Mackay Coasts and Communities
Blacks Beach Beach Plan
2010
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Contents
1. Beach unit description 3
2. Conservation and management issues 5
2.1 Vegetation 5
2.1.1 Remnant vegetation 5
2.1.2 Vegetation zonation 8
2.1.3 Non-native vegetation 9
2.1.4 Waste dumping 9
2.2 Public access and facilities 10
2.3 Wildlife 13
2.4 Cultural heritage 15
2.5 Erosion 15
2.6 Climate change 17
3. Recommended activities 18
4. References 21
Appendix 1: Recommended species for dune revegetation 22
Appendix 2: Coastal fencing specifications 24
Acknowledgements: The project is supported by Reef Catchments and Mackay Regional Council, through
funding from the Australian Government’s Caring for our Country, the Queensland Government, and Mackay
Regional Council’s Natural Environment Levy. Beach Plans are based on Mackay Regional Council’s Coastal
Management Guidelines (May 2009).
Disclaimer: All maps within Blacks Beach Plan © Reef Catchments. While every care is taken to ensure the
accuracy of the maps included in this document, Reef Catchments make no representation or warranties about
their accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaims all responsibility
and all liability for all expenses, losses, damages which are incurred as a result of this product being inaccurate.
Cover image: Orthophotos from digital aerial photography 0.6 metre pixel 2004 supplied by Mackay Regional
Council.
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1. Beach unit description
Blacks Beach stretches for approximately four kilometres from the northern rocky outcrop to McCreadys Creek
(Figure 1). The northern end of the beach is wave-exposed, widening to intertidal sand flats towards
McCreadys Creek mouth (Short, 2000). A rock wall has been built in front of beachfront properties along the
central and northern sections of the beach.
The northern section of Blacks Beach is largely comprised of properties zoned as Special Activities (Tourism),
with Freehold tenure extending to the beach front in some areas (Figures 2, 3). Coastal frontage along the
southern end of Blacks Beach is under Reserve tenure and trustee of Mackay Regional Council. Reserve tenure
along Blacks Beach is correspondingly zoned as Open Space. A 27 hectare Freehold tenure block remains in the
centre of Blacks Beach spit and is split between Urban Expansion and Rural zones. Blacks Beach is an area of
high growth, with a number of new residential subdivisions having been or currently being established in the
area.
Figure 1: Extent of Blacks Beach unit
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Figure 2: Land tenure Blacks Beach Figure 3: Planning scheme zonation Blacks Beach
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Digital Cadastral Data 2008 supplied by Mackay Regional Council.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Planning Scheme Zone Data 2008 supplied by Mackay Regional Council.
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2. Conservation and Management Issues
2.1 Vegetation
2.1.1 Remnant vegetation
The largest amount of remnant vegetation remains at the southern end of Blacks Beach in Reserve tenure,
making it an important area for conservation (Table 1, Figure 4). The vegetation is predominantly a mix of
eucalypt and acacia open forest with beach scrub understorey. Approximately 7 hectares of microphyll vine
forest on coastal dunes (RE 8.2.2, ‘beach scrub’) has been identified in this zone on Reserve tenure and is listed
as ‘Critically Endangered’ by federal legislation (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act,
1999). Key threats to this community include inappropriate fire regimes, weed invasion, impacts of coastal
development and recreational use.
Other remnant vegetation at Blacks Beach includes grassland occurring on the northern rocky outcrop on
Esplanade and Reserve tenure; and mangrove and saltpan communities on the western margin of Blacks Beach
spit on Reserve tenure (Table 1, Figure 4).
A bushfire is an uncontrolled fire burning in forest, scrub or grassland vegetation and may occur in most
vegetation types in Queensland where there is a fuel path of sufficient dryness to be flammable (Queensland
Government, 2003). State Planning Policy 1/03 under the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 deals with the
mitigation of adverse impacts of bushfire, and includes a natural hazard assessment for bushfires and the
subsequent provision of safety buffers. According to this policy, a low hazard score and no prescribed safety
buffer width is allocated to “narrow strips of coastal vegetation with a linear shape, less than 50 hectares in
area and more than one kilomere from the nearest extensive vegetation, on 0-5% slope, with an eastern
aspect” (Queensland Government, 2003). All rehabilitation activities undertaken as part of this plan will be
done so with consideration of this State Planning Policy.
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Table 1: Remnant vegetation (Regional Ecosystem) communities at Blacks Beach
Regional Ecosystem (RE)
Short description (Environmental Protection Agency, 2005)
Approximate area (ha) on Reserve and Esplanade tenure
Vegetation Management Act status 2005
Biodiversity status
EPBC Status
8.1.1 Mangrove vegetation of marine clay plains and estuaries. Estuarine wetland.
4.2 ha Not of concern
No concern at present
n/a
8.1.2 Samphire open forbland to isolated clumps of forbs on saltpans and plains adjacent to mangroves.
0.5 ha Not of concern
Of concern n/a
8.2.2 Microphyll vine forest on coastal dunes. 7.1 ha Of concern Endangered Critically Endangered
8.2.6 Corymbia tessellaris + Acacia leptocarpa + Banksia integrifolia + Melaleuca dealbata + beach scrub species open forest on coastal parallel dunes.
18.9 ha Of concern Of concern n/a
8.2.11 Melaleuca spp. woodland in parallel dune swales (wetlands).
1 ha Of concern Of concern n/a
8.12.13a Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia shrubland, or Imperata cylindrica grassland. Occurs on slopes of islands and headlands on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks, and Tertiary acid to intermediate volcanics.
1 ha Of concern Of concern n/a
8.2.13a Corymbia tessellaris, Melaleuca spp., Livistona decora, Corymbia intermedia, E. tereticornis open-forest. Some areas of Acacia spp. closed-forest with C. tessellaris.
Freehold tenure. Not included in beach unit recommendations.
Endangered Endangered n/a
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Figure 4: Remnant vegetation Blacks Beach
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2.1.2 Vegetation zonation
The southern end of Blacks Beach (south of Anglers Parade) maintains the full complex of dune zonation with
colonising spinifex and casuarina woodland on foredunes, and open forest and/or beach scrub communities
beyond the frontal dune (Figures 5, 6). The condition of parts of this remnant vegetation is reduced in some
areas owing to; inappropriate access, disturbance, erosion, dense stands of non-native vegetation, and the
effects of past fires.
Where residential areas border Reserve and Esplanade tenures in the central region of the beach, there are
some cases where native vegetation has been removed and dunal areas have become an extension of adjacent
lawns and gardens (Figure 7).
The presence of the rock wall along the northern end of the beach has removed the capacity for natural dune
zonation in this area (Figure 8).
Figure 5 and 6: Southern end of Blacks Beach with dunal zonation in place from colonising spinifex to open woodlands and beach scrub communities on dunes.
Figure 7: In some areas of Blacks Beach, dune vegetation has been removed and Reserve/ Esplanade has become an extension of neighbouring properties.
Figure 8: Presence of the rock wall at the northern end of Blacks Beach has removed the capacity for natural dune zonation.
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2.1.3 Non-native vegetation
Dense stands of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and lantana (Lantana camara) threaten to outcompete
native vegetation and pose a fire threat to fire sensitive remnant vegetation communities throughout the
Reserve at the southern end of the beach (Figure 9). Dunal areas of Reserve or Esplanade tenure being
maintained as extensions of lawns and gardens were key sites observed to have stands of non-native
vegetation. Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Guinea grass threaten remnant vegetation at the northern
end of the beach. Additional declared weeds (Land Protection Pest and Stock Route Management Act, 2002)
were also recorded along the length of the beach including prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) (Figure 10), mother of
millions (Bryophyllum sp.), and singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata).
Figure 9: Dense stands of Lantana and Guinea grass pose a fire threat and outcompete native vegetation along Blacks Beach.
Figure 10: Declared Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) on Blacks Beach.
2.1.4 Waste dumping
Vegetative waste is present on dunes at Blacks Beach, particularly where there are adjacent residential areas
(Figures 11, 12). Dumping of general waste was observed throughout the remnant vegetation on Freehold and
Reserve land where unregulated vehicle access is occurring (Figures 13, 14).
Figure 11 and 12: Dumping and accumulation of vegetative waste on dunes at Blacks Beach.
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Figure 13 and 14: General waste has been dumped at Blacks Beach Spit, on both the Freehold and Reserve land, reducing the aesthetic value and creating a public nuisance for management organisations. Photos by Matt Bloor.
2.2 Public access and facilities
There are eight designated beach access points provided with fencing and associated infrastructure along
Blacks Beach (Figures 15, 21). Several unofficial access tracks also exist along the length of the beach, and
bollarding has been undertaken on the eastern side of some of these to prevent vehicle access to the beach.
Post and rail fencing has been partially installed along the western margin of Reserve tenure south of Anglers
Parade where new residential development is occurring (Figure 16). Fencing of the dunes and a mown open
space on Reserve tenure is also associated with the Turtle Place beach access. There is currently no fencing
behind residential areas between Anglers Parade and Turtle Place access points, and inappropriate
management of the Reserve and beach access subsequently occurs (Figures 17, 18).
Recreational facilities are provided at Blacks Beach Park at the northern end of Bourke Street with toilet, BBQ,
tables, playground and parking facilities. Additional car parking and/ or mown areas are associated with Turtle
Place, Pitt Street and Anglers Parade beach access points.
There are no official boat ramps along Blacks Beach, with the closest being on the southern bank of McCreadys
Creek via Andergrove (Figure 21) or Eimeo Creek on Sunset Boulevard. A make shift boat ramp has been
constructed on the northern bank of McCreadys Creek in this beach unit (Figure 19). Unregulated vehicle
access to Blacks Beach spit occurs from the end of Pacific Drive and Corella way through Freehold tenure,
causing remnant vegetation to be opened up to disturbance and condition reduced (Figure 20). Vehicle access
to the spit through Reserve land is closed to the public.
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Figure 15: One of the eight official beach access points along Blacks Beach.
Figure 16: The western side of the Reserve has been partially fenced south of Anglers Parade.
Figures 16 and 17: Where no fencing is present to delineate tenure boundaries and access points, the Reserve is being inappropriately managed by adjacent residential areas and multiple unofficial access points are opened up.
Figure 19: A make shift boat ramp has been constructed on McCreadys Creek, using vehicular access to Blacks Beach Spit through Freehold tenure.
Figure 20: Unregulated vehicular access to Blacks Beach Spit occurs and multiple tracks have opened up the remnant vegetation.
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Figure 21: Blacks Beach access points and recreational areas
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2.3 Wildlife
Blacks Beach is one of three beaches listed in the Mackay Whitsunday region as supporting significant
populations of nesting marine turtles. An average of 24 flatback turtle (Natator depressus) nests per year were
recorded at Blacks Beach between 1993 and 2003 with a maximum of 47 occurring in one year (Mackay District
Turtle Watch Association, 2003). Two interpretive signs highlighting the value of Blacks Beach as turtle nesting
habitat are installed; at Pitt Street and Blacks Beach Park access points (Figure 21). The rock wall along the
northern end of Blacks Beach prevents successful turtle nesting in this section. There are some opportunities
along the southern end of the beach to improve dune vegetation to promote the success of marine turtle
nesting.
Blacks Beach Spit and Blacks Beach (sandy shoreline) are both identified as intertidal roosts for shorebirds in
the Mackay region. The Blacks Beach Spit intertidal roost is considered significant (300-1000 birds recorded),
with up to 584 shorebirds recorded in one year (Harding and Milton, 2003). Disturbance via boating,
pedestrian, and vehicular traffic impact on shorebird roosting at this site. An interpretive sign highlighting the
value of Blacks Beach as a shorebird roost has been installed at the beach end of the Anglers Parade access
point. Sightings of the vulnerable beach stone curlew (Esacus magnirostris) have been recorded at Blacks
Beach Spit since 2000 (Andrews, M. 2009, pers. comm., 2 July).
Essential Habitat mapping for the false water rat (Xeromys myoides) covers the Reserve tenure on the western
side of Blacks Beach spit (Figure 22). Although no other Essential Habitat mapping is currently available, beach
scrub ecosystems are considered to provide habitat for the listed northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), rusty
monitor (Varanus semiremex), and coastal sheathtail bat (Taphozous australis). Blacks Beach Reserve has
approximately 7 ha of beach scrub vegetation, with an additional 5 ha identified on adjacent Freehold tenure.
The condition of these communities is threatened by inappropriate fire regimes, weed invasion, and the
impacts of coastal development and recreational use. An interpretive sign for beach scrub communities, and
associated species, is provided at the road end of the Anglers Parade access point.
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Figure 22: Wildlife values Blacks Beach
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2.4 Cultural heritage
The Blacks Beach area was previously occupied by Traditional Owners and the retention and rehabilitation of
natural areas remains of significance to the Yuibera people (Mooney, G. 2009, pers. comm., 9 March).
Middens, fish traps or other items of cultural significance may be present in the area.
2.5 Erosion
Developments have occurred within the erosion prone area along some areas of Blacks Beach (Figure 27). The
retention and maintenance of the buffer zone that does remain is important to prevent additional threats to
property boundaries.
Some sections of the frontal dune along Blacks Beach are lacking native vegetation, leaving them vulnerable to
erosion processes (Figure 23). Where inappropriate vehicle or pedestrian access has occurred, bare sand areas
have opened up or been invaded by non-native species and would benefit from rehabilitation activities (Figures
23 and 25). Reserve and Esplanade areas being maintained as an extension of residential lawns and lacking
dune vegetation zonation in the central section of the beach face greater risk of erosion into the future.
A rock wall has been built along the northern section of Blacks Beach to protect property from receding
shorelines. Regarding the rock walls at Blacks Beach, the Mackay Coast Study concluded that “considerable
erosion would be expected to occur on the beaches adjacent to, and seaward of the walls. Significant
investment into the upgrading of the rock walls in their present position should be avoided. Instead, funding
should be directed towards a planned retreat and the eventual removal of the rock walls.” (Environmental
Protection Agency, 2004). There are some opportunities to provide stabilisation to the current dune structure
on Reserve tenure behind the current rock wall, particularly near the Turtle Place and Blacks Beach Park access
points (Figure 26).
Figure 23: Some sections of beach front lack native vegetation to stabilise the dunes.
Figure 24: Where inappropriate vehicle access or fires have occurred, dunes are under threat of erosion.
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Figure 25: Dune erosion can occur where sand is exposed from excessive vehicular access.
Figure 26: Where rock walls exist, there is some opportunity to stabilise dune structure using native vegetation.
Figure 27: Erosion Prone Area Blacks Beach
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2.6 Climate change
The dune system at the southern end of Blacks Beach is well vegetated to protect against the effects of climate
change, however, there are some opportunities to improve structure and condition through weed control and
rehabilitation activities. The capacity of the dunes in the central and northern sections of Blacks Beach to
protect against the effects of climate change is currently limited due to clearing of native vegetation by partial
extensions of residential back yards and the presence of the rock wall.
Tidal flat communities extend in behind the Blacks Beach Spit and southern residential area (Figure 28).
Adjacent land should remain free of infrastructure to allow for migration of these communities as sea level
changes occur.
Figure 28: Current extent of tidal flat communities (Landzone 1) Blacks Beach
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3. Recommended activities
# On-ground activity details (Figure 29)
Zone A | Blacks Beach Park and surrounds (3 ha)
1 Weed control, revegetation. Major target weed species include leucaena (Leucaena
leucocephala), guajava (Psidium guajava), prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), Guinea grass (Megathyrsus
maximus). Revegetation to replace removed weed species, along frontal coastal dunes, and
margins of park to support dune structure.
Zone B | Turtle Place access (1 ha)
2 Weed control, revegetation, remove waste dumping. Major target weed species is Guinea
grass. Revegetation to replace removed weed species and supplement coastal vegetation on
Reserve tenure, particularly along frontal dune. Remove vegetative waste dumped on dunes.
3 Fencing. Retain the current fence alignment unless required to be relocated due to sand
intrusion. This should be reviewed in 3 years (ie: 2013) to examine extent of revegetation and
sand movement.
4 Beach access upgrade. Seek advice as to the installation of stairs or other infrastructure for
Turtle Place access point.
Zone C | Blacks Beach Road to Anglers Parade (5 ha).
5 Weed control, revegetation, remove waste dumping, remove private infrastructure. Major
target weed species include lantana, Guinea grass, garden escapees. Revegetation to replace
removed weed species and to support frontal dune. Revegetation of cleared areas and bare
patches currently being mown on Reserve. Removal of vegetative waste on dunes.
6 Fencing. Fencing (Appendix 2) along the length of the Reserve between Anglers Parade and Pitt
Street. This will provide a vegetation zone to define the revegetation area, limit mowing to the
fence line, provide a fire break from freehold properties, and direct pedestrians to access points.
The fencing is to enclose natural vegetation where such vegetation currently exists, regardless of
the distance from the existing property boundary. The distance from the property boundary to
the fence is to be a minimum of 20m and a maximum of 35m where the reserve is free of natural
vegetation in front of existing properties.
Zone D | Blacks Beach Reserve south of Anglers Parade (25 ha).
7 Weed control, revegetation. Major target weed species include lantana, Guinea grass.
Revegetation to replace removed weed species, along some sections of frontal dune, in hind
dune areas lacking significant vegetation, and along unofficial access ways.
8 Fencing. Reinstate fencing of Seafarers Court beach access from western margin of Reserve to
beach front (approx 180 m length). Complete the fencing and/or bollarding of the western
margin of the Reserve south of Anglers Parade to end of the residential area to prevent vehicle
access and residential encroachment onto the Reserve.
Zone E | McCreadys Creek mouth (5 ha).
9 Remove waste dumping. Removal of waste dumped in this zone.
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Other activities across multiple zones
10 Update and rationalise current regulatory and information signage; dogs on leads, pedestrian
access points (both on the beach front and on the landward sides), waste dumping, camping, and
fire signage.
11 Request freehold properties (Lot/Plan 1113/C124506 and 3/SP123441) fence off their properties
to public access. Vehicle access to Blacks Beach spit and make-shift boat ramps on McCreadys
Creek currently occurs through private property.
12 Monitor and use available legislation to protect existing native vegetation on Esplanade and
Reserve tenure as required (particularly zones C and D).
13 Land adjacent to salt marsh communities (eg. Lot/Plan 913/SP199842, 1113/C124506,
920/SP210492, 3/SP123441) to remain free of infrastructure to allow migration of these
communities as sea level rises.
14 Educate coastal community on local weed species and promote the use of local native species in
residential gardens.
15 Educate coastal community on requirement to dispose of garden waste and other debris at
designated Council refuse sites.
16 Monitor unrestricted vehicle access to beach and install bollarding as required (particularly Zones
D and E).
17 Monitor shorebird roost data for Blacks Beach spit and implement seasonal, voluntary closures
as required.
18 Where appropriate, Mackay Regional Council will liaise with the Queensland state government
to enable repairs and maintenance to be carried out on existing rock wall structures.
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Figure 29: Zones for recommended activities Blacks Beach
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4. References
Environmental Protection Agency (2004) Mackay Coast Study, State of Queensland Environmental Protection
Agency.
Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Regional Ecosystem Description Database. Available at
http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/biodiversity/regional_ecosystems/how_to_downloa
d_REDD/
Harding, S., Milton, D. (2003) Mackay Shorebird Project Final Report, Queensland Wader Study Group.
Short, A. (2000) Beaches of the Queensland Coast: Cooktown to Coolangatta, Sydney University Press, Sydney.
Mackay District Turtle Watch Association (2003) Internal data marine turtle nesting 1993-2003.
Queensland Government (2003) State Planning Policy 1/03 Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Flood, Bushfire
and Landslide. Available at http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/publications/spp/
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Appendix 1: Recommended species for dune revegetation
This is a generic list of recommended species for dune revegetation on Mackay beaches compiled from Sarina
Shire Beaches Management Guidelines for Coastal Zones, Regional Ecosystem 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.6a revegetation
recommendations, and field observations.
A distinction is made below between front and hind dune species for revegetation. However, the species
selected for revegetation at any particular location will ultimately depend on current and pre-clearing Regional
Ecosystem mapping, and site-specific conditions (such as aspect, topography, existing vegetation, soil
condition, etc).
Front Dune (seaward)
Species name Common name Habit
Canavalia rosea Beach bean Groundcover
Carpobrotus glaucescens Angular pigface Groundcover
Ipomoea pes-caprae Goats foot convolvulus Groundcover
Sporobolus virginicus Marine couch Groundcover
Vigna marina Vigna Groundcover
Cyperus pedunculatus Pineapple sedge Sedge
Spinifex sericeus Beach spinifex Grass
Thuarea involuta Birds beak grass Grass
Vitex trifolia Coastal vitex Shrub
Argusia argentea Octopus bush Tree
Casuarina equisetifolia Coastal she oak Tree
Front Dune (top and landward side)
Species name Common name Habit
Clerodendum inerme Coastal lollybush Shrub
Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa Sticky hop bush Shrub
Sophora tomentosa Silver bean Shrub
Vitex trifolia Coastal vitex Shrub
Casuarina equisetifolia Coastal she oak Tree
Hibiscus tiliaceus Cottonwood Tree
Pandanus tectorius Pandanus Tree
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Hind dune and further landward
Species name Common name Habit
Crinum pedunculatum Spider lilly Lilly
Eragrostis intrrupta Coastal love grass Grass
Eustrephus latifolius Wombat berry Climber
Stephania japonica Tape vine Climber
Clerodendrum inerme Coastal lolly bush Shrub
Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa Sticky hop bush Shrub
Eugenia reinwardtiana Beach cherry Shrub
Jasminum didymium Native jasmine Shrub
Sophora tomentosa Silver bean Shrub
Acacia leptocarpa Tree
Acacia oraria Tree
Acronychia laevis Glossy acronychia Tree
Alphitonia excelsa Soapy ash Tree
Banksia integrifolia Coastal banksia Tree
Calophyllum inophyllum Ball nut Tree
Chionanthus ramiflora Native olive Tree
Clerodendrum floribundum Lolly bush Tree
Corymbia tesselaris Moreton bay ash Tree
Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo Tree
Diospyros geminata Scaly ebony Tree
Drypetes deplanchei Yellow tulip Tree
Euroschinus falcata Ribbonwood Tree
Hibiscus heterophylus Native hibiscus Tree
Hibiscus tiliaceus Cottonwood Tree
Jagera pseudorhus Foam bark Tree
Macaranga tanarius Macaranga Tree
Mallotus phillipensis Red kamala Tree
Mimusops elengi Red coondoo Tree
Morinda citrifolia Smelly cheese tree Tree
Pandanus tectorius Pandanus Tree
Pittosporum ferrugineum Rusty pittosporum Tree
Planchonia careya Cocky apple Tree
Pleiogynium timorense Burdekin plum Tree
Sterculia quadrifida Peanut tree Tree
Terminalia cattapa Beach almond Tree
Terminalia muelleri Tree
Thespesia populnoides Tulip tree Tree
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Appendix 2: Coastal fencing specifications