black sheep effect and the identification with group

8/9/2019 black sheep effect and the identification with group

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Running head: IDENTIFICATION, ENTITATIVITY AND BSE

Black sheep effec and he idenificai!n "ih g#!up

$a#ika Rull! % Sefan! &i'i

Sapienza Universit di Roma

C!##esp!ndence sh!uld (e add#essed ! $a#ika Rull!, Dipa#i)en! di *sic!l!gia dei *#!cessi di

S'ilupp! e S!ciali++a+i!ne Via dei $a#si -., I/001.2 R!)a 3Ial45: e/)ail:

)a#ika#ull!6uni#!)a1i


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A(s#ac

*#e'i!us #esea#ch has suggesed ha he black sheep effect7 ie ing#!up de#!gai!n 7

)ainl4 !ccu#s in )e)(e#s highl4 idenified "ih g#!ups !# (el!nging ! highl4 eniai'e g#!ups

The p#esen sud4 c!nside#ed he c!n8!in effec !f idenificai!n and eniai'i4 !n he ing#!up

de#!gai!n, and in pa#icula# c!nside#ing he )!de#ai!n #!le !f eniai'i4 !n he #elai!nship

(e"een idenificai!n and de#!gai!n !f ing#!up 's !ug#!up )e)(e#s A sa)ple !f 19 high

sch!!l sudens !!k pa# in he sud4 Resuls sh!"ed ha de'ian ing#!up )e)(e#s f#!) high

eniai'i4 g#!ups "as ha#shl4 e'aluaed especiall4 f#!) highl4 idenified )e)(e#s han !ug#!up

de'ian )e)(e#s A he sa)e i)e, a de'ian f#!) l!" eniai'i4 g#!up )a4 p!se a significan

h#ea ! he highl4 idenified )e)(e#s ha sill use de#!gai!n in !#de# ! #es!#e a p!sii'e i)age

!f he g#!up

Keywords: (lack/sheep effec; s!cial ideni4; eniai'i4; ing#!up (ias; de#!gai!n


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N! E'e#4 Fl!ck has is Black Sheep: The C!n8!in Effec !f Idenificai!n and Eniai'i4 in

$anifesai!ns !f he Black Sheep Effec

Alh!ugh ing#!up fa'!u#iis) is #!(us 3B#e"e#, 1-; Ta8fel, Billing, Bund4 % Fla)en, 1-1;

Ta8fel % Tu#ne#, 1-5, a nu)(e# !f sudies ha'e de)!ns#aed ha pe!ple s!)ei)es end !

fa'!u# !ug#!up )e)(e#s and de#!gae ing#!up )e)(e#s (4 8udging an unfa'!u#a(le ing#!up

)e)(e# )!#e ha#shl4 han a si)ila# unfa'!u#a(le !ug#!up )e)(e# 3B#ansc!)(e, ues, A(#a)s, *ea+ % ?!gg @0015This phen!)en!n has (een !(se#'ed !

affec )e)(e#s "h! (eha'e unpleasanl4 3han % &a)(e#, 1.; $a#>ues, Y+e#(i % &e4ens,

1..5, ehi(i (eha'i!u#s fa# f#!) he 'alues !f he g#!up 3A(#a)s, $a#>ues, B!"n % ?ens!n,

@0005, unfai#l4 3B#ansc!)(e,


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ideni4 f#!) is )e)(e#ship, a#e likel4 ! (e )!#e affeced (4 h#eas ! he g#!up 'alues and

c!nse>uenl4 a#e )!#e )!i'aed ! #es!#e he i)age !f he g#!up In fac, ing#!up de#!gai!n

e)e#ges in pa#icula# in #esp!nse ! de'iance f#!) he n!#)s and he c!#e 'alues !f he g#!up

3$u))enda4 % Sch#ei(e#, 1.5 In his case, denig#aing negai'e ing#!up )e)(e#s #ep#esens a

"a4 ! #es!#e he g#!up disinci'eness and s!lida#i4 a#!und hei# n!#)s 3$a#>ues e al, @0015

Ne'e#heless, als! he cha#ace#isics !f he g#!up ! "hich pe!ple (el!ng )a4 affec he

#eaci!ns !f he )e)(e#s !"a#d he de'ian: A #ecen sud4 (4 &e"is and She#)an 3@0105

suggess ha als! entitativityis an aneceden !f BSE In fac, eniai'e g#!ups pla4 a la#ge# #!le

in he s!cial idenificai!n !f hei# )e)(e#s 3She#)an, ?a)il!n % &e"is, 15 and in hese

g#!ups, ing#!up )e)(e#s )a4 (e higl4 sensii'e ! he negai'e aci!ns !f a de'ian )e)(e# ha

h#eaens he !'e#all p!sii'i4 !f he g#!up

Acc!#ding ! Ca)p(ell 312.5, eniai'i4 is defined as he deg#ee ! "hich a g#!up has

he nau#e !f an eni4 ha is #elaed ! f!u# diffe#en fac!#s: common fate,similarity,salience

a)!ng )e)(e#s and he bondedness of the !rop In addii!n ! hese fac!#s, &ickel, ?a)il!n,


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$!#e!'e#, he p!sii'e c!##elai!n (e"een eniai'i4 and idenificai!n has al#ead4 (een

#ep!#ed in pas #esea#ches 3Casan!, Y+e#(4, *aladin! % Sacchi, @00@; Casan!, Y+e#(4 and

B!u#guign!n @00=; &ickel e al, @0005 F!# ea)ple, Casan! and c!lleagues 3Casan! e al, @00=5

illus#ae he #!le !f eniai'i4 in )ediaing he #elai!nship (e"een cha#ace#isics !f g#!ups 7

such as he pe#cei'ed si)ila#i4 (e"een he )e)(e#s and he pe#)ea(ili4 !f g#!up (!unda#ies 7

and he deg#ee !f aach)en ! he g#!up $!#e!'e#, !he# sudies ha'e f!und ha eniai'e

g#!ups 3eg intimacy !rop!# task !rop"f!# a #e'ie", see &ickel e al, @0005 )ee he )e)(e#s

needs (ee# han si)ple agg#egae !#social cate!ories3!hns!n, C#a"f!#d, She#)an, Ruchick,

?a)il!n, e al, @009; C#a"f!#d % Sala)an, @01@5 The sud4 !f !hns!n and c!lleagues

3!hns!n e al, @0095 ha'e sh!"ed ha s!cial caeg!#ies, l!" eniai'i4 g#!ups, (ee# saisf4

needs #elaed ! ideni4 han !he# needs 3like affiliai!n and achie'e)en5 This )eans ha he

feeling !f (eing )e)(e# !f a s!cial caeg!#ies is highl4 #elaed ! ideni4Hs di)ensi!ns

Fu#he#)!#e he idenificai!n has (een f!und ! )ediae he #elai!nship (e"een eniai'i4 and

he pe#cepi!n !f fulfil)en !f needs in a g#!up 3C#a"f!#d % Sala)an, @01@5 This #esul suggess

ha "hen pe!ple feel a s#!ng idenificai!n "ih a g#!up and a#e )!i'aed ! achie'e a s#!ng

and p!sii'e ideni4, he eniai'i4 !f he g#!up g!es in (ackg#!und In his pe#speci'e since he

black sheep effectis a s#aeg4 ha #elies !n he )!i'ai!n ! defend he s!cial ideni4, "e canH

eclude ha he idenificai!n "ih he g#!up elicis he desi#e ! denig#ae he ing#!up negai'e

)e)(e# in !#de# ! #es!#e a p!sii'e s!cial ideni4 e'en if he de'ian (el!ngs ! a l!"

eniai'i4 g#!up

)!#e si)ila# (u als! as )!#e ps4ch!l!gicall4 h!)!gene!us a)!ng each !he# In hese

c!ndii!ns, a negai'e (eha'i!u# f#!) an ing#!up )e)(e# )a4 elici s#!nge# 8udg)ens si)pl4

(ecause i c!uld (e pe#cei'ed as #ep#esenai'e !f all he )e)(e#s 3Dasgupa, Bana8i % A(els!n,

15 Thus, de#!gai!n !f an ing#!up de'ian all!"s )e)(e#s ! classif4 he#Jhi) as a (lack sheep

7 especiall4 "hen g#!up is highl4 eniai'e 7 in !#de# ! ps4ch!l!gicall4 #e)!'e hi) f#!) he


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!'e#all e'aluai!n !f he g#!up In his "a4, g#!up )e)(e#s place a disance (e"een he)sel'es

and he negai'e (eha'i!u# !f he de'ian as he de#!gaed )e)(e# p!ses n! h#ea ! he !he#

g#!up )e)(e#sH p!sii'i4 3Casan! e al, @00@5

Alh!ugh pas sudies ha'e #e'ealed he e)e#gence !f he BSE in cases !f (!h high

idenificai!n 3B#ansc!)(e e al,1=; Bie#na, Vesci! % Billings, 1; Casan! e al, @00@5 and

high eniai'i4, n! sud4 has in'esigaed he #elai'e i)p!#ance !f eniai'i4 and ideni4

!gehe# F!# his #eas!n, !u# #esea#ch is ai)ed ! in'esigae he black sheep effect,and he

)!de#ai!nal #!le pla4ed (4 he eniai'i4 !n he #elai!nship (e"een he deg#ee !f idenificai!n

!n he ing#!up and !ug#!up de#!gai!n

F!# hese #eas!ns "e "ill in'esigae he (lack sheep effec in "! g#!ups diffe#ing !n hei#

deg#ee !f pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 3&ickel e al, @0005 and "ih diffe#en deg#ee !f idenificai!n

a)!ng pa#icipans


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F!# his sud4, "e #ec#uied 19 sudens 3.- )ales, 21=K, and .@ fe)ales, .-K, )ean

age L 1.=; SDL1@5 f#!) he las "! 4ea#s !f a seni!# high sch!!l *a#icipans "e#e #and!)l4

assigned ! c!ndii!ns in a @ 3a#ge: ing#!up and !ug#!up5 (4 @ 3pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 !f g#!ups:

l!" 's high5 (4 @ 3idenificai!n: l!" 's high5 The a#ge fac!# "as #eaed as a "ihin

pa#icipan fac!# "hile pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 and idenificai!n ! he ing#!up "e#e (e"een/

su(8ec fac!#s All pa#icipans c!)pleed he su#'e4 indi'iduall4 in hei# class#!!)s and "e#e

inf!#)ed ha he su#'e4 ea)ined h!" s!)e sudensH (eha'i!u#s "e#e assessed a)!ng diffe#en

g#!ups

Materials and Procedure

*a#icipans "e#e ins#uced ! #ead a scena#i! and hen ans"e#ed ! a >uesi!nnai#e ha

'a#ies depending !n he c!ndii!n !f eniai'i4 ! "hich he4 "e#e assigned !: half !f he

#esp!ndens #efe##ed ! he g#!up class#!!) and he !he# half #efe##ed ! he g#!up sch!!l

*a#icipans e'aluaed a lis !f si g#!ups acc!#ding ! hei# eniai'i4 le'el, using a nine/p!in

&ike# scale, f#!) 1 3is n! a all a g#!up5 ! 3is ce#ainl4 a g#!up5 The si g#!ups included "e#e:

sch!!l, g#!up f#iends, fa)il4, cii+ens, class#!!) and )usic (and These )easu#es !f pe#cei'ed

eniai'i4 "e#e !(ained in !#de# ! 'e#if4 he )anipulai!n !f eniai'i4 (e"een class#!!) and

sch!!l A /es has sh!"n ha hese "! g#!ups "e#e diffe#eniaed (ased !n hei# deg#ee !f

pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 3f!# sch!!l, $ L 2=- and f!# class#!!), $L-10; M L /1.-; L 992; p

0015 In he sa)e >uesi!nnai#e, pa#icipans als! #ep!#ed hei# le'el !f idenificai!n in hei#

sch!!l g#!up !# in hei# class#!!), acc!#ding ! he eniai'i4 c!ndii!n Finall4, pa#icipans

"e#e asked ! e'aluae he (eha'i!u# sh!"n (4 )e)(e#s !f a class 3hei# !"n class !# a class !f

an!he# si)ila# sch!!l5 !# )e)(e#s !f a sch!!l 3hei# !"n sch!!l !# an!he# si)ila# sch!!l5,

(ef!#e #eading a (#ief scena#i! "hich desc#i(ed a suden in a negai'e (eha'i!u# scena#i!

Beha'i!u#s desc#i(ed in he scena#i! "e#e seleced afe# a p#e/es !f !pen/ended >uesi!ns !

f!#4 sudens !f he sa)e insiue, asking f!# "hich (eha'i!u#s "e#e pe#cei'ed as he )!s


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disg#aceful and dep#eca(le F!# he ch!sen scena#i!s, he (eha'i!u#s ha "e#e cied )!s, and hus

c!nside#ed he )!s de'ian and fu#hes f#!) sudensH n!#)s, "e#e indi'idualis), disl!4al4 and

lack !f c!!pe#ai!n The scena#i! desc#i(ed a suden !f hei#J!he# class !# sch!!l "h! d!es n!

sha#e kn!"ledge !# !(8ecs "ih !he# sudens, #efusing help and di#ecing hisJhe# (eha'i!u# a

)aking a g!!d i)p#essi!n !n eache#s ! de#i)en !f !he# sudens In he l!" pe#cei'ed

eniai'i4 c!ndii!n, he desc#i(ed suden "as cu##enl4 en#!lled in a high sch!!l In he high

pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 c!ndii!n, he desc#i(ed suden "as en#!lled in a class !f hei# !"n sch!!l

3hei# !"n class f!# he ing#!up c!ndii!n !# an!he# !ne f!# he !ug#!up c!ndii!n5

Target group membership. Ta#ge g#!up )e)(e#ship "as )anipulaed using he

)e)(e#ship !f he desc#i(ed suden in he scena#i! Each pa#icipan #ead he scena#i! !f (!h he

ing#!up and !ug#!up c!ndii!ns Afe# #eading each 3scena#i!5, pa#icipans "e#e asked !

e'aluae he sudens (eha'i!u# The !#de# !f a#ges 3ie ing#!up, !ug#!up5 "as c!une#(alanced

Afe# #aing he sec!nd scena#i!, pa#icipans "e#e de(#iefed and asked n! ! discuss he deails !f

he sud4 "ih !he# pa#icipans

Identification. The deg#ee !f idenificai!n "ih g#!up "as !(ained (4 adaping $ael and

Ashf!#hHs 31@5 si/ie) 'e#si!n idenificai!n scale ! he sch!la# c!ne Ea)ples !f ie)s

included


9/21

highl4 c!##elaed 3# L -0; p 0015 and "e#e hus c!)(ined ! f!#) an !'e#all de#!gai!n inde

3L.25

Results

A c!##elai!nal anal4sis "as c!nduced (ef!#e in'esigaing if idenificai!n and he

eniai'i4 )anipulai!n p#ediced ing#!upJ!ug#!up de#!gai!n As sh!"n in Ta(le 1,

Idenificai!n "as p!sii'el4 and significanl4 ass!ciaed "ih Eniai'i4 3rL 0@.,p 001, N L

195 and (!h "ih ing#!up and !ug#!up de#!gai!n 3#especi'el4 rL /00,p 001; r L 0@1,p

001, N L 19 5 uai!n eplained a(!u 91K !f he !al 'a#iance 3#

31,195 L 9=9@, p 0015 The effecs !f !ug#!up de#!gai!n "e#e ene#ed as c!'a#iaes The

)ain effec !f eniai'i4 3he )!de#a!#5 !n ing#!up de#!gai!n "as )a#ginall4 saisicall4

significan 3bL 0-=,p 00925, as "as he )ain effec !f idenificai!n 3bL 0===, p 0015 As

p#ediced, he "!/"a4 ine#aci!n effec "as significan 3bL 0=.1, p 0025 and "!#h !f n!e

he R s>ua#e change !(ained (4 adding he ine#aci!n e#) "as significan 3R@change L 001,#

31,195 L 2-0,p $0025


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The sec!nd )uliple #eg#essi!n "as pe#f!#)ed "ih he !ug#!up de#!gai!n as dependen

'a#ia(le "ih he sa)e p#edic!#s in#!duced in he fi#s #eg#essi!n (u "ih ing#!up de#!gai!n as

c!'a#iae As p#ediced, he )ain effec !f eniai'i4 in his case "as n! significan 3bL / 0@9,

pL 01=5 as he )ain effec !f idenificai!n 3b L /00.9,pL 0=25 Onl4 he "!/ "a4 ine#aci!n

"as saisicall4 significan 3bL 0---, p 005 As f!# he fi#s #eg#essi!n, als! in his case he

R s>ua#e change !(ained (4 adding he ine#aci!n e#) "as significan 3R@change L 0011,#

31,195 L 0,p $0025 In he si)ple sl!pes anal4sis he )!de#a!# 3eniai'i45 sh!"ed a

si)ila# pae#n as sh!"n in he p#e'i!us #eg#essi!n, (u "ih #e'e#se sign In pa#icula#, i "as

f!und ha idenificai!n negai'el4 p#ediced !ug#!up de#!gai!n 3bL /0@9,pL 0025 a high

le'els !f eniai'i4 31 S%5 "hile "hen eniai'i4 "as l!" 3/1 S%5, he effec !f idenificai!n !n

!ug#!up disappea#ed 3bL 00.2,pL 0215 3Figu#e @5

Discussion

&e"is and She#)an 3@0105 ha'e f!und ha ing#!up e#e)i4 )e)(e#sH e'aluai!ns

3p!sii'e and negai'e5 e)e#ged !nl4 "hen he g#!ups "e#e )!#e eniai'e On he !he# hand,

p#e'i!us #esea#ch (4 B#ansc!)(e and c!lleagues 31=5 has de)!ns#aed ha ing#!up de#!gai!n

is a s#aeg4 used !nl4 (4 )e)(e#s ha a#e highl4 idenified Ou# #esuls sh!" n! !nl4 he )ain

effecs p#e'i!usl4 f!und, (u )!#e i)p!#anl4 ha pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 ine#acs "ih s!cial

ideni4 (4 (!!sing he inensi4 !f he (lack sheep effec In his sense, "e hink ha hese #esuls

i)p#!'e and cla#if4 he af!#e)eni!ned e'idences f!und (4 Casan! e al 3@0015: In fac, e'en if

he BSE ends ! !ccu# )!sl4 as a funci!n !f idenificai!n, !u# #esuls sh!"ed als! ha a#ges

f#!) highl4 pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 g#!ups a#e e'aluaed )!#e ha#shl4 han )e)(e#s !f g#!ups "ih

l!" pe#cei'ed eniai'i4 The#ef!#e, "hen s#!ngl4 idenified pa#icipans e'aluae a negai'e

ing#!up )e)(e# !f a high eniai'e g#!ups, he4 "ill denig#ae hi)Jhe#, sh!"ing a )!#e negai'e

ing#!up (ias as a s!# !f !ug#!up fa'!u#iis), alh!ugh his lae# denig#ai!n effec is aenuaed

in he l!" eniai'e g#!up c!ndii!n This #esuls pae#n a#e efficienl4 !ulined (4 he


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)!de#ai!nal effec !f he eniai'i4 !n idenificai!n "ih si)ple sl!pes g!ing in !pp!sie

di#eci!ns as funci!n !f he a#ge )e)(e#ship e'aluaed:


12/21

c!)pa#ed ! he high/eniai'i4 ing#!up and his leads he high idenified )e)(e#s ! si)pl4

ca#e less a(!u de'ians 3(ecause he c!s !f hei# denig#ai!n is l!"e#5 in he l!"/eniai'i4

c!ndii!n N!neheless, ecluding a de'ian )e)(e# )a4 #ep#esens a p!ssi(le (#each in he "all

!f he g#!up ha can lead ! a #ec!nside#ai!n !f ine#nal d4na)ics (e"een )e)(e#s ?ence,

"hen he )e)(e# is acuall4 #e8eced, he g#!up has ! face als! he e'aluai!ns !f ee#nal

!(se#'e#s in addii!n ! is !"n e'aluai!n, and hese !(se#'e#s can 8udge less fa'!u#a(l4 a g#!up

ha aced #eache#!usl4 agains !ne !f is )e)(e#s 3Van &eeu"en, Van Den B!sch, Casan! %

?!p)an, @005

In c!nclusi!n, !he# han "ha has (een al#ead4 #ep!#ed (4 he )an4 e)pi#ical sudies

discussed a(!'e, he#e is sill )uch ! ela(!#ae !n he BSE !pic The p#esen sud4 anal4sed he

anecedens !f he (lack sheep effecs a indi'idual and g#!up le'els ?!"e'e#, is i)plicai!ns 7

in #elai!n ! he i)pac !f an unfa'!u#a(le c!)pa#is!n "ih a salien !ug#!up !n he single

)e)(e#Hs self/ideni4 h#ea, !# )!#e gene#all4 ! he i)pac !f a c!)pa#is!n !n he g#!up

#eaci!n ! de'ians 7 a#e sill ! (e h!#!ughl4 in'esigaed Thus, i #ep#esens a p#!)ising and

si)ulaing #esea#ch field ! epl!#e

F!ll!"ing p#e'i!us lie#au#e, !u# sud4 has !(se#'ed !nl4 negai'e ing#!up (ias and n!

p!sii'e ing#!up (ias


13/21

#esea#ches i "ill (e p!ssi(le ! pe#f!#) ine#g#!up c!)pa#is!ns !f negai'e pe#f!#)ance !#

e)(a##assing (eha'i!u#s ha c!uld deepl4 affec pe!pleHs self i)age and p!sii'i4


14/21

References

A(#a)s, D, $a#>ues, $, B!"n, N, % ?ens!n, $ 3@0005 *#!/n!#) and ani/n!#)

de'iance "ihin and (e"een g#!ups&ornal of 'ersonality and Social 'sycholo!y, ()325, 09

Beenc!u#, B, Dill, E, #eah!use, S A, Cha#l!n, , % $ulh!lland, A 31-5

E'aluai!ns !f ing#!up and !ug#!up )e)(e#s: The #!le !f caeg!#4/(ased epecanc4 'i!lai!n

&ornal of E*perimental Social 'sycholo!y, ++3=5, @/@-2

Bie#na, $, Vesci!, T , % Billings, & S 315 Black sheep and epecanc4 'i!lai!n:

Ineg#aing "! )!dels !f s!cial 8udg)enEropean &ornal of Social 'sycholo!y, ,-35, 2@=/

2@

B#ansc!)(e, N R,


15/21

Casan!, E, Y+e#(4, V, *aladin!, $ *, % Sacchi, S 3@00@5 I (el!ng, he#ef!#e, I eis:

Ing#!up idenificai!n, ing#!up eniai'i4, and ing#!up (ias'ersonality and Social 'sycholo!y

Blletin, ,)3@5, 1=2/1=

C!ull, A, Y+e#(4, V Y, Casan!, E, *aladin!, $ *, % &ee)ans, V 3@0015 *#!ecing

he ing#!up: $!i'aed all!cai!n !f c!gnii'e #es!u#ces in he p#esence !f h#eaening ing#!up

)e)(e#s 1rop processes 2 3nter!rop Relations, 035, =@-/==

C#a"f!#d, $ T, % Sala)an, & 3@01@5 Eniai'i4, ideni4, and he fulfil)en !f

ps4ch!l!gical needs&ornal of E*perimental Social 'sycholo!y, 0)3=5, -@9/-=0

Dasgupa, N, Bana8i, $ R, % A(els!n, R * 315 #!up eniai'i4 and g#!up

pe#cepi!n: Ass!ciai!ns (e"een ph4sical feau#es and ps4ch!l!gical 8udg)en&ornal of

'ersonality and Social 'sycholo!y4 ((325, 1

D!!s8e, B, Elle)e#s, N, % Spea#s, R 3125 *e#cei'ed in#ag#!up 'a#ia(ili4 as a

funci!n !f g#!up saus and idenificai!n&ornal of E*perimental Social 'sycholo!y, +.325,

10/=9

Eidel)an, S, Sil'ia, * , % Bie#na, $ 3@0095 Resp!nding ! de'iance: Ta#ge eclusi!n

and diffe#enial de'aluai!n'ersonality and Social 'sycholo!y Blletin, +,35, 112=/119

!hns!n, A &, C#a"f!#d, $ T, She#)an, S , Ruchick, A $, ?a)il!n, D &,

Fe##ei#a, $ B, % *e#!celli, V 3@0095 A funci!nal pe#speci'e !n g#!up )e)(e#ships:

Diffe#enial need fulfill)en in a g#!up 4p!l!g4&ornal of E*perimental Social 'sycholo!y4

0,395, -0-/-1

&e'ine, $, % $!#eland, R & 3@00@5 #!up #eaci!ns ! l!4al4 and disl!4al4

5dvances in 1rop 'rocesses, .-, @0=/@@.

&e"is, A C, % She#)an, S 3@0105 *e#cei'ed Eniai'i4 and he Black/Sheep Effec:


16/21

&ickel, B, ?a)il!n, D &, % She#)an, S 3@0015 Ele)ens !f a la4 he!#4 !f g#!ups:

T4pes !f g#!ups, #elai!nal s4les, and he pe#cepi!n !f g#!up eniai'i4'ersonality and Social

'sycholo!y Review, 73@5, 1@/10

&ickel, B, ?a)il!n, D &, ues, $, A(#a)s, D, *Ue+, D, % ?!gg, $ A 3@0015 S!cial caeg!#i+ai!n, s!cial

idenificai!n, and #e8eci!n !f de'ian g#!up )e)(e#sBlackwell handbook of social psycholo!y9

1rop processes, 00/@

$a#>ues, $, R!(al!, E $, % R!cha, S A 31@5 Ing#!up (ias and he (lack

sheepHeffec: Assessing he i)pac !f s!cial idenificai!n and pe#cei'ed 'a#ia(ili4 !n g#!up

8udge)ensEropean &ornal of Social 'sycholo!y, ,,35, ==1/=2@

$a#>ues, $, Y+e#(4, V Y, % &e4ens, * 31..5 The (lack sheep effec: E#e)i4

!f 8udg)ens !"a#ds ing#!up )e)(e#s as a funci!n !f g#!up idenificai!nEropean &ornal of

Social 'sycholo!y4 .)315, 1/19

$a#>ues, , A(#a)s, D, % Se#!di!, R 3@0015 Being (ee# (4 (eing #igh: Su(8eci'e

g#!up d4na)ics and de#!gai!n !f in/g#!up de'ians "hen gene#ic n!#)s a#e unde#)ined&ornal

of 'ersonality and Social 'sycholo!y, ).3=5, =9

$a#>ues, , A(#a)s, D, *ae+, D, % $a#ine+/Ta(!ada, C 31.5 The #!le !f

caeg!#i+ai!n and in/g#!up n!#)s in 8udg)ens !f g#!ups and hei# )e)(e#s&ornal of

'ersonality and Social 'sycholo!y, (735, -9


17/21

She#)an, S , ?a)il!n, D &, % &e"is, A C 315 *e#cei'ed eniai'i4 and he

s!cial ideni4 'alue !f g#!up )e)(e#ships In D A(#a)s % $ ?!gg 3Eds5, Social identity and

Social co!nition3pp .071105 Of!#d, England: Black"ell

Spea#s, R, D!!s8e, B, % Elle)e#s, N 31-5 Self/se#e!4ping in he face !f h#eas !

g#!up saus and disinci'eness: The #!le !f g#!up idenificai!n'ersonality and Social

'sycholo!y Blletin, ,+325, 2=./22=

Ta8fel, ? 31-.5%ifferentiation between social !rops9 Stdies in the social psycholo!y

of inter!rop relations Ne" Y!#k: Acade)ic *#ess

Ta8fel, ?, % Tu#ne#, C 31-5 An ineg#ai'e he!#4 !f ine#g#!up c!nflic In CA: B#!!ksJC!le

Ta8fel, ?, Billig, $ , Bund4, R *, % Fla)en, C 31-15 S!cial caeg!#i+ai!n and

ine#g#!up (eha'i!u#Eropean &ornal of Social 'sycholo!y, .3@5, 1/1-.


18/21

Ta(le 1 7 Desc#ipi'e saisics 3$ean, SD5 and *ea#s!n c!##elai!ns a)!ng Idenificai!n,

Eniai'i4 and in/g#!up and !u/g#!up de#!gai!n

$ SD 1 2 3 4

1 Eniai'i4 / / 1

@ Idenificai!n =0 191 [email protected] 1

= Ing#!up

de#!gai!n

9.. @ 01.9 00= 1

Oug#!up

de#!gai!n

20 @20 00. 0@11 0-@ 1

N L 19; p 001; p 002


19/21

Ta(le @ 7 $ain and ine#aci!n effecs !f Idenificai!n, Eniai'i4 and hei# "! "a4 ine#aci!ns

!n in/g#!up and !u/g#!up de#!gai!n

Ing#!up de#!gai!n Oug#!up de#!gai!n

Bea Bea

Ing#!up de#!gai!n // 0---

Oug#!up de#!gai!n 09- //

Eniai'i4 0-a /0@9

Idenificai!n 0=== /00.9

Idenificai!n Eniai'i4 0=.1 /0=.

F 3df5 9=9@ 3, 195 9 3, 195

R@ 090. 02.

F/change 2-0 31,195 0 31,195

R@/change 001 0011

p 001; p 002; ap 010


20/21

Figu#e 1 $!de#ai!nal effec !f Eniai'i4 !n he #elai!nship (e"een Idenificai!n and Ing#!up

de#!gai!n


21/21

Figu#e @ $!de#ai!nal effec !f Eniai'i4 !n he #elai!nship (e"een Idenificai!n and

Oug#!up de#!gai!n

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black sheep effect and the identification with group

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