Biomolecules:ACompleteSummary
Carbohydrates Lipids AminoAcids Proteins NucleicAcids
Formula/Composition Cn(H2O)n
Varies–Lookforglyceroland
nonpolarregions–alcoholOHcommon
ContainsAmine(NH2/NH3+)andCarboxylic
Acid(COOH/COO‐)andsidechain
PolymerofPeptides
PentoseSugar,PhosphateGroup,andNitrogen
containingbase
Structure
Mono‐,Di‐,orPoly‐
saccharides
DorLandαorβ
CyclicorAcyclic
SaturatedorUnsaturated
N‐terminusandC‐terminusofaminoacid
SorR
Hydrophilic,Charged;
Hydrophilic,Uncharged;Nonpolar,Uncharged
Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,andQuaternary
α‐helixorβ‐pleatedsheet
Purines(2rings)orPyrimidines(1ring)
Linkage(s)
LinkageatAnomericCarbon
(glycosidiclinkage)
Varies–Generally
HydrophobicInteractions/EsterLinkage
PeptideBond
PeptideBond
DisulfideBridges
PhosphodiesterLinkages
BiologicalFunction Energy/Fuel
Metabolic,Thermal,andBarrierFunctions
BuildingBlocksofPeptidesand
Proteins
Formsproteinprimarystructure
FunctionalUnitMadefromGenes
Mostbiologicalfunctionsarefromproteins
CarriesGeneticInformation
Examples
Starch,Cellulose,Aldoses,Amylose
Of8Categories;phospholipidbilayer,feathers,
testosterone
The20aminoacids‐Glycine,Proline,etc.
Myoglobin,Enzymes,Hormones
Adenosine,Thymine,Cytosine,
Guanine,Uracil
Carbohydrates:
• Canexistindifferentforms(modelkitwillsaveyourbuttsforthis):
• MonosaccharidestoKnow D‐(+)‐Glucose D‐(‐)‐Ribose
• DisaccharidestoKnow
Maltose Lactose Sucrose
• PolysaccharidestoKnowo FormsofStarch:
Amylose Amylopectin
Lipids:
HowtoFindMe Function Types/Example Quirks
FattyAcidsCarboxylicAcidwithHydrocarbon
Chain
BuildingBlocksofOtherLipids
SaturatedandUnsaturated
EvennumberofCarbons
Waxes
UsuallyEstersformedfromFattyAcidandLong‐ChainAlcohol
Barriers BirdFeathers InsolubleinWater
Triacylglycerols Glycerol+3FattyAcids EnergyStorage FatsandOils Hydrophobic
andLipophilic
PhospholipidsGlycerol+2FattyAcids+Phosphate
Group
CellMembraneBilayer N/A
HydrophilicHeadsandHydrophobic
Tails
Prostaglandins ProstanoicAcidSkeleton
BiologicalSignalsandRegulators
Vasoconstrictor/Dialator
Upper(7C)andLower
(8C)Chains
Steroids 20Carbonsin4Rings Hormones Testosterone,
Estrogen
VarybyFunctionalGroup
LipophilicVitamins
Ruleoutallotherbiomoleculesand
lipids
Nutrients,Antioxidants VitaminsA,E,C
FunFact–Thereexistanti‐vitamins!
AminoAcids,Peptides,andProteins:
• AminoAcidsBuildingBlocksofPeptides
ClassifiedbasedonthecharacteristicsoftheirR(sidechain)groups.
–9havehydrophobic,nonacidicsidechains –2havehydrophobic,acidicsidechains
–4havehydrophilic,nonacidicsidechains–2havehydrophilic,acidicsidechains–3havehydrophilic,basicsidechains–CysteinehasaterminalS‐Hgroup
–GlycinehasanHatomastheRgroupandistheonlyachiralaminoacid Formpeptidesviapeptidebonds–akaprimaryproteinstructure
• PeptidesBuildingBlocksofProteins
– N‐terminus(fromNH3+/NH2)andC‐terminus(fromCOOH/COO‐)– Cancontributetopeptideconjugation–increasedbarriertorotation
• Proteins– Primarystructure–SkeletonofAminoAcids– SecondaryStructure–Folding:α‐helixorβ‐pleatedsheet– TertiaryStructure–SideChainOrientationandPosition– QuaternaryStructure–CombinationofSubunits
MyoglobinQuaternaryStructure‐noticethecoloredαhelices
NucleicAcids:
• Heterocyclicbasesbondedviahydrogenbonding• PrimaryStructureofNucleotides–arrangementofnucleotidescontainsgenetic
code• Translatesintoproteinform
WorksCitedImagesFrom:
• Life:TheScienceofBiology:NinthEditionTextbook• Wikipedia–www.wikipedia.com