BITUMEN

BITUMENSubmitted by-Vishakha Gaur: 02116101412Tarun Pratap Singh: 02216101412

INTRODUCTIONA black or dark brown non-crystalline solid or viscous material, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, having adhesive properties, derived from petroleum either by natural or refinery processes and substantially soluble in carbon disulphide PROPERTIESAdhesion:Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a solid surface in a fluid state depending on the nature of the surface. The presence of water on the surface will prevent adhesion.

Resistance to Water:Bitumen is water resistant. Under some conditions water may be absorbed by minute quantities of inorganic salts in the bitumen or filler in it.

Hardness:To measure the hardness of bitumen, the penetration test is conducted, which measures the depth of penetration in tenths of mm. of a weighted needle in bitumen after a given time, at a known temperature. Commonly a weight of 100 gm is applied for 5 sec at a temperature of 77 F. The penetration is a measure of hardness. Typical results are 10 for hard coating bitumen, up to 100 or more for water proofing bitumen.

Viscosity and Flow:The flow properties of bitumens vary considerably with temperature and stress conditions. Deterioration, or loss of the desirable properties of bitumen, takes the form of hardening.Resultantly, decrease in adhesive and flow properties and an increase in the softening point temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.

Ductility:Ductility test is conducted to determine the amount bitumen will stretch at temperature below its softening point.A briquette having a cross sectional area of 1 in2is placed in a tester at77 F. Ductility values ranges from 0 to over 150 depending on the type of bitumen.

ORIGINIt has been utilized since 3500 B.C. in building and road construction.The early bitumen were found in pools and bitumen lakes. For example: Trinidad and Bermudez lake deposits.There constantly bubbling liquid bitumen with minerals mixed out of the ground and has formed a bitumen lake in the course of history. This mixture is of natural bitumen and rock material.An important mine in Europe is the mine in SelenicainAlbania.TYPES Depending upon the temperature and other factors various types of bitumen are found and used throughout the world.

Cutback Bitumen: Cut-back bitumens are those which are prepared with the addition of a volatile to reduce the thickness of the binder.

Fluxed Bitumen: Fluxed bitumens are those bitumen which are prepared by the addition of relatively non volatile oils to reduce the viscosity of the binder.

Modified Bitumen: Modified bituminous binder are those whose properties such as cohesive strength, adhesive property, elasticity or viscosity have been modified by the use of one or combined chemical agents.

Asphalt: Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates both fine (sand and filler) and coarse (stone) and a bituminous binder. It contains approximately 4-7% of bitumen. Asphalt is primarily used in road construction and its properties depend upon the type, size and amount of aggregate used in the mixture, all of which can be adjusted to provide the required properties for the desired application.

COMPOSITIONConstitutes of Bitumen :Complex chemical mixture of molecules that are predominantly hydrocarbons with a small amount structurally analogous species (sulphur,nitrogen, oxygen atoms). Some trace quantities of metal suchas vanadium, nickel, iron, magnesium, calcium.Carbon:82-88%Hydrogen:8-11%Sulphur:0-6%Oxygen:0-1.5%Nitrogen:0-1%

BASIC REFINERY PROCESSAsphalt is simply the residue left over from petroleum refining. Crude oil is heated in a large furnace to about 340 C (650 F) and partially vaporized. It is then fed into a distillation tower where the lighter components vaporize and are drawn off for further processing.

The residue from this process (the asphalt) is usually fed into a vacuum distillation unit where a vacuum distillation unit heavier gas oils are drawn off. Bitumen grade is controlled by the amount of heavy gas oil remaining. Other techniques can then extract additional oils from the asphalt.BASIC REFINERY PROCESS

USESHydraulics & erosion control Catchment areasDam linings, protectionDrainage gutters, structuresMattressesMembrane linings, waterproofingSewage lagoons, oxidation pondsSwimming poolsWaste pondsWater barriersBacked felts

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