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BITUMINOUS LAYERS
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Properties of Bitumen
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Introduction
Aggregate(Natural) : Ignious Charnite, Oranite
: Metamorphic - Sihist, Gneas Dindigul, Ramnad, etc.: Sedimental - Laterite, Lime stone, Kenkar, Koral stone
(Artificial) : Blast Furnace Slag, Synopal, Broken Cube, Brick Jelly
Binders :BITUMEN TAR
Process: Fractional distillation Destructive distillationIn the order of decreasing volatility
Gasoline Dehydrated Coal TarKerosene Light OilDiesel Carbolic OilLight Lube Oil Napthelene OilHeavy Lube Oil Wash OilBitumen Anthralene Oil
Pitch
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BITUMEN : Is the by product of the distillation or evaporation ofCRUDE PETROLEUM either by natural process orin a refinery and is the basic constituent of asphalt.(British Name) Fractional distillation
ASPHALT : A mixture of bitumen and mineral matter whichmay occur in natural deposits or be produced byartificial means. (American Name)
TAR : Is the by product in the manufacture of gas fromcoal. Resulting initially from the destructive
distillation ofCOAL which has been so refined as tobe suitable for road work.
Has some volatile oils which evaporate by exposure,leaving the tar brittle and friable. That is whyoverheating of tar is prohibited.
Introduction
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1) 10/20
S15 (Grade based on Penetration value) for Mastic Asphalt
2) 30/40 S35 (Grade based on Penetration value)
3) 60/70 S65 (Grade based on Penetration value)
4) 80/100 S90 (Grade based on Penetration value)
5) Modified BitumenCRMB 50, CRMB55, CRMB 60 (Grade based on Softening Point)(Crump Rubber Modified Bitumen)
Physical Constituents of Bitumen:1) Asphaltic (Solid state)
2) Maltene (Semi solid state)
3) Volatile oil (Liquid state)
Grades of Bitumen
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Properties of Bitumen
Sl.
No.
Properties
IS: 73 1992
Grade of Bitumen
S 35 S 65 S 90
1 Penetration at 25C, 1/10mm 30-40 60-70 80-100
2 Softening point, C 50-65 40-55 35-50
3 Specific gravity at 27C, min 0.99 0.99 0.99
4 Flash point, C, min 175 175 175
5 Water, percent by mass, max 0.2 0.2 0.2
6 Viscosity at 60C, poises 2500500 1000200 500100
7 Ductility at 27C, cm, min 50 75 75
Other grades of bitumen are S15, S45, S55, S200
Here S refers to Paving Bitumen Type 1, which has low wax content. Similarly Paving Bitumen
Type 2 are A35, A55, A65 & A90 where A refers to Paving Bitumen having high wax content.
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Tests on bitumen and aggregate
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Properties of Modified Bitumen (CRMB)
Table 5 of IRC: SP 53-2002
To be Supplied hot at 125C - 175C in insulated tankers
with suitable agitating devices or in packed drums,
bags or boxes.CRMB
DesignationGrade and Requirements
Method of TestCRMB 50 CRMB 55 CRMB 60
Penetration at 25C, 0.1mm, 100g, 5 Sec. < 70 < 60 < 50 IS: 1203 - 1978
Softening Point, C (R&B), Minimum 50 55 60 IS: 1205 - 1978
Elastic Recovery of Half Thread in
Ductilometer at 15C, %, Minimum50 50 50
Appendix 1 ofIRC: SP 53-2002
Flash Point, COC, C, Min. 220 220 220 IS: 1206 1978
Separation, Diffrence in Softening Point,
R&B, C, Maximum4 4 4
Appendix 2 ofIRC: SP 53-2002
Thin FilmOven Test (TFOT) on Resid ue(IS: 9382 - 1992)Penetration at 25C, 0.1mm, 100g, 5 Sec.,
Minimum % of Original 60 60 60 IS: 1203 1978
Increase in Softening Point, C (R&B),
Minimum 7 6 5 IS: 1205 1978
Elastic Recovery of Half Thread in
Ductilometer at 25C, %, Minimum 35 35 35
Appendix - 1 of
IRC: SP 53-2002
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Effect of TemperatureTable: 500-5 of MoRT&H
Manufacturing and Rolling Temperatures
Bitumen
Penetration
Bitumen Mixing
(C)
Aggregate Mixing
(C)
Mixed Material
(C)Rolling (C) Laying (C)
35 160 - 170 160 - 175 170 Maximum 100 Minimum 130 Minimum
65 150 - 165 150 - 170 165 Maximum 90 Minimum 125 Minimum
90 140 - 160 140 - 165 155 Maximum 80 Minimum 115 Minimum
* The difference in temperature between the binder and aggregate should at no time exceed 14C.
Laying of bituminous mixtures shall not be carried out when the air temperature at the surface on which it is to be laid isbelow 10C or when the wind speed at any temperature exceeds 40 km/h at 2m height unless specifically approved by
the Engineer.
Overlapping on successive passes by at least one-third of the width of the rear roll or in the case of a pneumatic-tyred roller,
at least the nominal width of 300mm.
Initial rolling shall be done with 8-10 tonnes dead weight smooth-wheeled rollers. Intermediate rolling shall be done with 8-10
tonnes dead weight or vibratory roller or with a pneumatic tyred roller of 12 to 15 tonnes weight having nine wheels, with
a tyre pressure of at least 5.6 kg/sqcm. The finish rolling shall be done with 6-8 tonnes smooth wheeled tandem rollers.
Moving speed shall be not more than 5 km per hour.
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BROAD RANGE OF VISCOSITY AND TEMPERATURE
REQUIREMENTS FOR MODIFIED BINDERS
AS PER IRC: SP 53-2002
Stage of work Viscosity Temperature C
Binder at mixing Maximum 2 poises 165 to 185
Mix at mixing plant Maximum 4 poises 140 to 160
Mix at laying site Maximum 5 poises 130 to 150
Rolling at laying site 10 - 1000 poises 115 to 135
Range of Viscosity and Temperature - CRMB
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EMULSION : A freely flowing liquid at ordinary temperature in (IS:217-1978) which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended
in a solution of water. 50-65% bitumen and 35-50%water. 3 grades Rapid Setting, MS & SS.
When applied the water soaks in or evaporatesallowing the bitumen particles to reunite and lie onthe surface.
CUT BACK : A solution of bitumen in a volatile or partly volatile (IS:8887-1978) solvent such as petrol (Gasoline), kerosene or
creosote & diesel. 80% bitumen and 20% solvent.
3 types - Rapid Curing, MC & SC.
Types of bituminous material
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EMULSION: Rapid Setting-1 RS-1
Rapid Setting-2 RS-2
Medium Setting MS
Slow Setting-1 SS-1
Slow Setting-2 SS-2
CUTBACK
Rapid Curing RC 70, RC 250, RC 800 & RC 30000
Medium Curing MC 30, MC 70, MC 250, MC 800 & MC 3000
Slow Curing SC 70, SC 250, SC 800 & SC 3000
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Types of Emulsion and Cutback
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Viscosity requirement and Quantity ofLiquid Bituminous Primer
Type of surface Kinematic Viscosity of
Primer at 60C
(Centistokes)Quantity of Liquid
Bituminous Material per 10Sq.m.(kg.)
Low porosity 30-60 6 to 9
Mediumporosity
70-140 9 to 12
High porosity 250-500 12 to 15
Rate of application of Tack Coat
Type of surface Quantity of Liquid Bituminous Material in Kg.per sq.m. area
Normal bituminous surface 0.20 to 0.25
Dry and hungry bituminous surface 0.25 to 0.30
Granular surfaces treated with primer 0.25 to 0.30
Non bituminous surfaces
a) Granular base (not primed) 0.35 to 0.40
b) Cement concrete pavement 0.30 to 0.35
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Climate Traffic(CVD) Bituminous Course Grade of Bitumen
Hot Any BM,BPM,BUSG 60/70
Moderate Cold Any BM,BPM,BUSG 80/100
Any
Heavy Loads,
Expressways,
Urban roads DBM,SDBC,BC
60/70
Hot/Moderate Any PC 50/60 or 60/70
Cold Any PC 80/100
Hot/Moderate Any Mastic Asphalt 15+_5
Cold Any Mastic Asphalt 30/40
SELECTION OF GRADE OF BITUMEN
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Sl.NO
Type of Base
/Binder course
Type ofBituminous
wearing course Annual Rainfall
Design
Traffic(msa)
1WBM/WMM/BU
SG
20mm PC with
Sand seal coatL & M < 10
20mm PCSC L,M and H
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Either wearing course / Binder course with wearing courseWearing courses are surface dressing , PCSC, MSS, SDBC and BC
Binder courses are BM & DBM
BM may be designed to carry traffic
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PAVEMENTS1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (IRC: 37 2001)
2. RIGID PAVEMENT (IRC: 58 2002)
DESIGN LIFE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS: 15 Years ( NH and SH) and
20 Years ( Express Way);
10 to 15 Years (For Other categories)
IS - Indian Standards
BS - British Standards
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
AASTHO - American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
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General Discussion
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ALLOWABLE LIMITS AS PER MORTH FREQUENCY AS PER MORTH
S.No Type of Test PC with SC BM DBM SDBC BC Test Method Frequency
1
Quality of Binder
( Penetration/Viscocity,
Ductility/Softening point)
IS : 73 IS : 73 IS : 73 IS : 73 IS : 73IS : 1203, IS: 1205, IS:
1206 & IS: 1208Two Tests Per Lot
2 Temperature of binder 150 - 165 150 - 165 150 - 165 150 - 165 150 - 165Take 500-5MORTH
(Rev-4)At regular close intervals
3 Aggregate Impact Value Max 30 % Max 30 % Max 27 % Max 27 % Max 24% IS: 2386(Part-4) One test per 50m of aggregate
4Flakiness index &
Elongation index__ Max 30 Max 30 Max 30 Max 30 IS: 2386(Part-1) One test per 50m of aggregate
5 Stripping of Aggregate Minimum Retained Coating 95 % IS: 6241One set of 3 specimens for each source
of supply.
6 Water Absorption Max 1% Max 2% Max 2% Max 2% Max 2% IS: 2386(Part-3)One set of 3 specimens for each source of
supply.
7 Grading of AggregateTable 500-23
MORTH
Table 500 -4
MORTH
Table 500-10
MORTH
Table 500-15
MORTH
Table 500-
18
MORTH
IS: 2720(Part-4)
Two tests per day per plant both on the
individual Constituents and mixed
aggregates from the dryer.
One test per 25m of aggregates (for
PCSC)
8 Binder Content 4.32 %
(50-75mm)
3.3-3.5%
(80-100)
3.1-3.4%
(50-75mm)
Min4.5%
(80-100)
Min4%
(50-75mm)
Min5%
(80-100)
Min4.5%
(50-75mm)
5-7%
(80-100)
5-6%
MORTH (Rev-4) Minimum Two tests per day.
9Density of Compacted
layer
Density of Compacted
layerOne test per 250m of area.
PARTB (Bituminous Layers)