometric). Venial Recognition: A system for Identification using a persons unique vein patterns (retina recognition is a form). Palm Print Recognition: Uses the lines on one's palm to identify an individual (similar to fingerprint recognition).Bio-signal Recognition: Identification by analyzing signals generated by the body through its normal chemical/electrical (neural/nervous) system. (Still in its infancy as a biometric.)DNA: Identification based on the unique sequence of DNA that all persons have. Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)101/28/09Variety of Biometrics (cont.)Multimodal biometric systems are those that utilize more than one physiological or behavioral characteristic for enrollment, verification, or authentication. Multi-modal biometric systems are looked to as a means of: reducing false non-match and false match rates,providing a secondary means of enrollment, verification, and identification if sufficient data cannot be acquired from a given biometric sample, and combating attempts to spoof biometric systems through non-live data sources such as fake fingers. Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)111/28/09Anatomy of a BiometricFace Recognition (identification) identifies people from images of their face when presented to the system. Process Enrollment -- faces associated with a group must be enrolled into the system. The process of enrollment involves extracting specific features from the face image and projecting them in to a hyper dimensional space (face space).Query/probe the face to be identified is presented to the system. The system extracts the features that it uses and projects the face into the face space.Similarity Measure the system generates a similarity score of the probe against all enrolled faces. The system uses a criteria to determine which of the enrolled faces it should match to, if any at all. (The probe may not be a known person, i.e. a person not enrolled.)Identification the system selects the best enrolled candidate and returns it to the end-user, if a match is determined likely.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)121/28/09Anatomy of a Biometric (cont.)Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)13Enrollment : Capture and processing of user biometric data for use by system in subsequent authentication operations. Acquire and DigitizeBiometric DataExtractHigh Quality Biometric Features/RepresentationFormulate Biometric Feature/Rep TemplateDatabaseTemplate RepositoryAuthentication/Verification : Capture and processing of user biometric data in order to render an authentication decision based on the outcome of a matching process of the stored to current template. Acquire and DigitizeBiometric DataExtractHigh Quality Biometric Features/RepresentationFormulate Biometric Feature/Rep TemplateTemplate Matcher1/28/09Anatomy of a Biometric (cont.)FRs remaining challenges:FR has been an active research topic for the last two decades and many system challenges have been overcome:lateral pose from left profile to full frontal to right profile (use 3D model correction)angular pose up/down head position profile (use 3D model correction)azimuth pose tilt of the head profile (use 3D model correction)lighting/shadowing lighting differences between enrolled and probe images has almost been eliminated as a source of error. Strong angular lighting/shadowing is still a research topic. (Use lighting models to correct.)facial expression/gesture has made significant in roads over the last decade. A facial gesture can change the location of features and the shape of the face. (Still being resolved.)aging of face an aging face undergoes significant changes that affect the shape and appearance of the face in unpredictable manner. The problem is further exacerbated by the nonlinear effects of age and the multitude of parameters that contribute to aging, e.g. sun exposure, smoking, drugs, genetics, gender, ethnicity, etc. (My research team is working to resolve these issues.)Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)141/28/09Anatomy of a Biometric (cont.)

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Example of typical aging:Caucasian male 18 - 42Caucasian female 32 - 441/28/09Anatomy of a Biometric (cont.)Facial model demonstration.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)16

1/28/09Biometrics, Security, & YouSecurity needs for biometrics:Physical Security: Access to a physical location such as a building or room. Cyber Security: Access to an organizations network through a biometrically authenticated login schema. Transactional Security: Any monetary transaction which biometrically authenticates, accesses, and atomically debits or credits the users account.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)171/28/09Biometrics, Security, & You (cont.)Why implement biometrics for security?Convenience for users Control for businesses Inexpensive implementation Price/Performance curves dropping Saves money (i.e., no need for producing keys, etc.) Accountability/Non-Repudiation Improved identification (i.e., authentication, verification, impersonation) Improved audit trail Less administration (i.e., paperwork, cards, etc.) More security (depends on implementation)Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)181/28/09Biometrics, Security, & You (cont.)Where can we find biometrics in use today?Voter Registration Driver Licensing Border Control Passport / VISA Welfare / Government Insurance (WIC) Criminal ID / Wanted Persons Lookup Jail Management Airports / Frequent Traveler / Passenger Tracking Check Cashing eCommerce & Financial Services Identity Theft ranked as the number one complaint for the fourth year in a row, with 635,000 reported instances in 2004, up 300 percent from last year's figure of 161,819Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)191/28/09Biometrics, Security, & You (cont.)Where can we find biometrics in use today?At Walt Disney World biometric measurements are taken from the fingers of guests to ensure that the person's ticket is used by the same person from day to day

At your local Harris Teeter grocery chain. They use a finger geometry system for electronic checking.Your local bank uses fingerprinting techniques for authentication.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)201/28/09Biometrics, Security, & You (cont.)Examples from www.youtube.com Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)21

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2a0KYtG97E http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-EjqmxH_wQ 1/28/09Biometrics, Security, & You (cont.)FBI has an initiative to collect biometric data on all citizens. This is a new initiative that flies in the face of citizens rights over security. More details can be found at: http://www.youtube.com/swf/l.swf?video_id=jADItDHOHOA What are your opinions of a pervasive use of biometrics for security purposes?

Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)221/28/09Biometrics, Security, & You (cont.)What are the future trends for biometrics? Is the movie Minority Report on target?

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBaiKsYUdvg 1/28/09ClosingWrap-upBiometrics are here to stay. We have grown accustomed to their use and utility within our communities. Biometrics will continue to invade our daily lives. Minority Report like capabilities are on the horizon and will be in place in the next decade or two.

Questions & Answers.Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)241/28/09Referenceswww.computer.org/itpro/homepage/Jan_Feb/security3.htmwww.veid.net/Applications/biometrics.htm http://www.biometricscatalog.org/biometrics/GlossaryDec2005.pdf http://www.biometrics.gov/NSTC/Presentations.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric http://www.questbiometrics.com/ Biometric Weekly Meetings (Spring 09)251/28/09