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GENETICS 2:BIOTECHNOLOGY

ppt by Robin D. Seamon

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DNA

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N U C L E I C A C I D S• Made of nucleotides• Make up macromolecules of DNA

1. DNA Replication (makes copies of itself)2. Encodes information (for proteins to be made)3. Controls & instructs cells4. Mutations (molecule of heredity)

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D N A

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Mutations: a change in the coding of a gene-can occur through:

1. Deletion: cell accidentally omits a piece of the DNA

2. Duplication: cell accidentally makes an extra copy of the DNA piece

3. Insertion: cell accidentally adds a piece of DNA

4. Translocation: cell accidentally puts a piece of genetic sequence in the wrong place.

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ACTIVITY

• THE OLD RED DOG WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS BED• Deletion that would delete the D in OLD…

• THE OLR EDD OGW AST OOB IGF ORH ISB ED

• Inversion of the word DOG...• THE OLD RED GOD WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS BED

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• Every cell in a living organism’s body (except red blood cells) have a copy of their species genome written in the code.

• Different genes (pieces of DNA) are turned on or off where they are needed

• Therefore, evolutionary relatedness can be determined from genetics.

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• All living things use the same 4 nucleotide bases of DNA (A-T, C-G) & ribosomes

• THEREFORE, DNA from different organisms can be joined or ‘spliced’ together… GENETIC ENGINEERING

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HUMANS• April 14, 2003: Human Genome Project

completed (USA)• Each human cell has 3 billion base pairs of A-T

& C-G• There are 7 trillion cells in a body• Humans have about 30,000 genes encoded on

the DNA

VIDEO How to sequence the human genome (5min)

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Forensic science:Catching criminals based upon DNA left at the crime-scene

Paternity testing: Determining the father of a child

While every human shares the same code for the human genome, each person has slightly different marker alleles coded into their DNA-

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Gel electrophoresis uses an electric current to separate various fragments of DNA on the gel• DNA fragments are attracted to positive side

of gel• Larger fragments migrate slower• DNA can be compared

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Genome LAB

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Genomes can change over time… HOW?

Modifications in gene sequence can happen through…

1. Natural selection: nature ‘selects’ for the strongest to survive, passing on those genes

EXAMPLE: antibiotic resistance2. Cross-breeding: (selective breeding) humans

choose specimens of a species, mating them in order to ‘pick’ the characteristics we want in the offspring EXAMPLE: dog breeding

3. Genetic modification: humans combine or alter pieces of DNA in order to produce offspring with a specific characteristics.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

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What is biotechnology?Management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity; all subjects of science

EXAMPLES: HerbicidesIncreasing shelf lifeWaste cleanupForensic investigationsCloningGMO

Genetic engineeringGeneticsGene splicing, replication, & transfer of genesGMO-genetically modified organism

MORE SPECIFIC to GENES

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BIOTECHNOLOGY-ECONOMICS & HUMAN BENEFIT

Increase in production: • Develop new forms of plants & animals• Modify plants & animals to improve their life

processes• Improve quality of food• Longer shelf life for perishables

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• food cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream:

• Breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid- preserves & flavors

• Decomposers: recyclers

BACTERIA & ITS ROLES FOR US

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• Nitrogen fixation: take N from air & turn it into a form plants can use; animals get N from plants- farmers can purchase plants whose roots have been dipped into extra bacteria

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• Bioremediation: fight pollutionusing microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones

• Clean up hazardous waste, industries, farms, cities

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PLANTSPolyploidy- doubling a genome- gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes-common in nature, creating new variations or even speciation (30-80% angiosperms)-scientists can also induce

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-Crops: used to overcome sterility in hybrid cross-breeding

EXAMPLE: Triticale is the hybrid offspring of wheat & rye. This hybrid is sterile so scientists chemically treat it to become polyploid, making the hybrid fertile!

wheat rhye triticale

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For some crops, polyploidy crops are preferred & are propagated using asexual grafting

EXAMPLES: apples, bananas, citrus, watermelon, oat, wheat, strawberry, sugarcane

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ANIMALSEpistasis- having one or more genes that mask the effect of the dominant gene

Labrador Retrievers: BB/Bb = black fur bb = brown furEE/Ee = normal furee = yellow fur

Breeders selectively breed for desired fur color (we don’t mess with the genes physically)

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Selective breeding: mate/cross organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring that have traits from both parents

Large green tomato

Small red tomato

BIG RED TOMATO+ =

VIDEO: How Mendel’s pea plants helped us understand genetics (3 min)

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Brahman cattle: good heat resistance, poor beef

English shorthorn: good beef, poor heat resistance

Santa Gertrudis cattle good beef, heat resistant

+ =

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Selective Breeding:

(+)might get improved organisms(+) don’t need special tools or lab(+) can be performed easily by farmers & breeders

(-) undesirable traits from both parents may appear in offspring(-) disease can accumulate in the population (deaf dalmations, boxers with heart disease, labs with hip problems)

+ -

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LAB:Crossing Hairs- Selective Breeding Cats Activity

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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G E N E T I C E N G I N E E R I N G

• Recombinant DNA technology• Gene manipulation

1. genes are engineered by scientists into organisms such as microbes or bacteria, for mass-production

2. insertion of select genes into organisms to improve their genotype

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HOW?

1. Isolate the genes2. Recombination3. Transformation4. Screening5. induction

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MEDICINE: 1970’s we learned to put genes into bacteria that would make human insulin; Insulin separated from bacteria & given to diabetics

Desired human gene

(like insulin production)

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AGRICULTURE

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Gene Gun

Alternative Method of Gene Insertion – Gene Gun

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How are GMO’s tested & approved?

EPA- (Environmental Protection Agency) evaluates environmental safetyUSDA- (US Department of Agriculture) evaluates whether plant is safe to growFDA- (Food & Drug Administration) evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat

VIDEO: Eyes of Nye GM foods (8 min)

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G M C R O P S

Biofortified Rice “Golden Rice”• Vitamin A deficiency causes 500,000 cases of

blindness and up to 2 million deaths each year• in countries where rice is the staple diet• Golden Rice was engineered so that the rice

plant produced Vitamin A

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Scientists engineered a tomato that won’t freeze by placing “anti-freeze” gene from a fish into tomato genome

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Glowing plants

VIDEO: Kickstarter Replaces lights with Growing plants! (5:50)

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European Corn Borer

Corn Borer- insect that kills corn crops

U.S. + Canada: > $1 billion per year, damage + control costs

Bt Corn

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Bt – Bacillus thuringiensis – common soilborne bacterium- produces crystals that kill insects when eaten.

• Scientists insert Bt genes into corn genome

• Corn plant produces Bt in every cell

KnockOut (Novartis)

YieldGard (Monsanto)

BT-Xtra (DeKalb)

StarLink (Aventis)

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U.S. – Leading the Way in GM

Crops

VIDEO: How are GMO’s created? (5:30)

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AgBioTechAventis (Hoechst + Rhone Poulenc)

Monsanto (Monsanto + Pharmacia+ Upjohn)

Dupont (Dupont + Pioneer Hybrid)

Syngenta (Novartis + AstraZeneca)

Dow Chemical (Dow + Elanco)

5 Firms – each Multinational:

68% of agrochemical market worldwide

20% of commercial seed worldwide

What’s the Debate? VIDEO: “What’s the Deal with Genetically Modified Food? (3min)

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GM Pesticide resistant crops:genetically alter plant to contain a pesticide toxin that will prevent pests

(+) More crops & less damage(+) More money for NC business & economy(+) No current health concern (passed by the FDA)(+) No current environmental concern (passed by the EPA)

(-) possible creation of pesticide resistant insects & pathogens(-) uncertain long-term effects of natural ecosystems(-) uncertain long-term effects on human body(-) kills other beneficial insects including Monarch butterfly

+ -

VIDEO: GM Food- The Truth: GMO myths & Truths (5:45)

VIDEO: What is a Genetically Mod Food? (3:15)

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GM Crops- Other Issues

• Threat to small farmers• Some say that GM technology benefits big

business not the poor• Cross-pollination of GM crops with organic

farms• Patenting life forms• Bio-piracy• Terminator technology• Politics: Frankenfoods

http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt.

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A N I M A L S :

Scientists engineer featherless chicken by removing feather gene

Scientists engineer ‘glowing’ mice from bioluminescent gene in a jellyfish

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Cloning: produces an organism that is an exact genetic copy of anotherEXAMPLE: Dolly the sheep July 1996• Scientists took nucleus from adult sheep &

implanted that into sheep egg cell• Then placed modified cell into female sheep

and when offspring was born, it had identical DNA of adult sheep

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Organ engineering

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Stem Cells: cells that are part of the embryo during early development- before they become specific body cells• These cells are useful in science because they

can be used to perform desired medical functions- we can direct them

VIDEO: What are stem cells? TED Ed (4 min)

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Genetic engineering & you:

(+) medical knowledge in your DNA could help prevent diseases(+) personal medicine for your DNA(+) organ transplants from your own cells(+) birth defects can be avoided

(-) when is it going too far?(-) who has access to your DNA information?(-) whose cells will you use?(-) how is research conducted? Who are the test subjects?

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Genetic Engineering Other Issues

• What is going too far?• STEM cells- when is a human ‘alive?’• What if insurance companies could know

about your DNA?• Should DNA information be kept in databases

or is it your personal information? Who will regulate this?

http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt.

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LABGlow-in-the-Dark

Cat ARTICLE

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LABBiotechnology

Match-up

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Before 1600- • Animals are domesticated• Crops are cultivated• Yeast & bacteria used to ferment

cheese, wine, bread1800-1850-• Schleiden & Schawnn state the cell

theory, “All living things are made of cells”

1850-1900-• Pasteur creates pasteurization;

discovers Rabies vaccine• Mendel studies genetics• Darwin writes “Origin of Species”1900-1950-• First use of term ‘biotechnology’• DNA is discovered to be hereditary

material• Flemming Discovers penicillin1950-1970- • Watson & Crick describe DNA as double

helix

Biotechnology Timeline1970-1980-• Nanotechnology is coined (10 )• Cohen & Boyer cut & splice DNA• Restriction enzymes discovered1980-1990-• Diabetes is treated with genetically

engineered insulin• First genetically modified vaccine:

Hepatitis B1990-2000-• Human Genome Project is funded by

Congress• Flavr Savr tomato, resistant to rotting, is

approved by FDA• Dolly the sheep is cloned2000-present-• CC (Carbon Copy) the cat is cloned• Mapping of the Human Genome is

completed• Vaccine to prevent Cervical Cancer

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Before 1600- • Animals are domesticated• Crops are cultivated• Yeast & bacteria used to ferment

cheese, wine, bread1800-1850-• Schleiden & Schawnn state the cell

theory, “All living things are made of cells”

1850-1900-• Pasteur creates pasteurization;

discovers Rabies vaccine• Mendel studies genetics• Darwin writes “Origin of Species”1900-1950-• First use of term ‘biotechnology’• DNA is discovered to be hereditary

material• Flemming Discovers penicillin1950-1970- • Watson & Crick describe DNA as double

helix

Biotechnology Timeline LAB1970-1980-• Nanotechnology is coined (10 )• Cohen & Boyer cut & splice DNA• Restriction enzymes discovered1980-1990-• Diabetes is treated with genetically

engineered insulin• First genetically modified vaccine:

Hepatitis B1990-2000-• Human Genome Project is funded by

Congress• Flavr Savr tomato, resistant to rotting, is

approved by FDA• Dolly the sheep is cloned2000-present-• CC (Carbon Copy) the cat is cloned• Mapping of the Human Genome is

completed• Vaccine to prevent Cervical Cancer

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ANSWERS

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LABMedical Ethics

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VIDEO: GMO A Go Go (8 min)

JUST FOR FUN…

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RESOURCES:‘Biotechnology’ presentation by Christina M. Spears, Georgia Ag Education Curriculum Office 2003

Edward Schilling presentation: http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt.

LABS: Beyond Benignhttp://www.beyondbenign.org/K12education/biotech_ms.html