Industrialization in Great Britain

Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

Pre-industrial Society Small, rural communities

Life revolved around farming

Incomes were very low causing malnourishment

Disease was common

People produced the mass of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools

Most manufacturing done in the homes of these people or small shops, using simple tools and machines

1500's-1700's

Agriculture

Domestic Lifestyle

"Chaff Box" or "Chaff Cutter" 1610-1630

Other tools …

Great deposits of coal and iron

Politically stable society

The world’s leading colonial power

Its colonies had a good source of raw materials and served well as a marketplace for manufactured goods.

Demand for British goods increased

Merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production

The rise of mechanization and the factory system

Britain

Innovation and Industrialization1700-1900

In 1709, coke smelting & production methods for brass and iron goods

Coke smelting replaced charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the process of refining metals

Darby's casting methods made the production of the iron and brass steam engines possible.

Englishman Abraham Darby

1700s

The first practical steam engine

Used primarily to pump water out of mines

Scottish inventor James Watt had improved on Newcomen’s work and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships.

Englishman Thomas Newcomen

1712

Invented the Spinning Jenny

a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads at the same time.

By the time of Hargreaves’ death, there were over 20,000 Spinning Jennys in use across Britain.

The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton’s spinning mule, as well as later machines.

Englishman James Hargreaves

1764

Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines.

He realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy

Watt introduced a design enhancement

1775James Watts

The power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth

English inventor Edmund Cartwright

1780s

Transportation and the Industrial Revolution

The first commercially successful steamboat, and by the mid-19th century, steamships were carrying goods across the Atlantic.

American Robert Fulton

Early1800

As steam-powered ships were making their debut, The steam locomotive was also coming into use Constructed the first railway steam locomotive.

British engineer Richard Trevithick

Early 1800s

Developed a new process for road construction

His technique, which became known as macadam, resulted in roads that were smoother, more durable and less muddy.

Scottish engineer John McAdam

1820

In 1830, England’s Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the first to offer regular, timetabled passenger services.

By 1850, Britain had more than 6,000 miles of railroad track.

1830-1852

Communication and Banking Communication and Banking

The rise of banks and industrial financiers

Factory system dependent on owners and managers.

A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s

1770s

The founder of modern economicsPublished “The Wealth of Nations.” In it, Smith promoted an economic system

based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference.

Scottish social philosopher Adam Smith

1776

Communication became easier during the Industrial Revolution

The first commercial electrical telegraph.•William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone

1837

A telegraphic cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic 1866

Quality of Life during Industrialization

Greater volume and variety of factory-produced goods

Raised the standard of living for many people

The middle class

The upper class

Early 1800’s

Life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges

Low wagesDangerous and tiresome working

conditionsUnskilled workers had little job

security and were easily replaceable

An estimated 1/5th of the workers in Britain’s textile industry were younger than 15.

craftspeople were replaced by machines.

Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery

1860s

Overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was widespread.

Mid 1800’s

A filthy "Father Thames"

Conditions for Britain’s working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century.

The government instituted various labor reforms

Workers gained the right to form trade unions.

Late 1800’s

Industrialization Moves Beyond Britain in Germany

The British enacted legislation that banded the export of their technology and skillful employees.

However, they had little success.

Industrialization started in Britain and spread to other European countries including Belgium, France, Germany and to the United States.

By the18th century, going into the mid 19 century, industrialization set up throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region.

Since then the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation in the 20th century.

Germany was a land of political diversity and it was undeveloped compared to Britain because of the division in politics.

The first steps Germany took toward Industrialization is when they sent they’re children to learn through English education in Industrialization.

Germany’s success in industrializing came from Britain importing British workers and machines that taught Germans the ways of the English.

Germans began to build railroads to help the industrialization. When Germany was finally industrialized, their military power

began to strengthen and grow, which then led to Germany becoming  military and industrial giants in the late 1800s.

At the beginning of the 1800s, Germany had 300 odd states. There were multitudes of tolls and different currencies relevant

in each state.Commerce and business became extremely difficult and

expensive to conduct. Most of the industry and commerce that was in Germany

territories were controlled by traditional guilds. The traditional guilds was heavily opposed to factory

construction and unrestricted commerce, thus slowing down the unification of Germany.

Early 1800's

For the first time, Germany’s economic entity experienced a so called economic boom after the internal trade barriers were lifted.

Germany’s currency was established, and Germany was able to receive capital for building railroads and other construction.

This caused intense financial speculation, causing Germany stock market to crash in 1873.

Even though the stock market crash and several following periods of economic depression had occured, Germany's economy grew extremely fast.

1900

By 1900 Germany was able to compete with the more established British economy as the world's largest.

German coal and steel production exceeded British production.

Because industrialization came to Germany much later than it did in Britain, German economy was not significant until the late nineteenth century.

Germany's industrialization began with the building of railroads in the 1840s and 1850s and development of iron, steel and coal mining.

This, so called First Industrial Revolution, was followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, that was the growth of chemical and electrical industries.

Because of great investments into research and development, Germany was producing half the world's electrical equipment, thus becoming the continent's industrial giant.

German population also expanded rapidly, growing from 41.0 million in 1871 to 49.7 million in 1891 and 65.3 million in 1911.

Many cities, including Berlin, tripled or quadrupled in size.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945 was an Austrian born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party German.

He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

Hitler was at the centre of Nazi Germany, World War II in Europe, and the Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler believed that Slavs and Jews were responsible for the troubles of Austria and Germany.

In between 1924 and 1929, the years of prosperity and relative stability began in Germany.

Hitler’s main concern was building the Nazi party. In 1929, the Great Depression began breaking down economic

prosperity.

Unemployment increased from 1.3 million to 5 million and industrial production dropped by one-half.

The economic crisis Germany was facing contributed to Hitler’s rise to power.

Hitler’s promise of “work and bread”, was announce. He launched a enormous public works program and lifted Germany out of depression by building superhighways, offices, sports stadiums and public housing, even though most government usually began to concentrate on the military.

After the Allies won the war in 1945, the country's economy was shattered.

Whatever survived was taken by the Allies.

Germany was able to rise again now receiving strong support from the European Recovery Program, known as Marshall Plan, production for Korean War, and German readiness to work hard for low wages

Now up until today, Germany has one of the world's biggest economies and most influential or controlled central banks.

Germany's success and influence is due to its currency.

The deutsche mark gave West Germany's its international, financial and economic success.

Germany Modernize