Submitted By, AVIPSA MISHRA M.Sc. Part-1 Roll No-BY2916avipsa.linu3@gmail.co

mDEPARTMENT OF BOTANY BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS…….•Introduction•What is Bioterrorism???•Biological weapon•Why use biological weapons•Types of biological weapons•Effects of biological attack•Biotechnology and biological warfare•Advanced biological warfare agents•Preventive majors•Geneva protocol•Conclusion

INTRODUCTION Advances in DNA technology has led to its issue in the field of forensics.

The use of DNA has recently found strong acceptance as a mean of identifying individuals in legal cases like identification of victims, paternity test, medical diagnostics, forensic archaeology, DNA fingerprinting etc.

However, developments in recombinant DNA techniques have brought with it the dangers of producing superbugs for use of biological weapons

WHAT IS BIOTERRORISM ??......Bioterrorism is a type of warfare that makes use of biological agents or biological weapons to inflict harm to enemy.Biological weapons use toxins or chemicals produced by microorganisms, plant or animals.Infectious agents such as, virus, protozoan or fungi are intentionally used to inflict harm to others.These agents are invisible and microscopic, yet, deadly.

BIOLOGICAL WEAPON…….A biological weapon is a combination of biological agents such as viruses, bacteria & their derivatives like toxins and the means of keeping the agents alive & virulent, transporting it to where it will be dispersed and a dissemination mechanism.

Terrorists can get control of these weapons & can cause harm.

HISTORYIndigenous people used toxic from plant in tip of arrow.Greek shoulders put dead body in water resource of enemiesBritish Commander Sir Jaffrey Amherst orders blankets used in smallpox clinic n gifted them to native Americans.In 1992 Aum Shinrikyo(religious group) - weaponized anthrax, q fever - travelled Zaire to find Ebola2001 SEPTEMBER-after 9/11 attack on world trade center, Anthrax letter were sent to several locations U.S.

WHY USE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS ?Have the ability to cause infection quickly.Life span is high.Spreading capacity is high.If stored, it will be stable.It is resistant to environmental condition.It is difficult to trace.It is invisible & microscopic.

SOME BIOLOGICAL AGENTS & EFFECTS

DIPTHERIA

ANTHRAX SALMONELLA

SMALLPOXINFLUENZATUBEROCULOSIS

DENGUE FEVER

MALARIA TYPHOID CHOLERA

TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS..These bioterrorism agents can be separated into 3 categories depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or death they cause .These are categorized as; 1.Catagory-A 2.Catagory-B 3.Catagory-C

CATEGORY-AThese high priority agents include organisms or toxins that pose the highest risk to the public and national security because, They can be easily spread or transmitted from person to person.They result in high death rate & have the potential for major public health impact.They might cause public panic & social heath disruption.Ex.-Smallpox virus, Anthrax, Plague, Botulism, Ebola etc

ANTHRAX PLAGUE EBOLA

CATEGORY-BThese agents are second highest priority because,They are moderately easy to spread.They result in moderate illness rates & low death ratesThey require specific enhancements of CDC’s(Center for Disease Control & prevention) laboratory capacity & enhanced disease monitoring.Ex.-Glander, Meliodosis, Ricin. Q fever, Typhus, Staphylococcal

RICIN GLANDERS

TYPHUS

CATEGORY-CThese 3rd highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future because,They are easily available.They are easily produced & spread.They have potential for high mortality rate & major health impact.Ex-Multi drugs resistant Tuberculosis, Nipah virus, Hanta virus

HANTA VIRUS

NIPAH VIRUS

EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL ATTACKBiological attacks have very harmful effect.According to World Health Organization Release of 50k.g. of Anthrax spores in 40k.m.² area will cause 1 lac death of people.Release of 50k.g. of plague spores in 20k.m.² area will cause 36000 death of people.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL WARFARE… Biological warfare is the international use of micro-organisms & toxins, generally of microbial, plant or animal origin to produce disease & death in humans, livestock & crops. Historically, bioweapon agents of concern have included a selective group of pathogens & toxins. They are all naturally occurring organisms or their toxic product. These are mainly of 2 types, 1. Genetically modified agents 2.Advanced biological warfare agents(ABW)

GENETICALLY MODIFIED AGENTSWith the advent of recombination DNA technology, an organism’s genetic make up may be altered & genetically modified biological warfare agents may be produced.Examples of genetic modification includes *Antibiotic resistance *Increased aerosol stability *Heightened pathogenesis

ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTSDeveloped technology across multiple disciplines in the biological sciences have revolutionized biowar by facilitating an entirely new class of fully engineered agents referred to as advanced biological warfare agents.

TECHNOLOGY AT WORKForensic teams work hard to identify biological agents, their origins & effects.Labs are working on advanced detection system to detect early attacks, identify at risk areas, and to give proper treatment.Bio surveillance system collects data to detect bioterror attack as far as possible.

PREVENTIVE MEASURESFull international cooperation on dealing with this problem is needed.We have to educate at risk population.Coordination between the potential producers & user of biological weapon is needed.There should be improve on biowarfare monitoring techniques & apparatusProper contacts to obtain stockpile supplies like antibiotics, immune sera, vaccines etc is needed.Should familiarize the medical staff with the agents.

GENEVA PROTOCOLUse of biological weapons was banned in international law by the Geneva protocol of 1925.The 1972 biological and toxin weapons convention extended to ban to almost all production , storage, and transport of any types of biological weapons

CONCLUSIONInfrastructural development regarding the care facilities and community health, proper health care from the grass root level and education will be the best approach to protect, respond and defend the ongoing consequences 0f bioterrorism

THANK YOU

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