BioPharma_02_Cells and Organs of the IS_Stu Ver

8/9/2019 BioPharma_02_Cells and Organs of the IS_Stu Ver

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INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT

EDUCATION

RESEARCH

CELLS AND ORGANS

OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEMS

Biotechnology and Pharmacology Course Topic 02

A/Prof . Le Van Dong MD., PhD

Former Deputy Head, Department of Immunology

Vietnam Military Medical University

Tel: 0989058710; Email: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Aims

Know origins and places of

maturation, differentiation process,

specific surface markers andfunctions of each immune cells.

Understand components and

functions of the two types of lymphoid organs.


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Haematopoiesis


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Haematopoiesis

Blood forming process

Take place in bone marrow

Strictly controlled process To give rise to all blood and immune cells

All blood cell types originate from a single

hematopoietic stem cell (hSC) hSC transplantation is common practice to cure

diseases related to blood forming disorders


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INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT

EDUCATION

RESEARCH

2. IMMUNE CELLS


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2.1. B lymphocyte

Origin: Bone marrow

Maturation: Bone marrow


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B cell surface markers

Surface immunoglobulin (SIg) to

serve as B cell receptor (BCR) for

antigen.

Each cell has thousands of SIgmolecules on the surface. All of them

have the same specificity, they can bind

to ONLY ONE structure called antigenic

determinant or epitope.

The specificity is defined by gene

arrangement.

CD19: to define it is B cell.


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CD molecule

CD: Cluster of Differentiation.

CD is unique structure, usually at a cells surface,

to which specific antibodies bind. By knowing the CDs we can distinguish among

cell types (who is who).

CD = Cell Determining molecule.

CD was first applied for human leukocyte antigen,

then extended to other cells.


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B lymphocyte differentiation

Peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen etc.)

Stem cell Pro-B Pre-B Immature B Mature B

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011


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B lymphocyte differentiation

During differentiation (maturation) process, genes are

rearranged to form molecules that contribute to the

functions of the cell.


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B cell function:

produce antibody


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2.2. T lymphocyte

Origin: Bone marrow

Maturation: Thymus

Kuby Immunology 5th Ed Freeman and Company 2003


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T cell markers

CD2:

Involve in cell signaling

Natural receptor for sheepred blood cell

E rosette assay for

determination of T

lymphocyte


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T cell Surface markers

CD3:

Specific for T lymphocyte

Part of T cell receptor (signaling)

T cell receptor for antigen (TCR):Many molecules, same specificity

Some cells has, either: CD4 molecule, helper T cell (TH)

(target of HIV)

CD8, cytotoxic T cell (TC)Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011


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B cell and T cell receptors

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011

Similar in structures

Unique specificity - both formed by gene arrangement


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T cell differentiationAbbas A. K and Lichtman A. H



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T cell differentiation

During differentiation

(maturation) process,

genes are rearranged to

form molecules that

contribute to thefunctions of the cell.

Some molecules

appear, some disappear

during the maturation of

the cell


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T cell functions

3 types with distinct functions:

TH helps B lymphocyte to produce

antibody; macrophage to kill

bacteria.

TC kills (by cytotoxicity) virus-

infected cell and cancer cell.

Note: some TH cell regulateimmune response and called

regulate T cell (Treg)


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TH helps B lymphocyte to produce antibodies

Without T helper, B cell

can not produce (or very

little) antibody.

With T helper, B cell can

produce more antibodies

(types and quantity of

antibodies).


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OK,

macrophage

kill them!

Without T helper,

macrophage can eat the

bacteria but can not kill

them.

With T helper,

macrophage can kill the

bacteria which have been

eaten but survive insidethe cell).

TH helps macrophage to kill bacteria


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kill i i f d ll d


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Tc kills virus-infected cell and

cancer cell


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Figure 1-25


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TH and TC work together: TH calls more TCcome to kill microbe


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Treg controls (regulates) the immune response

(stop the immune response, do not harm to body)


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T cells markers and functions

CD2: signaling

CD3: signaling, part of TCR

T cell receptor: to recognize antigenEither:

CD4 (TH): helper T cell

CD8 (TC): cytotoxicity T cell


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2.3. Natural kil ler

(NK) cell

NK cell kills virus-

infected cells and

cancer cells. Personwho lack of NK cells

has higher risk of

cancer and viral

infection.

NK produces IFN- to

activate macrophage

to kills more bacteria.

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011


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NK cell kills virus-infected cell and cancer cell


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Notes

B and T lymphocytes are professional cellsof the immune system. They not only react

wisely (specifically) to different microbes

which they encounter but also memorize

them, as such they can react faster and moreeffectively when meeting them again.

Vaccination is the way to train by exercise

(practicing to fight against vaccine) for

memorizing the pathogen, that provide thebody protection when the real pathogen enter

the body.

NK cell has no immunological memory, they

just kill the bodys modified cells.


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2.4. Phagocytes


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Phagocyte eats microbe and provide signals

to initiate an immune response


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2.5. Basophil and Mast cell

Mast cells are under skin and mucous

membrane.

Basophils are in the blood. Both have receptor for IgE antibody on the

surface of the cell.

Involve in allergic reaction.


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Mast cell Basophil


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2.6. Eosinophil


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2.7. Antigen presenting cell - APC

APCs include:

Macrophage

Dendritic cell

B lymphocyte All have ability to capture antigen, process them

into small peptide and presenting those

fragments to surface of the cell for T cell to

recognize them.

There are MHC class II molecule on the surface

as tool for antigen presentation.


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APCs


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INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT

EDUCATION

RESEARCH

3. LYMPHOID ORGANS

Two type of lymphoid organs:Central/primary lymphoid organs

Peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs


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Lymphoid organs/tisue


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Central/primary

lymphoid organs:

where the lymphocyte

growth without the

stimulation by antigen

Peripheral/secondary

lymphoid organs:

Where lymphocyteencounter antigen and

growth strongly after

stimulation by antigen.

3 1 Central lymphoid organs


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3.1. Central lymphoid organs

Thymus and Bone marrow


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Thymus educates pre-T lymphocyte

to mature T lymphocyte


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M t ti /diff ti ti f


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Maturation/differentiation process of

lymphocytes in central lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus stromal cells educate pre-

lymphocyte to mature lymphocyte.

The lymphocyte undergo selection processes:

Positive selection: keep the functioning ones

Negative selection: remove the betrayer

The lymphocyte learn to differentiate which is belong to

the body own (self) and which is not (non-self). The cell

does not allow to react with self ones.

Only GOOD cells are allowed to mature.

3 2 i h l l h id


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3.2. Peripheral lymphoid organs

3 2 1 Lymph node


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3.2.1. Lymph nodeTo capture antigens which enter body through skin and

mucous membrane


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3.2.2. SpleenTo capture antigens which enter

blood stream

3 2 3 Lymphoid tissue in the mouth


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3.2.3. Lymphoid tissue in the mouthTo capture antigens which enter mouth area

3 2 4 Lymphoid tissue in the gut


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3.2.4. Lymphoid tissue in the gutTo capture antigens which enter through the gut


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4. Circulation of lymphocytes

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H


Ci l ti f l h t


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Circulation of lymphocytes


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Block of lymphatic vein

caused by parasiteWuchereria bancrofti


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SUMMARY

Lymphocytes

B (bone marrow), produce antibodies

T (thymus)

TCD4+: helper T cell (TH)

TCD8+: cytotoxicity T cell (TC)

Other cells: phagocytes, APCs, basophil and

mast cell, eosinophil

Lymphoid organs

Central: Bone marrow, thymus

Peripheral: lymph nodes, spleen, GALT


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Review Questions

1. Origin, surface markers, differentiationprocess and functions of B lymphocyte?

2. Origin, surface markers, differentiationprocess and functions of T lymphocyte?

3. Functions of neutrophil, macrophage,eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell.

4. What are APCs and their commonproperties.

5. What are central/ primary and peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs.

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