Biotechnology

What Is Biotechnology? Using scientific methods with organisms to

produce new products or new forms of organisms

Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development Ancient biotechnology- early history as

related to food and shelter; Includes domestication

Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine

Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

Biotechnology – using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem

Historical Examples Fermentation Selective breeding Use of antibiotics

Modern Examples Gene cloning Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA technology Human Genome Project

Biotechnology: involvement of organisms in food or industrial processing Fermentation

Food/industrial products Microorganisms

Bread; tape; beer; wine Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Cheese

Cammemberti cheese

Lactic acid bacteria

L. lactis, L. cremoris

Mold Penicillium

Tempe; oncom Mold Rhizopus; Mold Neurospora sitophila

Soy sauce Mold Aspergillus

Yoghurt Lactic acid bacteria

L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus

Antibiotics Streptomyces

Enzymes Mold/bacteria

What Is Biotechnology? GMO- genetically modified organisms. GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. With both, the natural genetic material of

the organism has been altered. Roots in bread making, wine brewing,

cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding

What Is Biotechnology? Manipulation of genes is called genetic

engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or

more genes from a location in one organism and either Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in

different combinations

What Is Biotechnology

What Are the Areas of Biotechnology? Organismic biotechnology- uses intact

organisms; Does not alter genetic material Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic

makeup to achieve specific goals Transgenic organism- an organism with

artificially altered genetic material

What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology? Medicine

Human Veterinary Biopharming

Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing

What Is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology- study of molecules in

cells Metabolism- processes by which

organisms use nutrients Anabolism- building tissues from smaller

materials Catabolism- breaking down materials into

smaller components

What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms? Genetic engineering- artificially changing

the genetic information in the cells of organisms

Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified

GMO- a genetically modified organism GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

Types of Biotechnology

Microbial Biotechnology Agricultural Biotechnology Animal Biotechnology Forensic Biotechnology Bioremediation Aquatic Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Regulatory Biotechnology

Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial

waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important

proteins used in human medicine

Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products

Estimated to be a $7 billion market in 2008

Golden rice gene insertion to improve nutrition contents – iron, sulphur and β-carotene (vitamin A precursor)

Bacillus thuringiensis gene application in crops

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

Insertion of biopesticide gene from Bacillus thuringiensis

Producing insulin hormone by Escherichia coli

Cloned in plant to acquire protection of larvae / insects

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant (Explants)

Bud, root, or leaf

Sterilization by Chlorox

Growth :1. Organ : leaf, root2. Callus3. Suspension (secondary metabolite)

Solid or liquid media containing required nutrition, hormone, etc.

Callus

Plantlet

Plantlet

Laboratory acclimation Green house acclimation

Animal Biotechnology Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins

Antibodies

Animals as important models in basic research Gene “knockout” experiments Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies

Animal cloning Source of transplant organs

Forensic Biotechnology DNA fingerprinting

Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion Paternity cases Identification of human remains Endangered species Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease

Bioremediation The use of biotechnology to process and degrade

a variety of natural and manmade substances Particularly those that contribute to pollution

For example, bacteria that degrade components in crude oil

1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska 2010 Gulf oil spill

Aquatic Biotechnology Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in

controlled conditions for use as food sources 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide

Genetic engineering Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and

other finfish Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins

and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits

Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules

Medical Biotechnology Involved with the whole spectrum of human

medicine Preventive medicine Diagnosis of health and illness Treatment of human diseases

New information from Human Genome Project Gene therapy

Stem cell technologies

Technique in DNA Recombination and Biotechnology Experiments

1. Isolation of DNA containing gene of interest and plasmid DNA (vectors)

2. Incision of gene-of-interest and plasmid DNA (vectors) by restriction enzyme

3. Insertion of gene-of-interest fragment into nicked plasmid DNA (vectors)

4. Introduce recombined plasmid (DNA) into host cells, thus the cells are able to synthesize the expected molecule

How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work?

1. Extract DNA from donor

2. Cut DNA into fragments

3. Sort DNA fragments

4. Recombine DNA fragments

5. Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA

6. Grow transformed (recipient) cells

What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?

Plant breeding methods; Line breeding- breeding successive

generations of plants among themselves Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different

varieties or species Hybridization- breeding individuals from

two distinctly different varieties Selection

Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered? Resist pests Resist herbicides Improved product quality Pharmaceuticals Industrial products

What Is a Test Tube Baby? In vitro fertilization- fertilization of

collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube Semen is collected from males of

desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish

or test tube

What Is Gender Preselection? Gender preselection- choosing the sex

of offspring Sperm sorted before conception Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome

differences X chromosomes produce female

offspring Y chromosomes produce male offspring

What Is Embryo Transfer? Embryo transfer- removing

fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient Surgical and nonsurgical methods

are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can

produce more offspring

What Is Multiple Ovulation? Multiple ovulation- promoting

increased release of ova during estrus Hormone injections administered prior

to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are

removed and placed in recipients

What Is Cloning? Clone- new organism that has been

produced asexually from a single parent

Genotype is identical to parent Cells or tissues are cultured

What Is Bioremediation? Bioremediation- using biological

processes to solve environmental problems

Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials

Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

How Can Bioremediation Be Used? Oil spills Wastewater treatment Heavy metal removal Chemical degradation

What Is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation- process of

plants being used to solve pollution problems Plants absorb and break down

pollutants Used with heavy metals, pesticides,

explosives, and leachate

What Is Composting? Composting- a process that promotes

biological decomposition of organic matter

Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting

In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting