Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

A presentation by Jeremiah Graberjsgraber@purdue.eduPurdue University10/05/07

I would like to thank Prof. Jones, Prof Kruczenski, Zolton Gresce, Steven Giddins and

others

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics INTRODUCTION

• How would a black hole form?• What conditions must be met?• Black hole signatures• Implications to physics

QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED:

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE FORMATION

• Schwarzschild Radius• Event Horizon• Plank Mass• Hawking Radiation• LHC• Extra Dimensions

TERMINOLOGY:

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE FORMATION

HOW ONE WOULD FORM:• Collision with b < rs, • b is impact parameter, rs is event horizon radius

• rs depends on mass• Regardless of subsequent collisions, this forms an Event Horizon

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE FORMATION

WHY THE LHC IS NEEDED:

• Overcoming coulomb repulsion• High velocity, relativistic mass effect

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

HIERARCY PROBLEM

INTERACTION COUPLING CONSTANT

Strong 1

Electromagnetic 1/137

Weak 1/106

Gravitational 1/1039

• Gravitational Constant is much smaller than othersGravitational Constant is much smaller than others• Many theories explain disparityMany theories explain disparity• Black hole theory depends on twoBlack hole theory depends on two

• Large extra dimensionsLarge extra dimensions• Highly warped extra dimensionsHighly warped extra dimensions• Why?Why?

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

FORMATION CONDITIONS

WHY EXTRA DIMENSIONS?

• Black hole formation requires scattering energy ~ Plank Mass• Plank mass is inversely proportional to coupling constant• Appears to be 1019 GeV

• If “extra” dimensions exist, than Gravitational Coupling Constant might be much larger

• Coupling constant only small in 4-space• Rest spread out in other “y” dimensions

• Predicted Fundamental Plank Mass(M4) ~ Mw • Predicts Plank Mass ~ 1 TeV• Energy scale of LHC

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

FORMATION CONDITIONS

WHY LARGE OR WARPED?

What I promise to be the worst equation of the presentation, metric of a warped geometry:

nmmn

yA dydyygdxe )(ds 24

)(22

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

FORMATION CONDITIONS

WHY LARGE OR WARPED?

nmmn

yA dydyygdxe )(ds 24

)(22

For ds2 to be large either:• The area of the “extra” dimensions must be large• The warp factor must be large

ds2 is directly proportional to the M4 Plank Mass

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

FORMATION CONDITIONS

WHY LARGE OR WARPED?

nmmn

yA dydyygdxe )(ds 24

)(22

• “A” is warp factor of space• “m” is the “extra” dimensions. D – m = 4

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

FORMATION CONDITIONS

SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS:• Collide Masses closer than rs

• rs is dependant on mass• Relativistic Mass

• Plank Mass must be ~ 1 TeVPlank Mass must be ~ 1 TeV• Require D = 10Require D = 10• Highly warped “extra” space (A > 3)Highly warped “extra” space (A > 3)• Large volume of “extra” dimensions (fmLarge volume of “extra” dimensions (fm66 for D = 10) for D = 10)

2

2

c

Gmrs

2

0

1

mmr

nmmn

yA dydyygdxe )(ds 24

)(22

• LHC could produce 1 10 GeV black hole/ sec

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

HOW DOES A BLACK HOLE RADIATE?

Consider an electron/positron Consider an electron/positron pair created near event horizon:pair created near event horizon:

• Created due to zero point energyCreated due to zero point energy• Normally nearly instantly annihilatedNormally nearly instantly annihilated• One particle escapes, the other sucked into One particle escapes, the other sucked into black hole.black hole.• To conserve energy, “sucked in” particle To conserve energy, “sucked in” particle must have negative energymust have negative energy• Outside observer sees this as radiating Outside observer sees this as radiating particles.particles.

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

HOW MUCH DOES A BLACK HOLE RADIATE?

• Black holes radiate proportionally to their Black holes radiate proportionally to their temperaturetemperature

• Average energy related to thermal energyAverage energy related to thermal energy• Temperature is inversely proportional to Temperature is inversely proportional to massmass

• Black holes only contain particles with Compton Black holes only contain particles with Compton wavelength < rwavelength < rss

• Large black holes can contain almost all Large black holes can contain almost all particlesparticles• Smaller black holes must radiate many awaySmaller black holes must radiate many away• Large black holes consume more than they Large black holes consume more than they radiateradiate• Why small black holes collapse so quicklyWhy small black holes collapse so quickly

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

Overview of Decay

• Balding Phase• Settles into “hairless spinning” black hole• 25% of energy lost

• Schwarzschild Phase• Releases “Hawking Radiation”• Looses 75% of energy

• Plank Size • Unsure of what happens here• Continues to radiate, thus disappears very quickly

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

BALDING PHASE• “Hairless” when most information about the original star is lost• All that is left is Mass, Angular Momentum and Charge.• This happens to all black holes• Very quick in micro-black holes• Less than 8% of black hole’s lifetime

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

Schwarzschild Phase• Phase with distinct, spectacular signatures • Giddings model: majority of radiation released in our 3-brane• Large signature, 10 GeV of energy released ~ 1 picosecond

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

THEORETICAL SIGNATURES

Quarks and Gluons 72%

Leptons 11%

Massive Gauge Bosons 8%

Nuetrinos and gravitrons 6%

Higgs bosons 2%

Photons 1%

Spin 0 42%

Spin ½ 40%

Spin 1 16%

Spin 2 2%

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics

BLACK HOLE SIGNATURES

• 1 black hole/ sec creates undeniable signature• No prediction of exact particles• Possible it is random• Roughly spherically symmetrical

• 80 – 95% of radiated energy visible• Observe in atmosphere

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics CONCLUSIONS

WOULD PRODUCING BLACK HOLES BE DANGEROUS?

• Newspaper reports, Discovery Channel specials have sparked Newspaper reports, Discovery Channel specials have sparked protests about turning on the LHCprotests about turning on the LHC• The black hole would radiate away in 0.000000000001 seconds.The black hole would radiate away in 0.000000000001 seconds.• Cosmic radiation strikes Earth with energy 5x of LHC Cosmic radiation strikes Earth with energy 5x of LHC

Black Hole Factories:How the LHC may usher in a new era of physics CONCLUSIONS

IMPLICATIONS OF LAB PRODUCED BLACK HOLES• Evidence for “extra” dimensions

• Without “extra” dimensions collider requires 1016 TeV• Predicts D ≥ 10 for ~ 1 TeV black holes

• Short distance physics would basically end• Use high energy to probe short distances• Is there a length shorter than the Plank length?

• Likely not answered• rs is larger than Plank length