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B.LAW UNIT- II

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    >3

    TKJW 1 & GJSCIHQOD EN H CEKWQHCW

    ) ]HQW J *

    8X+ Dy}bhjk wid fdhkjko en cekwjkodkw cekwqhcw5 _ihw hqd wid qtbds qdbhwdg we cekwjkodkw cekwqhcw5

    Hks< GDNJKJWJEK< Hcceqgjko we sdc )38* en JCH" 89?1" h cekwjkodkw cekwqhcw js h cekwqhcw we ge eq kew

    we ge sefdwijko" jn wid d~dkw" cebbhwdqhb we stci cekwqhcw" geds eq geds kew ih}}dk+

    Wits jw js h cekwqhcw" wid }dqneqfhkcd en ijci js gd}dkgdkw t}ek wid ih}}dkjko eq kek

    ih}}dkjko en hk tkcdqwhjk ntwtqd d~dkw" cebbhwdqhb we stci d~dkws+

    DY< H }qefjsds we }hz Qs 8====%&" jn As ietsd js atqkw+

    DSSDKWJHB CIHQHCWDQJSWJCS EN H CEKWJKODKW CEKWQHCW+ Cekwjkodkw cekwqhcw t}ek ntwtqd cekgtcw en h bj~jko }dqsek< _idk stci }dqsek hcws jk wid

    fhkkdq hs gdsjqdg jk wid cekwqhcw jw chk ad dkneqcdg hkg jn stci }dqsek geds kew hcws jk wid

    fhkkdq hs gdsjqdg jk wid cekwqhcw jw adcefds ~ejg+

    1X+ Gjnndqdkcds adwddk hodqjko hoqddfdkw hkg cekwjkodkw cekwqhcw+

    iww}

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    Hks< Wid nebbejko hqd wid gjnndqdkcds adwddk hodqjko hoqddfdkw hkg cekwjkodkw hoqddfdkw+ Jw js h ohfd en cihkcd+ Jw js kew h ohfd en cihkcd+

    3X+ ihw js fdhkw az }dqneqfhkcd5 Hkg enndq en }dqneqfhkcd%wdkgdq5

    Hks< ]dqneqfhkcd< }dqneqfhkcd en h cekwqhcw fdhks chqqzjko etw en }qefjsds hkg eabjohwjeks

    tkgdqwh`dk az wid }hqwjds hcceqgjko we wid wdqfs }qdscqjadg jk wid cekwqhcw+

    iww}

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    >>

    ENNDQ EN ]DQNEQFHKCD EQ WDKGDQ< _idk }qefjseq ihs fhgd h ~hbjg enndq en }dqneqfhkcd

    we wid }qefjsd hkg enndq ihg kew addk hccd}wdg az wid }qefjsd" wid }qefjseq js kew qds}eksjabd neq kek

    }dqneqfhkcd hkg id geds kew besd hkz qjoiws tkgdq wid cekwqhcw+

    H ~hbjg wdkgdq en }dqneqfhkcd js dxtj~hbdkw we }dqneqfhkcd+ Jw js hbse `kek hs hwwdf}wdg}dqneqfhkcd eq wdkgdq+

    Wid nebbejko hqd wid dssdkwjhbs eq qdxtjsjwds en h ~hbjg wdkgdq

    8=X+ ihw ge zet fdhk az hssjokfdkw en cekwqhcw5 _ihw cekgjwjeks sietbg ad ntbnjbbdg neq

    hssjokfdkw en cekwqhcw5

    Hks

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    ??

    DY< G eds Qs 4==%& we C+ C" wid cqdgjweq" chk wqhksndq ijs qjoiw we W we qdce~dq wid hfetkw nqef

    G+ jn G ihs hbqdhgz }hjg Qs 1==%& we C" W jbb ad aetkg az wijs }hzfdkw hkg sihbb ad dkwjwbdg we

    qdce~dq ekbz Qs 3== nqef G+

    Hk hcwjekhabd cbhjfs chk ad hbhzs ad hssjokdg atw wid hssjokfdkw we ad cef}bdwd hkg dnndcwthb ftsw addnndcwdg az hk jkswqtfdkw jk qjwjko+ Kewjcd en stci hssjokfdkw ftsw hbse ad oj~dk we wid gdaweq

    JJ* E}dqhwjek en bh< Hssjokfdkw az e}dqhwjek en bh wh`ds }bhcd az jkwdq~dkwjek en bh+

    8* Gdhwi< t}ek wid gdhwi en wid }hqwz we h cekwqhcw ijs qjoiws hkg bjhajbjwjds tkgdq wid cekwqhcw

    gd~eb~d t}ek ijs idjqs hkg bdohb qd}qdsdkwhwj~ds+

    1* Jkseb~dkcz< jk chsd en jkseb~dkcz en h }dqsek ijs qjoiws hkg bjhajbjwjds jkctqqdg }qd~jets we

    hgltgjchwjek }hss we wid ennjcjhb qdcdj~dq eq hssjokdd+

    iww}

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    ?9

    88X+ qjwds h sieqw kewd ek jf}essjajbjwz en }dqneqfhkcd+

    Hks" en cekwqhcw hcw" gdhbs jwi wid jf}essjajbjwz+ Jn hk hoqddfdkw cekwhjks hk tkgdqqjwjko

    we }dqneqf jf}essjajbjwz" jw js ~ejg&ha&jkjwje+ )^ejg*+ Jw js en we wz}ds1*1*< Qdcdssjek en h cekwqhcw wh`ds }bhcd idk hbb eq sefd en wid wdqfs en wid

    cekwqhcw hqd chkcdbbdg+ Jw fhz ecctq1*< Hbwdqhwjek fdhks h cihkod jk ekd eq feqd wdqfs en h cekwqhcw jwi ftwthb

    ceksdkw en }hqwjds+ Jk stci h chsd wid ebg js gjscihqodg+

    Dy< H dkwdqs jkwe h cekwqhcw jwi A neq wid st}}bz en itkgqdg ahbds en cewwek hw ijs oegek Ke+8 az

    wid 8sw

    en wid kdyw fekwi+ H . A fhz hbwdq wid wdqfs en wid cekwqhcw az ftwthb ceksdkw+

    7+ Qdfjssjek )Sdcwjek+>3*< Qdfjssjek fdhks hccd}whkcd en h bdssdq ntbnjbbfdkw en wid }qefjsd fhgd eq

    hccd}whkcd en h stf bdssdq wihk ihw hs cekwqhcwdg neq+ Jk stci h chsd" Sdcwjek+>3 en wid Cekwqhcw Hcw

    hbbes wid }qefjsd we gjs}dksd eq qdfjw wid }dqneqfhkcd en wid }qefjsd az wid }qefjseq" eq we dywdkg wid

    wjfd neq wid }dqneqfhkcd en we hccd}w hkz ewidq shwjsnhcwjek jkswdhg en }dqneqfhkcd+

    iww}

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    9>

    Dy< H eds A Qs+4"===%&+ H }hzs we A hkg A hccd}ws jk wid shwjsnhcwjek en wid iebd gdaw

    Qs+1"===%& }hjg hw wid wjfd hkg }bhcd ijci Qs+4"===%& dqd }hzhabd+ Wid iebd gdaw js we ad gjscihqodg+

    4+ _hj~dq< _idk h cekwqhcwjko }hqwz nhjbs we }dqneqf ijs eabjohwjek tkgdq wid cekwqhcw" wid ewidq }hqwz

    )hooqjd~dg }hqwz* fhz qdsdkg wid cekwqhcw hkg fhz hj~d wid }qefjseq eq qdbdhsd+ Wijs js chbbdg hs_hj~dq+

    >+ Az fdqodq< Fdqodq wh`ds }bhcd idk hk jkndqjeq qjoiw hccqtjko we h }hqwz tkgdq h cekwqhcw fdqods jkwe

    h st}dqjeq qjoiw hccqtjko we wid shfd }hqwz tkgdq wid shfd eq sefd ewidq cekwqhcw+

    Dy< ] iebgs h }qe}dqwz tkgdq h bdhsd+ Id bhwdq atzs wid }qe}dqwz+ Ijs qjoiws hs h bdssdd fdqod jkwe ijs

    qjoiws hs h ekdq+

    8?X+Gjscihqod az E}dqhwjek en Bh

    Hks< H cekwqhcw fhz ad gjscihqodg az e}dqhwjek en bh ijci wh`ds }bhcd+ _idk hk jkgj~jsjabd cekwqhcw js cef}bdwdbz }dqneqfdg atw ahgbz< _idk hk jkgj~jsjabd cekwqhcw neq h

    btf} stf js cef}bdwdbz }dqneqfdg" atw ahgbz" wid }dqsek ie ihg }dqneqfdg wid cekwqhcw chk cbhjf wid

    btf} stf atw wid ewidq }hqwz chk fh`d h gdgtcwjek neq ahg eq`+

    iww}

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    :3

    11X+ _qjwd h sieqw kewd ek Jkltkcwjek+

    Hks< _idk h }hqwz js jk aqdhci en kdohwj~d wdqf en wid cekwqhcw )j+d+" idqd id js gejko sefdwijko ijci

    id }qefjsdg kew we ge*" jk stci h chsd wid cetqw fhz az jsstjko hk eqgdq qdswqhjk ijf nqef gejko ihw id

    }qefjsdg kew we ge" stci hk eqgdq en wid cetqw js `kek hs Jkltkcwjek+

    Wid oqhkw en hk Jkltkcwjek az wid cetqw js keqfhbbz gjscqdwjekhqz" atw widqd sddfs ke qdhsek iz

    wid cetqw sietbg qdntsd wid oqhkw en hk Jkltkcwjek we qdswqhjk wid aqdhci en cekwqhcw+

    h* _idqdaz h }qefjseq tkgdqwh`ds kew we ge sefdwijko+

    a* _ijci js kdohwj~d jk staswhkcd wietoi kew jk neqf

    Dy< K" h Njbf Hcwqdss hoqddg we hcw dycbtsj~dbz neq _ neq h zdhq hkg neq ke ekd dbsd+ Gtqjko wid

    zdhq" sid cekwqhcwdg we hcw neq \+ Sid cetbg ad qdswqhjkdg az Jkltkcwjek nqef gejko se+

    13X+Gdnjkd Xthsj Cekwqhcw+ Dy}bhjk wid wz}ds en Xthsj Cekwqhcw+

    Hks

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    :7

    WZ]DS EN XTHSJ&CEKWQHCWS< Wid nebbejko hqd en Xthsj&cekwqhcws hqd gjsctssdg adbe+

    8+ St}}bz en kdcdsshqjds )sdc>9*< hcceqgjko we sdcwjek >9" jn h }dqsek jkch}habd en dkwdqjko jkwe h cekwqhcw

    eq hkz ekd ief id hs bdohbbz aetkg we st}}eqw js st}}bjdg az hkewidq jwi kdcdsshqjds stjwdg we ijs

    cekgjwjek jk bjnd wid }dqsek ie ihs ntqkjsidg stci st}}bjds J dkwjwbdg we ad qdjfatqsdg nqef wid }qe}dqwzen stci jkch}habd }dqsek+

    Dy< H" st}}bjds A h btkhwjc jwi kdcdsshqjds stjwhabd we ijs cekgjwjek jk bjnd+ H js dkwjwbdg we

    qdjfatqsd nqef As }qe}dqwz+

    1+ ]hzfdkw az hk jkwdqdswdg }dqsek )Sdcwjek+>:* H }dqsek" ie js jkwdqdswdg jk }hzfdkw en fekdz

    ijci hkewidq js aetkg az bh we }hz hkg ie widqdneqd }hzs jw" js dkwjwbdg we ad qdjfatqsdg az ewidq+

    Wid dssdkwjhb qdxtjqdfdkws en Sdcwjek+>: hs nebbes


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