HISTORY OF BLACK HOLES• Geologist John Mitchell put forward the• idea of a body so massive that even light• could not escape.• 1915 Einstein develops his theory of relativity• The Golden Age of relativity • started

• Israel, Carter and Robinson Noair Theorem

• 1970s, Hawking other scientists formulation of black holes thermodynamics.

General relativity Becoming mainstream

Black holes subjects of research

HISTORY OF BLACK HOLES

• This analogy, was finished by Hawking in 1974

• The term black hole:

• - 1st publicly used by John Wheeler

• - 1st recorded use of term by Ann Ewing in her article “Black Holes in space”

FEATURES

CLASSIFICATION

Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass. The size of a black hole is proportional to the mass M:

rsh is the Schwarzschild radius and MSun is the mass of the Sun.

EVENT HORIZON Event horizon: is a boundary in space-time through which matter

and light can only pass towards the mass of the black hole. Nothing can escape from inside the event horizon. The event horizon is referred to as like this because if an event occurs in the boundary, information from this event can´t be observed or studied so it is impossible to know if this event has occurred.

Gravitational time dilation: “clocks near a black hole appear to tick more slowly than those further away from the black hole.” An object falling into a black hole appears to slow down as it approaches the event horizon, taking an infinite time to reach it.

The shape of the event horizon of a black hole is approximately spherical. For non-rotating (static) black holes the geometry is spherical, while for rotating black holes the sphere is oblate.

SINGULARITY Gravitational singularity: region where the space-time curvature becomes

infinite. It has zero volume, contains all the mass of the black hole solution and it has infinitive density.

PHOTON SPHERE The photon sphere: spherical boundary without thickness. For non-rotating

black holes, the photon sphere has a radius 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius. While light can still escape from inside the photon sphere, any light that crosses the photon sphere on an inbound trajectory will be captured by the black hole. Other objects such as neutron stars, can also have photon spheres. Any object that is smaller than 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius corresponding to its mass will indeed have a photon sphere.

ERGOSPHERE The ergosphere: oblate spheroid region outside of the event horizon, where

objects cannot remain stationary. Objects and radiation can escape normally from the ergosphere. Through the

Penrose process, objects can emerge from the ergosphere with more energy than they entered. This energy is taken from the rotational energy of the black hole causing it to slow down.

Depending on the mass black holes can be:

Supermasive black holes : They are those who have masses of several million solar masses. They are at the heart of many galaxies . Are formed in the same process that gives rise to spherical components of galaxies.Stellar-mass black holes : They are formed when a star of mass 2.5 times that of the Sun goes supernova and explodes. Its nucleus is concentrated in a very small volume is reduced whenever more . This is the type of black hole for the first time goes into the theory of general relativity.Micro black holes : They are hypothetical objects , somewhat smaller than stellar . If they are small enough, they can get to evaporate in a relatively short period through emission of Hawking radiation . This type of physical entities is postulated in some approaches to quantum gravity, but can not be generated by a conventional process of gravitational collapse , which requires higher mass to the Sun

Examples

Supermasive BlackholeStellar mass Blackhole

Micro Blackhole

Depending on their physical properties black holes can be:

To classify this black holes we follow Einstein research bout black holes so black holes are:The simplest possible black hole is, it has not broken or charge Schwarzschild black hole.

- If not rotate but has electric charge, there is the black hole called Reissner-Nordstrøm.

- A rotating black hole without charge is a Kerr black hole. - If also has charge, talk about a black hole Kerr-Newman.