Biosecurity for Dairy Producers

Angie DementExtension Associate for Veterinary Medicine

Texas AgriLife Extension ServiceCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Texas A&M SystemCollege Station, TX 77843

http://aevm.tamu.edu

What is biosecurity? Best management practices that prevent

infectious diseases from being introduced into a herd or flock.

Epidemiology of Disease

Epidemiology Study of the way disease is distributed in

populations and factors that influence or determine the distribution Exposure Immunity

Means of Transmission Direct

Susceptible animals come into direct or close contact with an infected, contagious animal

Indirect Animals come into contact with infected or

contaminated animate vectors, inanimate vehicles and environmental fomites

Routes of Transmission Aerosol inhalation Oral Reproductive Skin contact Blood

Sources Carrier/Reservoir Animals

Aerosol Droplets Nasal Fluid Ocular Fluid Saliva Manure Urine Milk Fetal Fluid In-Utero Genital Fluid Blood Carcass

Vectors Ticks Flies Mosquitoes Scavengers

Vehicles Instruments

Needle Ear tagger Tattooer Dehorner Nose tong Knife

Utensils Bucket Trough

Environment Soil Water Food

Exposures Susceptible animals

Mouth Nose Eyes Skin Teats Vagina Prepuce Transplacental Venereal Blood

Immunity

Definition Animal’s ability to resist a disease

Types Natural Active Passive

Vaccinations

Prevent disease Provide antibodies

Work with veterinarian Follow label

Dosage Storage

Needle usage

DiseaseRoute of Transmission

Common Symptoms Vaccine Treatment

Anthrax Oral, aerosol, bloodStaggering, trembling, collapse, terminal convulsions, bloody discharge

Yes Yes

Bovine Brucellosis Oral, reproductive Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves Yes Yes

Bovine leukosis Blood, reproductive Enlarged lymph nodes No No

Johne's Disease Oral, reproductive Diarrhea, weight loss, bottle jaw No No

Bovine Tuberculosis AerosolLesions in organs and body cavity, weight loss

No No

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Oral, reproductive Severe diarrhea, fever, abortions Yes Yes

Coronavirus enteritis Oral Dark green to black diarrhea No Yes

Cryptosporidiosis Oral Diarrhea No Yes

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Aerosol, reproductiveAbortions, cough, eye infections, genital infections

Yes Yes

LeptosporosisDirect, oral, aerosol, reproductive

Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves, fevere, decrease in performance

Yes Yes

Neosporosis Oral, reproductive Abortions Yes No

Parainfluenza-3 virus AerosolCough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate

Yes Yes

Rabies DirectAnorexia, hyperexcitability, altered temperment, death

Yes No

Salmonellosis Oral Diarrhea Yes Yes

FEAD Quick Facts

http://aevm.tamu.edu

Biosecurity Practices for

Dairy Producers

Disease Risk Assessment

Identify diseases and transmission Determine cost benefits

General Practices

Identify all animals Keep records Provide balanced ration Prevent manure contamination Prevent transmission

Bunks Milking Reservoir animals

Necropsy dead animals Carcass disposal plans

— Allen Roussel

Pre-weaned calves

Vaccination programs Dam Calves

Clean maternal lot Newborn calves

Removal 10% body weight Navel health

Separate calves Older animals Surface run-off

Milk Colostrum Waste-milk

— Derry Magee

Purchased Animals

Quarantine new animals Vaccination program Collect herd history

Replacement Heifers

Isolate Vaccination program Manure contamination Quarantine returning animals

Lactating Cows

Equipment Established herd vs quarantined/sick

Sick animals Isolate

Separate fresh cows

Dry Cows

Dry cow treatments Teat sealants Vaccinate

Not within 2 weeks of calving Separate dry and sick cows Balanced ration

Bulls

Test bulls Before purchasing Routinely for venereal diseases

Vaccination program

Semen Importation

Purchase from known sources Infectious disease programs

Know health history Monitor tanks

Product Safety

Culture New cow’s Bulk tanks

Limited access to storage facilities Alarm systems Sanitize tank

Premise Protection

Visitors Designated meeting area Limit number of visitors Disinfect

Visitors Trailers Vehicles Tires

Disposable clothing and shoes Keep identification No physical contact with animals

Owners Clothing

Disposable shoes Clothes

Footbaths Equipment disinfectants Mycotoxin testing Law enforcement

Security Lock gates Post signs Random security checks Good perimeter fences Secure facilities Clean storage facilities before restocking Reduce wildlife contact Inventory materials Secure water sources Monitoring system Stranger alert

Transportation Disinfectants

1 part bleach to 1 part water Wash/disinfect

Trailers Tires Mats Trucks

Cleaning crews Clean everything Remove debris Leave disinfectant for 20-30 minutes Dry completely

Employees Wash hands Report sick animals Check out keys Safety and security meetings Guidelines for home animals Travel from other countries

Foreign Travelers 48 hours Disinfect clothing No contact with cattle

If disease is suspected

Routine observation Early detection Rapid reporting

Contact veterinarian Report to TAHC

1-800-550-8242 Prompt quarantine Rapid response Quick diagnosis

Be prepared Emergency contact list Critical premises information

Lots Fences Storage facilities Site map

Disaster PreparednessPossible natural disasters: Disease outbreaks Floods Fires Hurricanes Tornadoes Winter storms Droughts

Possible Human Caused Disasters: Traffic Terrorism & Bioterrorism Power outages Explosions Hazardous material spills

AIC Plan Appendix off of local EM plan Determines what should be done before,

during and after disaster Works with both livestock and pets/companion

animals

List everything that must be done, and every person involved.

Use the AIC plan only as a guide. Don’t leave out details. Hold regular exercises. Communicate. Keep situation reports and activity logs of past

scenarios.

What are Foreign Animal Diseases?

Disease that is not currently present in the United States

Can be zoonotic

How can a FAD come into U.S.?

Natural

Accidental

Intentional (bioterrorist act)

Foot and Mouth Disease

Highly contagious Potential to spread

rapidly People not affected

Devastating Emotionally Economically Sociologically

Susceptible domestic and wild cloven-hoofed livestock Cattle Sheep Goats Domestic and feral swine Deer Llamas

Transmission Aerosol

wind Mechanical

people, vehicles, animals Biological

movement of infected animals uncooked or undercooked meat products

If an outbreak occurs Restrictions Quarantines Eradication

Slaughter of animals Proper disposal

FMD Outbreak in 2001 in Great Britian Delayed response

10,472 farms depopulated 4 million destroyed to stop disease 2.5 million “humanely” slaughtered Over $13 billion

National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense

Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum

National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense

Chapter 1...............................................................Potential OccurrencesChapter 2 ............................................................................Epidemiology Chapter 3 .........................................................Foreign Animal DiseasesChapter 4 ................................Emerging and Endemic Animal DiseasesChapter 5 ................................Biosecurity Best Management PracticesChapter 6 ....................................State Animal Diseases Response PlanChapter 7 ...................................................................Extension EM PlanChapter 8 ..............................................................County/Local EM PlanChapter 9 .....................................Media Relations and CommunicationsChapter 10 ..........................................................Teaching Effectiveness Chapter 11 ............................................................Curriculum Evaluation

Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum

Questions?