BiotechnologyChapter 13

BIOTECHNOLOGY… the use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to

improve the quality of human life

Applied Genetics the application of genetic information and

manipulation of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to improve or create specific traits in offspring

directed at changing the genomes (GENETIC MAKEUP) of organisms, to increase their utility to humans

Traditional Uses of Applied Genetics

• Selective Breeding (aka Artificial Selection)• Hybridization• Inbreeding

Selective Breeding…(aka Artificial Selection)

Human selection of plants or animals (for breeding) because of a desired or useful trait

• man has used selective breeding to develop plants and animals with “desirable traits”

• nearly all domestic animals – dogs, cats, horses, and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding

• selective breeding includes hybridization and inbreeding

Selective Breeding…of plants

Selective Breeding…of animals

Hybridization…• crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms • hybrids are often healthier and hardier

EXAMPLE - hybrid pansies are produced by breeding different varieties of pansies

ZEDONK – cross between a zebra and a donkey

Hybridization - Interspecific Hybrids… • mating two species, normally from within the same genus• offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents• offspring are often sterile

Hybridization - Interspecific Hybrids…

Liger – cross between a male lion and a female tiger

Tigon – cross between a female lion and a male tiger

Hybridization - Interspecific Hybrids…

male DONKEY and female HORSE = MULE

The hybrid mule has greater endurance, is stronger and less excitable than a horse.

Inbreeding…

• breeding individuals with SIMILAR characteristics

• used to maintain characteristics IN A BREED

EXAMPLE – cattle breeds are maintained by inbreeding

Why do we have different breeds of cattle?

Inbreeding…

New Uses of Applied Genetics

DNA TECHNOLOGY

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

Began 1990

GOAL – to MAP AND sequence all of the human GENOME ( DNA)

COMPLETED 2003

Genome = an organism’s DNA

Applications of Human Genome Project

• diagnose genetic disorders• Genomics - the study and comparison of genomes• Proteomics - the study and comparison of proteins• Bioinformatics - the using of computer databases to

deal with storage and analysis of biological data

APPLIED GENETICS

• GENE ISOLATION– WE HAVE TO BE ABLE TO CUT

OUT/SEPARATE GENES…SO WE NEED “DNA SCISSORS”

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling

• A technique for analyzing and comparing DNA from separate sources

• Used to identify criminal suspects, determine paternity or the identity of unknown persons or decomposing bodies, match ancestors to decendants

• DNA samples are taken from hair, blood, semen, or other biological materials

• No two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA

According to the DNA fingerprint above, who are the parents of

the child?A (A+B) B (C+D) C (E+F) D (G+H)

DNA fingerprints of 3 people.

What do persons 1 and 22 and 3 1 and 3

share in common?

CLONINGprocess of

producing an identical copy of

an organism

How cloning is accomplished?

What have we cloned? hyperlink

• Sea urchins• Salamander• Frogs• Fruit flies • Carp • Sheep• Mouse• Cows• Goats• Pigs• Mouflon• Rabbit• Cat

• Asian Wild Ox• Rhesus Monkey • African Wildcat• Rat• Mule• Horse• Deer• Wolves• Buffalo• Dog• Ferrets• Camel

Limitations of Cloning…

1. High failure rate – hit and miss procedure• Process is inefficient • success rate from 0.1 percent to 3 percent

2. Problems during later development• Cloned animals do not live as long and tend to have

health problems

3. Abnormal gene expression patterns• Clones and originals have identical DNA, but will the

clone express the right genes at the right time?

What is genetic engineering?(genetic modification/alteration)

the direct human manipulation of an organism’s genetic material (DNA, chromosomes, genes)

in a way that does not occur under natural conditions

Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that…

either remove genetic material (DNA) or that introduce genetic material (DNA)

Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture ….

and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms

What is considered to be genetic engineering? • Gene Therapy• Cell Transformation• Recombinant DNA• Transgenic or GMO’s

Manipulating DNA…• Today, we have expanded our use of genetic

information and we are able to use techniques for manipulating (modifying) DNA.

We can…. • extract DNA from cells, • cut it into small pieces, • identify the genes and sequences in DNA• make copies

GENE THERAPY process in which an absent or faulty gene is replaced

by a normal, working gene

various approaches have been taken…– bone marrow has been removed, modified in the laboratory

and placed back in the body– modified viruses have been used to carry replacement genes

into the body– inhalation of genetically engineered viruses containing

“good” genes has been attempted

Up to this point, gene therapy has not been very successful.

(Cell) Transformation….

process by which a cell takes in DNA from an outside (external) source

• Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be accomplished by artificial means in other types of living things.

• the external DNA may become part of the cell’s DNA

Recombinant DNA – taking DNA from one organism and combining it with another

organism

Uses Of Recombinant DNA • Recombinant human insulin • Recombinant human growth hormone (HGH) • Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII • Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine • Hervicide-resistant crops• Insect-resistant crops

Transgenic Organism…or Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

any organism containing genes from another organism (via human manipulation)

Plants, animals or microrganisms that have changed through genetic engineering 8] Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified.

cow containing genesfor producing

human milk proteinsbacterium containing

recombinant DNA

Genetic Diversity

• While applied genetics techniques often limit genetic variation, scientists are also interested in preserving the genetic diversity in organisms.

WHY is it important to maintain diversity/variation?

How is diversity within a species maintained?

1. By mutations (chemicals, radiation, …) – by natural or artificial causes

mutation = a change in the DNA2. By polyploidy – having extra sets of chromosomes – often

results in more vigor or increased size – by natural or artificial causes

3. By genetic recombination as a result of … * crossing over during prophase I of meiosis * sexual reproduction - union of 2 haploid

gametes