BIRTH ORDER

From ADLER To SULLOWAY

BIRTH ORDER

From ADLER To SULLOWAY

A 32-year Review of LiteratureWith A Biopsychosocial Approach

A 32-year Review of LiteratureWith A Biopsychosocial Approach

Methodological Standpoints in Birth Order StudiesMethodological Standpoints in Birth Order Studies

Birth Order As A Dependent Variable (Bythaway B. A Statistical Trap Associated With Family Size. Journal of Biosocial Sciences 6:67-72 1974 )

Birth Order As A Dependent Variable (Bythaway B. A Statistical Trap Associated With Family Size. Journal of Biosocial Sciences 6:67-72 1974 )

Comparison Of Sibs Within the Same SibshipComparison Of Sibs Within the Same Sibship

Between-Family Studies:Between-Family Studies:

Birth Order As An Independent Variable(Kinsolving Dl, Bone Rn. Firstborns, only children, sex and field independence. Psychological Reports, 29: 126 1971)

Birth Order As An Independent Variable(Kinsolving Dl, Bone Rn. Firstborns, only children, sex and field independence. Psychological Reports, 29: 126 1971)

Within-Family Studies:Within-Family Studies:

Biopsychosocial Approach to Birth Order

Implications

Biopsychosocial Approach to Birth Order

ImplicationsBiological Implications:Biological Implications:

2. Implications to Epidemiology of General Medical Diseases2. Implications to Epidemiology of General Medical Diseases

3. Implications to Laterality3. Implications to Laterality

4. Implications to Intelligence and Mental Functioning4. Implications to Intelligence and Mental Functioning

5. Implications to Language Development, Neurocognitive Status, Communication Skills, and Perceptual Motor Performance

5. Implications to Language Development, Neurocognitive Status, Communication Skills, and Perceptual Motor Performance

Psychological Implications:Psychological Implications:

2. Implications to Temperament, Personality, Attributional Styles, and Psychopathology

2. Implications to Temperament, Personality, Attributional Styles, and Psychopathology3. Implications to Adjustment System, Response to Stress, and Accident Proneness

3. Implications to Adjustment System, Response to Stress, and Accident Proneness4. Implications to Epidemiology of Major Psychiatric Illnesses4. Implications to Epidemiology of Major Psychiatric Illnesses

5. Implications to Sexual Identity and Behavior5. Implications to Sexual Identity and Behavior

Biological Implications:Biological Implications:

2. Implications to Social Position, Occupation, and Achievement2. Implications to Social Position, Occupation, and Achievement

1. Implications to Attachment System, Parent-child Relationship, and Favoritism

1. Implications to Attachment System, Parent-child Relationship, and Favoritism

1. IImplications to Growth and Development of Fetus and Infant1. IImplications to Growth and Development of Fetus and Infant

1. Implications to Interpersonal Relationship1. Implications to Interpersonal Relationship

BIRTH ORDERBIRTH ORDER

Implications to IntelligenceImplications to Intelligence

3. Nichols Rc, Davis Ja. Characteristics of Students of High Academic Aptitude. Pers Guid J 42:794-800 1964

3. Nichols Rc, Davis Ja. Characteristics of Students of High Academic Aptitude. Pers Guid J 42:794-800 1964

4. Altus WD. Birth order and Scholastic Aptitude. Psychological Reports 16:956, 1965

4. Altus WD. Birth order and Scholastic Aptitude. Psychological Reports 16:956, 1965 5. Belmont L., Marolla F.A. Birth Order, Family Size, And Intelligence. Science, 182: 1096-1101 1973

5. Belmont L., Marolla F.A. Birth Order, Family Size, And Intelligence. Science, 182: 1096-1101 1973

6. Belmont L; Wittes J; Stein Z. Relation Of Birth Order, Family Size And Social Class To Psychological Functions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45(3 Pt 2):1107-16 1977 Dec

6. Belmont L; Wittes J; Stein Z. Relation Of Birth Order, Family Size And Social Class To Psychological Functions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45(3 Pt 2):1107-16 1977 Dec

7. Belmont L,Stein Z,Zybert P. Child Spacing And Birth Order: Effect On Intellectual Ability In Two-Child Families. Science,202(4371):995-6 1978 Dec 1

7. Belmont L,Stein Z,Zybert P. Child Spacing And Birth Order: Effect On Intellectual Ability In Two-Child Families. Science,202(4371):995-6 1978 Dec 1

1. Ernst C, Angst J. Birth order : It’s influences on personality. By Springer-Verlag 1983

1. Ernst C, Angst J. Birth order : It’s influences on personality. By Springer-Verlag 1983

2. Zybert P, Stein Z, Belmont L. Maternal Age and Children’s Ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills 47:815-818, 1978

2. Zybert P, Stein Z, Belmont L. Maternal Age and Children’s Ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills 47:815-818, 1978

8. Zajonc RB, Markus GB. Birth Order And Intellectual Development. Psychological Review, 82:74-88 1975

8. Zajonc RB, Markus GB. Birth Order And Intellectual Development. Psychological Review, 82:74-88 1975

9. Zajonc RB, Markus H, Markus GB. The Birth Order Puzzle. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8):1325-41 1979 Aug

9. Zajonc RB, Markus H, Markus GB. The Birth Order Puzzle. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8):1325-41 1979 Aug

10. Zajonc RB. Family Configuration and Intelligence. Science 192:227-236, 1986

10. Zajonc RB. Family Configuration and Intelligence. Science 192:227-236, 198611. Zajonc RB, Mullally PR. Birth Order : Reconciling Conflicting Effects. American Psychologist 52: 685-699 1997

11. Zajonc RB, Mullally PR. Birth Order : Reconciling Conflicting Effects. American Psychologist 52: 685-699 1997

Environmental HypothesisEnvironmental Hypothesis

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Family Size Effects Nested Within Birth Order

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Family Size Effects Nested Within Birth Order

The Netherlands DataRaven

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3. Davis DJ, Cahan S, Bashi J. Birth Order And Intellectual Development: The Confluence Model In The Light Of Cross-Cultural Evidence. Science, 196(4297):1470-2 1977 Jun 24

3. Davis DJ, Cahan S, Bashi J. Birth Order And Intellectual Development: The Confluence Model In The Light Of Cross-Cultural Evidence. Science, 196(4297):1470-2 1977 Jun 24

4. Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov PK. Economic Deprivation And Early Childhood Development. Child Development 65: 296-318, 1994

4. Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov PK. Economic Deprivation And Early Childhood Development. Child Development 65: 296-318, 1994

1. Page EB, Grandon GM. Family Configuration and Mental Ability: Two Theories Contrasted with US Data. American Educational Research Journal 16:257-272 1979

1. Page EB, Grandon GM. Family Configuration and Mental Ability: Two Theories Contrasted with US Data. American Educational Research Journal 16:257-272 1979

2. Velandina W, Grandon GM, Page EB. Family Size, Birth Order, and Intelligence in a Large South American Sample. American Educational Research Journal 15:399-416 1978

2. Velandina W, Grandon GM, Page EB. Family Size, Birth Order, and Intelligence in a Large South American Sample. American Educational Research Journal 15:399-416 1978

Environmental HypothesisEnvironmental Hypothesis

1. Jensen AR. Cumulative Defeicit: A Testable Hypothesis? Developmental Psychology 10:996-1019, 1974

1. Jensen AR. Cumulative Defeicit: A Testable Hypothesis? Developmental Psychology 10:996-1019, 1974

2. Jensen AR. The Nature of Black-White Difference on Various Psychometric Tests: Spearman’s Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:193-263, 1985

2. Jensen AR. The Nature of Black-White Difference on Various Psychometric Tests: Spearman’s Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:193-263, 1985

3. Turkheimer E. Individual and Group Differences in Adoption Studies of IQ. Psycholohgical Bulletin 110:392-405, 1991

3. Turkheimer E. Individual and Group Differences in Adoption Studies of IQ. Psycholohgical Bulletin 110:392-405, 1991

4. Foster JW, Archer SJ. Birth Order And Intelligence: An Immunological Interpretation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48(1):79-93 1979 Feb

4. Foster JW, Archer SJ. Birth Order And Intelligence: An Immunological Interpretation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48(1):79-93 1979 Feb

Biological and Genetic Hypothesis

Biological and Genetic Hypothesis

5. Yeates KO, Mcphee D, Campbell FA, Ramey CT. Maternal IQ and Home Environment as Determinants of Early Childhood Intellectual Competence: A Developmental Analysis. Developmental Psychology 19:731-739, 1983

5. Yeates KO, Mcphee D, Campbell FA, Ramey CT. Maternal IQ and Home Environment as Determinants of Early Childhood Intellectual Competence: A Developmental Analysis. Developmental Psychology 19:731-739, 1983

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1. Helms JE. Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing? American Psychologist 47:1083-1101, 1992

1. Helms JE. Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing? American Psychologist 47:1083-1101, 1992

2. Rodgers JL. What Causes Birth Order-Intelligence Patterns? The Admixture Hypothesis, Revived. American Psychologist 56(6-7): 505-510, 2001

2. Rodgers JL. What Causes Birth Order-Intelligence Patterns? The Admixture Hypothesis, Revived. American Psychologist 56(6-7): 505-510, 2001

3. Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, Van Den Oord E, Rowe DC. Resolving The Debate Over Birth Order, Family Size, And Intelligence. American Psychologist 55(6):599-612, 2001

3. Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, Van Den Oord E, Rowe DC. Resolving The Debate Over Birth Order, Family Size, And Intelligence. American Psychologist 55(6):599-612, 2001

4. Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, Van Den Oord E, Rowe DC. Birth Order And Intelligence: Together Again For The Last Time? American Psychologist 56(6-7): 523-524, 2001

4. Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, Van Den Oord E, Rowe DC. Birth Order And Intelligence: Together Again For The Last Time? American Psychologist 56(6-7): 523-524, 2001

Cultural Test Bias Hypothesis

Cultural Test Bias Hypothesis

5. Downey DB. Number Of Siblings And Intellectual Development - The Resource Dilution Explanation . American Psychologist 56(6-7): 497-504, 2001

5. Downey DB. Number Of Siblings And Intellectual Development - The Resource Dilution Explanation . American Psychologist 56(6-7): 497-504, 2001

5. Guo G, Vanwey LK. Sibship Size And Intellectual Development: Is The Relationship Causal? American Sociological Review 64(2):169-187, 1999

5. Guo G, Vanwey LK. Sibship Size And Intellectual Development: Is The Relationship Causal? American Sociological Review 64(2):169-187, 1999

1. Dickson WP. The Development of Interpersonal Referential Communication Skills in Young Children Using An Interactional Game Device. Diss Abstr Int 35-A:3511, 1974

1. Dickson WP. The Development of Interpersonal Referential Communication Skills in Young Children Using An Interactional Game Device. Diss Abstr Int 35-A:3511, 1974

2. Nelson K. Individual Differences in Language Development: Implications for Development and Language. Developmental Psychology 17:170-187, 1981

2. Nelson K. Individual Differences in Language Development: Implications for Development and Language. Developmental Psychology 17:170-187, 1981

3. Jensen AR. The Nature of Black-White Difference on Various Psychometric Tests: Spearman’s Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:193-263, 1985

3. Jensen AR. The Nature of Black-White Difference on Various Psychometric Tests: Spearman’s Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:193-263, 1985

4. Pine JM. Variation In Vocabulary Development As A Function Of Birth-Order. Child Development 66(1):272-281, 1995

4. Pine JM. Variation In Vocabulary Development As A Function Of Birth-Order. Child Development 66(1):272-281, 1995

Verbal Intelligence vs. Emotional Intelligence

Verbal Intelligence vs. Emotional Intelligence

5. Morand DA. Family Size And Intelligence Revisited: The Role Of Emotional Intelligence. Psychological Reports 84(2):643-649, 1999

5. Morand DA. Family Size And Intelligence Revisited: The Role Of Emotional Intelligence. Psychological Reports 84(2):643-649, 1999

BIRTH ORDERBIRTH ORDER

Implications to Character, Personality, Concepts,

and Life Style

Implications to Character, Personality, Concepts,

and Life Style

Paradigms inPersonality Psychology

Paradigms inPersonality Psychology

Psychoanalytic ParadigmPsychoanalytic Paradigm

2. Heinz Kohut Concept of Narcissism2. Heinz Kohut Concept of Narcissism

TraitTrait

1. Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology1. Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology

Cognitive Information Processing and Social Cognitive TheoryCognitive Information Processing and Social Cognitive Theory

Biological Trends Involving Evolutionary PsychologyBiological Trends Involving Evolutionary Psychology

Alfred Adler’sIndividual Psychology

Alfred Adler’sIndividual Psychology

• Feeling of Community• Feeling of Community

• Necessary Interdependence• Necessary Interdependence

• Feeling of Interconnectedness• Feeling of Interconnectedness

• Final Goal• Final Goal

• Feeling of Inferiority• Feeling of Inferiority

• Plus and Minus Situations• Plus and Minus Situations

• Main Tasks : Work , Community, Love• Main Tasks : Work , Community, Love

• Style of Life• Style of Life

• Psychopathologic Conditions:• Insufficiently Developed Feeling of Community • Exaggerated Feeling of Inferiority

• Physical Handicap• Family Dynamics

• Parenting Style• Position in the family constellation

• Societal Influences

• Psychopathologic Conditions:• Insufficiently Developed Feeling of Community • Exaggerated Feeling of Inferiority

• Physical Handicap• Family Dynamics

• Parenting Style• Position in the family constellation

• Societal Influences

Alfred Adler’sIndividual Psychology

Alfred Adler’sIndividual Psychology

Traits Associated to first- and Laterborns

First Borns Laterborns

Protector and Leader, creative Ready to cooperateStrong trend to achieve Extremely ambitiousPower hungry, conservative Inclined to new ideasIntrospective ExtravertedAdult-oriented Peer-oriented, empathizing, popularInterest in abstract thought Interested in practical problemsRebelliousResignedVulnerable and uncertain Harmonious and leisurelyLow self-esteemFearful, dependent, affiliativeIndirect expression of Aggression Direct expression of AggressionStrongly sex-typedFrom Ernst C, Angst J. Birth order : It’s influences on personality. By Springer-Verlag 1983

Academic AchievementAcademic Achievement

• White J; Campbell L; Stewart A. Associations Of Scores On The White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory And The Kern Lifestyle Scale. Psychological Reports, 77(3 Pt 2):1187-96 1995 Dec

• White J; Campbell L; Stewart A. Associations Of Scores On The White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory And The Kern Lifestyle Scale. Psychological Reports, 77(3 Pt 2):1187-96 1995 Dec

• Belmont L; Stein Za; Wittes Jt. Birth Order, Family Size And School Failure. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 18(4):421-30 1976 Aug

• Belmont L; Stein Za; Wittes Jt. Birth Order, Family Size And School Failure. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 18(4):421-30 1976 Aug

• Downey Db. When Bigger Is Not Better - Family-Size, Parental Resources, And Childrens Educational Performance. American Sociological Review, 60(5):746-761, 1995

• Downey Db. When Bigger Is Not Better - Family-Size, Parental Resources, And Childrens Educational Performance. American Sociological Review, 60(5):746-761, 1995

• Sputa Cl; Paulson SE. Birth Order And Family Size: Influences On Adolescents' Achievement And Related Parenting Behaviors. Psychological Reports, 76(1):43-51 1995 Feb

• Sputa Cl; Paulson SE. Birth Order And Family Size: Influences On Adolescents' Achievement And Related Parenting Behaviors. Psychological Reports, 76(1):43-51 1995 Feb• Nystul Ms. Response To Sputa And Paulsons Birth-Order And Family-Size - Influences On Adolescents Achievement And Related Parenting Behaviors. Psychological Reports 1995, Vol 76, Iss 3, Pp 1241-1242

• Nystul Ms. Response To Sputa And Paulsons Birth-Order And Family-Size - Influences On Adolescents Achievement And Related Parenting Behaviors. Psychological Reports 1995, Vol 76, Iss 3, Pp 1241-1242

• Vaneijck K; Degraaf Pm The Effects Of Family Structure On The Educational Attainment Of Siblings In Hungary. European Sociological Review, 11(3):273-292, 1995

• Vaneijck K; Degraaf Pm The Effects Of Family Structure On The Educational Attainment Of Siblings In Hungary. European Sociological Review, 11(3):273-292, 1995• Travis R; Kohli V. The Birth Order Factor: Ordinal Position, Social Strata, And Educational Achievement. Journal Of Social Psychology, 135(4):499-507 1995 Aug

• Travis R; Kohli V. The Birth Order Factor: Ordinal Position, Social Strata, And Educational Achievement. Journal Of Social Psychology, 135(4):499-507 1995 Aug

• Parker WD. Birth-Order Effects In The Academically Talented. Gifted Child Quarterly, 42(1):29-38, 1998

• Parker WD. Birth-Order Effects In The Academically Talented. Gifted Child Quarterly, 42(1):29-38, 1998

• Binder M. Family Background, Gender And Schooling In Mexico. Journal Of Development Studies, 35(2):54-71, 1998.

• Binder M. Family Background, Gender And Schooling In Mexico. Journal Of Development Studies, 35(2):54-71, 1998.

• Conley D. Sibship Sex Composition: Effects On Educational Attainment. Social Science Research 29(3):441-457, 2000.

• Conley D. Sibship Sex Composition: Effects On Educational Attainment. Social Science Research 29(3):441-457, 2000.

Social LeadershipSocial Leadership

• Newman J; Taylor A. Family Training For Political-Leadership - Birth-Order Of United-States State Governors And Australian Prime Ministers. Political Psychology, 15(3):435-442, 1994

• Newman J; Taylor A. Family Training For Political-Leadership - Birth-Order Of United-States State Governors And Australian Prime Ministers. Political Psychology, 15(3):435-442, 1994

• McCann SJH. The Extended American Social, Economic, And Political Threat Index (1788-1992). Journal Of Psychology, 132(4):435-449, 1998

• McCann SJH. The Extended American Social, Economic, And Political Threat Index (1788-1992). Journal Of Psychology, 132(4):435-449, 1998

• McCann SJH. Birth Order Of Past Presidents And Schlesinger's History Cycles: Support For Stewart's Leadership Theory. Psychological Reports, 88(2):375-376, 2001

• McCann SJH. Birth Order Of Past Presidents And Schlesinger's History Cycles: Support For Stewart's Leadership Theory. Psychological Reports, 88(2):375-376, 2001

• Steinberg BS. The Making Of Female Presidents And Prime Ministers: The Impact Of Birth Order, Sex Of Siblings, And Father-Daughter Dynamics. Political Psychology, 22(1):89-110, 2001

• Steinberg BS. The Making Of Female Presidents And Prime Ministers: The Impact Of Birth Order, Sex Of Siblings, And Father-Daughter Dynamics. Political Psychology, 22(1):89-110, 2001

Other CharacteristicsOther Characteristics

• Eyring WE 3rd; Sobelman S. Narcissism And Birth Order. Psychological Reports, 78(2):403-6 1996 Apr

• Eyring WE 3rd; Sobelman S. Narcissism And Birth Order. Psychological Reports, 78(2):403-6 1996 Apr

• Zemanek Je Jr; Claxton Rp; Zemanek Wh Greenville, Relationship Of Birth Order And The Marketing-Related Variable Of Materialism. Psychological Reports, 86(2):429-34 2000 Apr

• Zemanek Je Jr; Claxton Rp; Zemanek Wh Greenville, Relationship Of Birth Order And The Marketing-Related Variable Of Materialism. Psychological Reports, 86(2):429-34 2000 Apr

• Manaster Gj; Rhodes C. The Role Of Birth Order In The Acculturation Of Japanese Americans. Psychologia 1998, Vol 41, Iss 3, Pp 155-170

• Manaster Gj; Rhodes C. The Role Of Birth Order In The Acculturation Of Japanese Americans. Psychologia 1998, Vol 41, Iss 3, Pp 155-170