No. 79, 184 BIRMINGHAM, GREAT BRITAIN. SUNDAY. DECEMBER 18. 1914 ONE PENN

Birmingham Daily Po#t                                                        

                                         

how to save the heat in the cylinder, when the idea came into my mind that steam was an elastic body and would run into a vacuum. If connection were made between the cylinder and a tank from which the air had been pumped, the steam would pass into the empty tank and might there be condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and of the water used in condensing it. It occurred to me this could be done by using pumps." He also said all those improvements were completed within two days. In the later following years, Watt improved his steam engine in the steam mill. After a series of significant improvements such as the separate condenser and prison, the first steam engine that had practice value was created. It was widely applied in industry. Watt opened up a new page of industrial history and human used energy.

The Origin of Spinning Jenny  

James Watt, a Scottish inventor and engineer who had invented steam engine. When James Watt invented steam engine, he didn’t realize this machine had given the following industrial world a tremendous impact. He first heard of the steam engine at 1759 in an Italian book. At that time, there already existed the Branca’s steam engine, which was little more than a toy and no use except to pulverize saltpeter. The idea of that, however, captivated him that he had begun to think about the steam engine meanwhile kept his reading until he saw one of Newcomen’s engine the university brought to him for repair. At the beginning, he repaired him and started it working but the boiler seemed not big enough. So he blew up the fire. This time the engine worked all right, but still required much fuel and spent quantities of steam. Then he made the experiment again and again and invested much money and time on it. “One Sunday afternoon early in 1765," Wrote Watt, "I had gone to take a walk in the Green of Glasgow. I was thinking upon the engine and about  

The Secret of Steam Engine TODAY: Chivalry，the most modern board game

-­‐Wrote  by  Sherry  Guo  

Composed  by  Andy  Li    

No. 79, 184 BIRMINGHAM, GREAT BRITAIN. SUNDAY. DECEMBER 18. 1914 ONE PENNY

   

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In 1765, James Hargreaves, a weaver from England, invented the Spinning Jenny, which indicated the Industrial Revolution had started.

On an evening in 1765, James came back home after work. When he entered his house, he kicked over the spinning machine, which his wife was using. Right after he kicked it over, he thought he should have straighten the spinning machine. But he paused at that moment because he noticed that the spinning machine was still working even though it had been kicked over. He saw the spindles that used to be horizontal became vertical. He thought what if he set more than one spindle vertical? He did so on the second day. He set eight spindles vertical so that the eight verticals could work at the same time and the efficiency became eight times higher than before.

After this great invention came in to people’s life, more and more weaving factories were set up and it greatly developed the textile industry. The Industrial Revolution started since then. However, the Spinning Jenny also affected people negatively. Since this kind of machine could work with higher-efficiency, the weavers at that time felt sense of crisis and they refused to use the Spinning Jenny.

Generally speaking, the inventing of Spinning Jenny promoted the development of human society because it started the Industrial Revolution. ------ By William He

 

Composed  by  Andy  Li    

Composed  by  Sherry  Guo  

The Origin of Spinning Jenny  

No. 79, 184 BIRMINGHAM, GREAT BRITAIN. SUNDAY. DECEMBER 18. 1914 ONE PENNY

   

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Living condistion The living conditions in England and rest of the Europe were eventually improved for the upper class and the middle class. But it was cause a huge pain for the lower class and common people. The middle class during the industrial revolution was wealthy and lavish. They have a very high quality live and own property. They often own a factory and hire different lower class workers. The life for the laboring class in the Industrial Revolution was short and dangerous because the factories and mines were a dangerous place to work. The manufacturers in the run to maximize productivity from the improvised machinery tried to give more work to the workers which making their lives miserable. The workers had to work all year long. In the summer and in winter they would work from 4 or 5 am, get home around 8 or 9 pm, as high as 16 to 17 hours or more a day. The workers itself was been treated badly and without insurance. The injuries from machinery would cause whole finger to be cut off, mild burns, severe arms and legs injuries, amputation of limbs and death. Many families were having economic problems because they were work very hard but only get a little bit money. ----- By Andy Li

Benefits & Problems The benefits outweigh the problems generated by these societal shifts. During the Industrial Revolution, the British way of life was changed. Sientific innovations and technological improvements contributed to the advancement of agriculture, industry, shipping and trade and to the expansion of the economy. At the same time, with the increase of capital and the need for credit, more and more banks were built not only in London but also in countryside. Industrialists, shipbuilders, merchants and other private manufacturers established provincial banks and issued paper money in the form of bills of exchange and notes, primarily in order to provide payment for labour and for the purchase of raw materials. Generally speaking, the Industrial Revolution helped people realize the capitalism and promoted the development of human society. So the benefits outweigh the problems generated by these societal shifts. During the Industrial Revolution, the British way of life was changed.  ---- William He

EDITORIALS

The Impact of Industrialization

Daily Life & Family Life Industrialization brought a drmatic chang to family life. The most important change was the family structure, which was more cohesive and interacted to live before a series of employment opportunities, had slipped into parts after the Revolution. New factories and stores gave all members in a family a great chance to generate income. Because the whole families join the processes of work, there was no one idled in a family. Everyone moved away include children. Thus, the previous family structure did no longer exist. Besides, the division of work in a family changed a lot. Women would not stay at home, focused on looking after children or doing housework. Instead, they moved out of the families and earned their own wage by working outside. They also might share tasks with their husbands. Children in a family became child labor. They worked among factories to get meager but important money salary. By Sherry Guo The Industrial Revolution changed the lives of many and paved the way for future generations. Wages were increased for factory work in the 1800s. As a result, many could afford more clothing and coal to create heat. (see rest of it in next page)    

No. 79, 184 BIRMINGHAM, GREAT BRITAIN. SUNDAY. DECEMBER 18. 1914 ONE PENNY

   

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United Kingdom also thrived, producing easier ways of living. For example, their inventions in the textile industry such as the spinning mule, the water frame, and the cotton gin made clothing production much easier. Industrialization created many occupations, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions such as bad air quality and water pollution which caused illnesses. The Industrial Revolution also created child labor, which is an unhealthy environment for a child to be in. It also led to rising class tensions, especially between the working class and the middle class. ----- Margeaux

P o lit ic a l C a r t o o n d re w b y M a rg e a u x

The Industrial Revolution started in 1765. During this time period, the different kinds of machines were invented, more and more workers were hired to use them.

Simply, the working conditions were terrible during the Industrial Revolution. As factories were being built, businesses were in need of workers. With a long line of people willing to work, employers could set wages as low as they wanted because people need money for their living needs. Most of the people worked fourteen to sixteen hours a day for six days a week. However, the majority were unskilled workers, which only received about $8-$10 dollars a week. Skilled workers earned a little more, but not as many as their need. Women received one-third or sometimes one-half the pay that men received. Middle classes, who were only concerned with making a profit, were satisfied because labor cost less.

The working environment was dirty and not cleaned. The only light present was the sunlight that came through the windows. Machines spit out smoke and in some factories, workers came out covered in black soot by the end of the day. There were a plethora of machines with not many safety precautions. This resulted in many accidents. The workers only received a break for lunch and a break for dinner.

Children were used for simpler, unskilled jobs. Many children had physical deformities because of the lack of exercise and sunlight. The use of children as labor for such long hours with little pay led to the formation of labor unions.

Labor Unions formed because workers finally wanted to put a stop to long hours for slender income. They demanded more pay and fairer treatment. They did not want children to work in factories because of the danger involved. Labor unions organized strikes and protests. However, as more immigrants came to the United States, more workers became available. These workers were willing to work, even if others were not because of unfair treatment. This lessened the effect of the labor unions since businesses had no shortage of workers. This is why most labor unions were unsuccessful.

-----Andy Li NEWS Working

Condition Composed  by  Sherry  Guo  

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Here are two letters from our readers hold different ideas of child labor:

Dear Editor, Health has been a concern for many in the past few years. Child labor is an included problem that must be resolved. Children must have the right to continue their education and pursue their passions. Work can take away from that. I strongly oppose child labor due to its irrational purpose. Why must children work at such a young age? Child labor puts dangerous risks to play. Must we continue to standby this? Mist we continue to risk the lives of our young? The children are our future. If health isn’t in their favor, what will become of the world? Sincerely,    Margeaux Fonseca British Reporter

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR  

Dear Editor, The child labor is a common situation during the 18 century. A lot of the countries in the Europe was using the child labor as their part of the working systems. The countries hired the child labor for the work in the different factories and mines. Some people thinks that the child labor is inhuman and it is bad for human development. But the didn’t think about the social environment during that time. The children in the lower class family cannot offered to the school and there is very few school in England until 1844. Also, the children in the 18 century was living in the center of the cities, which is the poor environment and very bad surge system. It gives the bad health to the children. The working family need money to living so government provide full-time employment of children who are under a minimum legal age. If the government cancel the child labor, the social output value will decrease momently. In the British coal industry in the mid-nineteenth century, 13 percent of the labor force was under the age of fifteen. In Belgium, the percentage was even higher: in the coal and coke industry, children under sixteen constituted 22.4 percent of the total workforce of forty-six thousand in 1846. It will cost the slowdown the speed of the technology development and industrial value. Best regards, Andy Li  

Composed  by  Sherry  Guo