Bioo

psychology

CHAPTER

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White

third edition

the biological perspective

2



Learning Objectives LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves LO 2.2 How neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate LO 2.3 How brain and spinal cord interact LO 2.4 Somatic and autonomic nervous systems LO 2.5 How hormones interact with the nervous system and affect

behavior LO 2.6 Study of the brain and how it works LO 2.7 Structures and functions of the bottom part of the brain LO 2.8 Structures that control emotion, learning, memory, motivation LO 2.9 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement LO 2.10 Parts of cortex responsible for higher forms of thought LO 2.11 Differences between left side and right side of the brain



Overview of Nervous System

____________ - an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body.

____________ deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue. Relationship to behavior and learning.

LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves

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blaahTypewritten TextNervous System

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blaahTypewritten Text Neuroscience










Figure 2.1 An Overview of the Nervous System



Structure of the Neuron

Parts of a Neuron ___________ - branch-like structures that

receive messages from other neurons. ___________ - the cell body of the neuron,

responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. ___________ - long tube-like structure that

carries the neural message to other cells.


blaahTypewritten TextDendrites


blaahTypewritten TextSoma


blaahTypewritten TextAxon



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Structure of the Neuron

___________ - the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system.


blaahTypewritten TextNeurons


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Figure 2.2 The Structure of the Neuron The electronmicrograph on the left shows myelinated axons.



Other Types of Brain Cells

___________ - grey fatty cells that: provide support for the neurons to grow on and

around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons


blaahTypewritten TextGlial Cells


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Other Types of Brain Cells

___________ - fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. clean up waste products and dead neurons.


blaahTypewritten TextMyelin



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Neurons in the Body

________ bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body. Neurilemma Schwanns membrane.

Tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves.


blaahTypewritten TextNerves



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Generating the Message: Neural Impulse

_________ charged particles. Inside neuron negatively charged. Outside neuron positively charged.

__________ potential - the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.

__________ potential - the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. Allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell.


blaahTypewritten TextIons




blaahTypewritten TextResting

blaahTypewritten TextAction



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Generating the Message: Neural Impulse

All-or-none - referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all.

Return to resting potential.


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Figure 2.3 The Neural Impulse Action Potential In the graph below, voltage readings are shown at a given place on the neuron over a period of 20 or 30 milliseconds(thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. After a brief hyperpolarization period, the cell returns to its resting potential.



Neuron communication

Sending the Message to Other Cells ______________ - branches at the end of

the axon. Synaptic knob rounded areas on the end of

axon terminals.

LO 2.2 Neuron communication

blaahTypewritten TextAxon Terminals


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______________ - sack-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals. _____________ - chemical found in the

synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell.


blaahTypewritten TextSynaptic Vesicles


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blaahTypewritten TextNeurotransmitter


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blaahSticky NoteSTUDY!




Neurons must be turned ON and OFF. ________ neurotransmitter - neurotransmitter

that causes the receiving cell to fire. ________ neurotransmitter - neurotransmitter

that causes the receiving cell to stop firing.


blaahTypewritten TextExcitatory


blaahTypewritten TextInhibitory


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Cleaning up the Synapse

___________ - process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.


blaahTypewritten TextReuptake


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The Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons

_____________ - a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system. Also called afferent neuron.

_____________ - a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. Also called efferent neuron.

LO 2.3 Brain and spinal cord

blaahTypewritten TextSensory Neuron


blaahTypewritten TextMotor Neuron




The Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons

______________ - a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons. Interneurons also make up the bulk of the

neurons in the brain.


blaahTypewritten TextInterneuron


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Figure 2.6 The Spinal Cord Reflex The pain from the burning heat of the candle flame stimulates the afferent nerve fibers, which carry the message up to the interneurons in the middle of the spinal cord. The interneurons then send a message out by means of the efferent nerve fibers, causing the hand to jerk away from the flame.



Central Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS) - part of the nervous system consisting of the ________ and __________. Spinal cord - a long bundle of neurons that

carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes.


blaahTypewritten TextBrain


blaahTypewritten TextSpinal Cord



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Peripheral Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the ______ itself; divided into the: _________ nervous system _________ nervous system

LO 2.4 Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

blaahTypewritten Textbody


blaahTypewritten TextSomatic

blaahTypewritten TextAutonomic


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Figure 2.7 The Peripheral Nervous System



Somatic Nervous System

Soma = body. Somatic nervous system - division of the

PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the _________ to the CNS and from the CNS to the ________ muscles of the body.


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blaahTypewritten Textsenses


blaahTypewritten Textvoluntary




Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that

control all of the ____________ muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons. Sympathetic division (________________) - part of

the ANS that is responsible for reacting to __________ events and bodily arousal.


blaahTypewritten Textinvoluntary

blaahTypewritten TextFlight or fight system


blaahTypewritten Textstressful


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Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Parasympathetic division - part of the ANS that

restores the body to ___________ functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.


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blaahTypewritten Textnormal


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Figure 2.8 Functions of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Nervous System



The Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands - glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. ____________ - chemicals released into the

bloodstream by endocrine glands. Pituitary gland - gland located in the brain

which influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the _________ _________).

LO 2.5 How hormones interact with the nervous system and affect behavior

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blaahTypewritten Texthormones

blaahTypewritten Textmaster

blaahTypewritten Textgland




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Figure 2.9 The Endocrine Glands The endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to organs in the body, such as the heart, pancreas, and sex organs.




Pineal gland - endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin.

Thyroid gland - endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism.

Pancreas - endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood.


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blaahTypewritten Text(Thyroxin)

blaahTypewritten Text(Insulin)



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___________ - the sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction. __________ - the female gonads. __________ - the male gonads.


blaahTypewritten TextGonads

blaahTypewritten Textovary

blaahTypewritten Texttestes


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___________ _________ - endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.


blaahTypewritten TextAdrenalglands

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blaahTypewritten Text(Adrenaline)




Looking Inside the Living Brain

____________________ (EEG) - machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain.

Peeking Inside the Brain

LO 2.6 Study of the brain

blaahTypewritten TextElectroencephalograph


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Looking Inside the Living Brain

Clinical studies Deep lesioning - insertion of a thin, insulated

wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message.

Human brain damage.


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Mapping structure

____________ ____________ (CT) - brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain.

__________ _________ _________ (MRI) - brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.


blaahTypewritten TextCompoundtomography

blaahTypewritten TextMagneticResonanceImaging



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Mapping structure

Mapping Function ___________ _________ __________ (PET) -

brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity.


blaahTypewritten TextPositronemissiontomography


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Mapping structure

Mapping Function __________ MRI (fMRI) computer makes a

sort of movie of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods.

__________________ (EEG) records electric activity of the brain below specific areas of the skull


blaahTypewritten TextElectroencephalogram


blaahTypewritten TextFunctional


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Mapping structure

Mapping Function ______ ______ _______ _________

_____________ (SPECT) similar to PET but uses different radioactive tracers


blaahTypewritten TextSingle photon emission computedtomography


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The Brain Stem

___________ - the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.

LO 2.7 Structures of the bottom part of brain

blaahTypewritten TextMedulla



blaahTypewritten Text(Survival)


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The Brain Stem

_______ - the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, leftright body coordination, and arousal.

__________ ________ (RF) - an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for selective attention.


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blaahTypewritten TextPons

blaahTypewritten TextReticular Formation


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The Brain Stem

____________ - part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement.


blaahTypewritten TextCerebellum


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Structures Under the Cortex

_________ ________ - a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation. __________ - part of the limbic system located

in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.

LO 2.8 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation

blaahTypewritten TextLimbicsystem

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blaahTypewritten TextThalamus


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Limbic system - a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation. ___________ - small structure in the brain

located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.


blaahTypewritten TextHypothalamus


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Sits above and controls the pituitary gland (master endocrine gland). _________ - curved structure located within

each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects.

_________ - brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.


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blaahTypewritten TextHippocampus

blaahTypewritten TextAmygdala





Figure 2.13 The Limbic System



Cortex

________ - outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

___________ wrinkling of the cortex.


blaahTypewritten TextCortex

blaahTypewritten TextCorticalization


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Cerebral Hemispheres

________ _________ - the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain.

________ _________ - thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

LO 2.9 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement

blaahTypewritten TextCerebral Hemisphere

blaahTypewritten TextCorpus Callosum




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Four Lobes of the Brain

________ lobe - section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the ______ centers of the brain.


blaahTypewritten TextOccipital

blaahTypewritten Textvisual


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Figure 2.14 The Lobes of the Brain: Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, and Frontal




_________ lobes Sections of the brain located at the top and

back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations.


blaahTypewritten TextParietal


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_________ lobes - areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of _________ and meaningful _______.


blaahTypewritten TextTemporal

blaahTypewritten Texthearing

blaahTypewritten Textspeech


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________ lobes - areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and ________ ________ as well as the production of fluent ________.


blaahTypewritten TextFrontal


blaahTypewritten Textdecision making


blaahTypewritten Textspeech


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Figure 2.12 The Major Structures of the Human Brain



Association Areas of Cortex

Association areas - areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing.

LO 2.10 Parts of cortex responsible for higher thought

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Brocas aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Brocas area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.


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Wernickes aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Wernickes area (usually in left temporal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.


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Split Brain Research

_________ - the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.

LO 2.11 Left side and right side of brain

blaahTypewritten TextCerebrum


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Split brain research Study of patients with severed corpus

callosum. Involves sending messages to only one side of

the brain. Demonstrates right and left brain

specialization.


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Figure 2.16 The Split-Brain Experiment Roger Sperry created this experiment to demonstrate the specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain.




Language is primarily a left hemisphere activity for most individuals


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Results of Split Brain Research

Left side of the brain: seems to control language, writing, logical

thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities, processes information sequentially, can speak.


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Results of Split Brain Research

Right side of the brain controls emotional expression, spatial

perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions, processes information globally, cannot speak.


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