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Manjit S. Kang
Vice ChancellorPunjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
BIOTECH FARMING
Share of different sectors in
India’s Economy (2006-07)
Tertiary, 54.74%
Primary , 20.54%
Secondary,
24.71%
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
(Agriculture)
( Industry)( Services)
SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE
• Development and release of high-
yielding crop varieties
• Development of efficient crop
production and protection technologies
SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE
• Use of quality agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides)
• Assured irrigation
• Developing crop varieties with greater water-use efficiency
• Biotechnology provides powerful tools for the sustainable development of agriculture, fisheries and forestry, as well as the food industry. When appropriately integrated with other technologies, it can be of significant assistance in meeting the needs of an expanding and increasingly urbanized population in the next millennium. (FAO, 2000)
BIOTECHNOLOGY ASPECTS:
RELEVANCE TO AGRICULTURE
• Tissue culture/micropropagation
• Haploid/ doubled-haploid breeding
• Transgenic technology
• DNA-marker technology
TISSUE CULTURE MICROPROPAGATION
Micropropagation involves the production of plants from very small (1 mm) plant parts through tissue culture. Micropropagation of selected ornamentals, field, fruit and forest plant species is one of the best and most successful examples of commercial applications of tissue-culture technology.
APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROPAGATION
1. PRODUCTION OF SUPER-ELITE PLANTING MATERIAL (SEED) OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.
2. QUICK SPREAD OF NEW VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.
3. REJUVENATION OF OLD VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.
MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLS
• Micropropagation protocolsdeveloped at PAU: Total 17 species
DEVELOPED AT PAU
Total plant species=17
BANANA
MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLSDeveloped at P.A.U.
FIELD CROPS
FLOURICULTURAL PLANTS
FRUIT CROPS
FOREST CROPS
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Sugarcane
Potato
Gladiolus
Chrysanthemum
Carnation
Lilium
Citrus
Strawberry
Eucalyptus
Neem
Poplar
Paulowinia
Mentha
Brahmi
Safed musli
Aloe vera
Banana
• Sugarcane
• Potato
• Mentha
• Banana
MASS PROPAGATION THROUGH
MICROPROPAGATION
BANANA
POTATO
MENTHAPOTATO
SUGACANE
MICROPROPAGATION OF POTATO THROUGH MINITUBER PRODUCTION
POTATO (TC1 GENERATION) IN THE FIELD
TISSUE CULTURED CONVENTIONAL
SPREAD OF MICROPROPAGATION TECHNOLOGY
• More than 500 million plants belonging to different plant species are annually produced through micopropagation in the world.
• There are more than 100 commercial tissue-culture units in India
HAPLOID/DOUBLED-HAPLOID
BREEDING
Production of haploids/doubled haploids through anther and pollen culture from F1 plants, and embryo culture from wide crosses is a very useful technique for shortening the breeding cycle and early release of varieties.
DOUBLED-HAPLOID BREEDING AT PAU
ANTHER CULTURE IN RICEPOLLEN CULTURE IN RICE
PRODUCTION OF WHEAT HAPLOIDS
THROUGH WHEAT X MAIZE CROSSES
A
C D
Field Trials of Anther & Pollen-Derived indica rice
B
APPLICATIONS
• In vitro production of haploids/doubled-haploids from F1 plants results in true-breeding plants in less than one year, which otherwise takes 7 to 8 generations through conventional methods.
• Several cultivars are either in tests or have been released in rice, wheat, maize, rapeseed and mustard in China, Canada, Denmark, USA and France.
TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY
• Useful genes cloned from viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, animals, human beings and even the genes synthesized in the lab can be introduced into plants.
• Unlike conventional plant breeding, only the specific, cloned gene (s) is (are) being introduced without the co-transfer of undesirable genes from donor. No need for repeated backcrossing.
NORMAL PLANTOR
NORMAL CROP
GM (TRANSGENIC) PLANTOR
GM (TRANSGENIC) CROP
VIRUS
BACTERIA
FUNGI
INSECTS
ANIMALS
HUMAN
UNRELATED PLANTS
CLONED TRANSGENE(S)
TRANS-ORGANISMS
VIRUS
BACTERIA
FUNGI
INSECTS
ANIMALS
HUMAN
UNRELATED PLANTS
VIRUSES
BACTERIA
FUNGI
INSECTS
ANIMALS
HUMANS
UNRELATED PLANTS
TRANSGENIC RESEARCH AT PAU
Development of Bt transgenic rice
Biologia Plantarum 50 (2): 311-314.
GENETIC ENGINEERING OF RICE FOR GREATER WATER-USE EFFICIENCY
Biologia Plantarum (In press)
Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Sugarcane
C
F
D
DC
B
A
T1 GENERATION OF SELECTED TRANSGENIC
SUGARCANE PLANTS
T1 GENERATION OF SELECTED TRANSGENIC
SUGARCANE PLANTS
INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF
TRANSGENIC CROPS
• Total countries growing transgenic crops =25
• Total area under transgenic crops in the world= 125 MH
• Total crops: 10
• Total area under transgenic crops in India = 7.6 MH
• Area under Bt cotton in Punjab: About 5.5 lakh hectares (~0.5 MH) (i.e., about 90 % area is under Bt cotton)
India’s Status
James Clive: 2008
• USA: Soy, maize, cotton, canola, squash,
papaya, alfalfa, sugarbeet
• Argentina: Soy, maize, cotton
• Brazil: Soy, maize, cotton
• India: Cotton
• Canada: Canola, maize, soy, sugarbeet
• China: Cotton, tomato, poplar, peunia,
papaya, sweet pepper
Bt Cotton
Bt Non Bt
Bt COTTON IN PUNJAB
� PAU has recommended 6 Bt cotton hybrids developed by different seed companies for cultivation in Punjab.
� Total area under cotton: 6.5 Lakhhectares (Area under Bt cotton : 90%).
� Pesticides have been reduced by almost 90%.
� State is heading for a white-gold revolution.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
FOODS FOR FUTURE
�High-lycopene tomato
o Tomato with high flavonols / flavonoids as anti-oxidants
o Bt Brinjal
o Cavity-fighting apples
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
FOODS FOR FUTURE
�Golden rice
�Iron-pumping rice
�Golden brassica
�Proteinaceous potatoes
�Decaffeinated tea & coffee
MOLECULAR-MARKER
TECHNOLOGY
• Development of saturated linkage maps
• DNA fingerprinting for varietal
identification
• Phylogenetic and evolutionary studies
• Molecular markers and heterosisbreeding
MOLECULAR-MARKER
TECHNOLOGY
�Gene tagging
�Marker-assisted selection
�Marker-assisted alien-gene
introgression
�Map-based gene cloning
BE4893230.0
bcd13027.4gdm3342.7gwm3347.9cfd5849.2gwm13653.6cfa215355.7BE44489059.3mwg710.2psr549.2
59.8
mwg2021.160.3gwm110466.6BE442682
barC60469.2
BE49983574.2cfa2158cfd21
78.5
BE44340180.8BE44310383.7BE59168286.9BE49529291.6barc9101.4gdm36116.2cfd65cfd59
126.9
wmc470.1131.2gwm135135.9BE443103171.2
1A
mwg8510.0ksuD1818.5BE49835819.6wmc38223.6barc124.125.1gwm63633.9psr66652.3psr108wmc177
57.8
fba198
fba17858.7
wmC66460.6fba27268.5BE49749481.2BE49947884.9gwm27587.5BE406808wmc474
90.1
BE406584gwm515
91.3
gwm1011
gwm1045BE406923gwm71cfd26
94.7
wmc42096.0BE425962
psr630115.5
barc5117.4psr681127.0psr933127.4wmc407127.6wmc170psr331
131.2
fba374132.3psr540136.8cfd267150.4cfd223183.7
gwm3820.0gwm3110.6barc1228.9
2A
wmc1470.0
gwm75721.4barc5725.1
barc1233.6wmc1134.3
cfd7949.8
Gnu_A76.6
barC61895.5gwm77996.7wmc150.1105.6wmc79125.6barc19126.2barc67126.5wmC669126.8cfa2134133.1psr570134.3gwm1121138.9psr74150.9wmc492153.4barc152168.6wmc96.3170.5
bcd131216.0
wmc153228.6cfa2170232.3cfd62235.2wmc326244.1wmc322252.5
gwm391283.3
3A
wm6140.0wmc894.1barc1065.6cfd716.2Ba216.5
cfa217333.0
gwm49446.2mwg2021.253.4cdo48454.0
mwg67679.9
psr9210.0gwm3973.3
4A
BE4969030.0barc18618.1barc1wmc150.2
18.7
cfd4019.3barc11721.9
gwm44349.0BE49983559.5gwm20560.6gwm15464.3
barc14183.0gwm18688.0wmc37194.5cfd2.296.3barc151117.0cfd12125.9gwm271130.0psr426135.8cfd2a140.7psr549.1144.3barc124.2147.2cfa2163barc142
150.0
cfa2141150.9wmc470.2154.8bcd98157.1KsuG14178.6
cfd39201.4gwm126207.4gwm6211.0cfd47222.2wmc74224.2
5A
cfd1900.0wmc96.21.2barc371.8barc11313.0gwm57026.7wmc17932.5gwm101744.0wmc41746.2gwm61757.1gwm42760.1gwm108963.4psr96667.8
psr687
barc10489.0
6A
gwm4710.0
barc7036.2
gwm63547.9
cfd3172.6
cfa204993.5wm6100.9gwm130102.0barc154103.7cfa2028106.7wmc405122.2wmc58123.9cfa2174135.0RC_A138.3gwm573wmc17
142.6
cfd68145.4wmc96.1149.8gwm473153.8barC69163.7
mwg710.3192.1
gwm3320.0
cfa201911.8
gwm3440.0
wmC67334.7
7A
Molecular linkage map of diploid wheat Triticum monococcum
Developed at PAU
Chrom 1
gdm3342.7gwm3347.9cfd5849.2gwm13653.6cfa215355.7BE44489059.3mwg710bPsr549b
59.8
mwg2021a60.3gwm110466.6BE442682barc204
69.2
BE49983574.2cfa2158cfd2178.5
BE44340180.8BE44310383.7BE59168286.9BE49529291.6barc9101.4gdm36116.2
Cre
M.p
au
-1A
Cereal cyst nematode resistance
gene mapped in T. monococcumStripe rust resistance gene mapped in T. monococcum
fba198fba17858.7
wmC66460.6fba27268.5BE49749481.2BE49947884.9gwm27587.5BE406808wmc474
90.1
BE406584gwm515
91.3
gwm1011gwm1045BE406923
gwm71cfd26
94.7
wmc42096.0BE425962psr630
115.5
barc5117.4psr681127.0psr933127.4wmc407127.6wmc170psr331
131.2
fba374132.3psr540136.8cfd267150.4
YrM.pau-2A
Chrom 2
PR
106
Pu
sa44
PR
114
PR
116
PR
118
PR
106
pyra
mid
lin
es
Pu
sa4
4 p
yra
mid
lin
es
PR
106
pyra
mid
lin
es
Pu
sa4
4 p
yra
mid
lin
es
BB reaction (artificial inoculation) of
released varieties and pyramid lines
Pyramiding of Bacterial Blight resistance
genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 in the
background of PR106 and Pusa 44
xa5
xa13
Xa21
PYRAMIDING OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT RESITANCE GENES
IN RICE THROUGH MAS
RM339
xa13
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
B 3
70
P2
Xa21
B 3
70
P2
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
B 3
70
P2
MAS: Basmati rice Improvement
Linked to
amylose
content
Semidwarf plants obtained in the BC1F3 progenies of the crosses Basmati 370/ IET 17948//Basmati 370 and Basmati 386/ IET 17948//Basmati 386
PB
W 3
43
Lr2
4
Lr2
8
MAS: Pyramiding Leaf Rust ( Lr) genes in wheat
MAS: Leaf rust reaction of Lr24 +Lr28 pyramid linesP
BW
343
Pyramid lines
Microbial biotechnology
• Biofertilizers
• Biopesticides
• Bioherbicides
Biofertilizers
• PAU has developed seven Rhizobiumcultures for seven leguminous crops -The technology has been transferred to Department of Agriculture, Punjab.
• Certain fungi are also being investigated for use as biofertilizers
Biopesticides
PAU has isolated some strains of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium for
biocontrol of soil-borne plant
pathogens of potato, chickpea,
rice and sunflower.
Fungus to control nematodes in soil
Biopesticides
The potato seed-tuber treatment with Trichoderma has been recommended for control of black
scurf disease of potato in Punjab.
Summary: AgBiotech products
• Micropropagated plants
• Transgenic crops
• Pyramided lines/varieties
• Gene Chips
• Biofertilizers
• Biopesticides
• Bioherbicides
• Disease diagnostic kits
Innovate
THANKSTHANKS