Blood

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10

Blood


Composition of Blood

1. What is the blood volume of an average sized adult?

About 5.5 liters

2. What determines whether blood if bright red or a dull brick red?

The amount of Oxygen. The higher

The oxygen content the brighter

The blood


3. Identify the cell types or blood elements that fit the following descriptive statements

1. Its name means ‘neutral loving’, a phagocyte

2. granulocytes

3. Also called a Red Blood Cell

4. agranulocytes

5. Ancestral cells of platelets

6. basophils, esinophils, erythrocytes, lymphocytes megakaryocytes, monocytes and neutrophils

7. Number rises during infections

8. Releases a vasodilator, the least abundant WBC

9. Transports oxygen

10. Primarily water, noncellular, fluid matrix of blood

11. Phagocyte in chronic infections

12. Also called white blood cells

Neutrophil

Basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil

Erthrocyte

Monocyte, Lymphocyte

Megakaryocyte

Formed Elements

Eosinophil

Basophil

Erythrocyte

Plasma

Monocyte

Basophil, Eosinophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Neutrophil


4. List three classes of nutrients normally found in Plasma

Glucose, Fatty Acids, Vitamins and Amino Acids

Name two gasses

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Name three ions

Sodium Potassium, Calcium

5. Describe the consistency and color of plasma

Viscous (slippery) and Yellow, straw like color

6. What is the average life span of a red blood cell.

120 days

How does its anucleate condition affect its life span?

They are unable to reproduce. They are produced in the Cancellous Bone of the Skeletal System


7. Describe the structural characteristics of the following blood cell types and their percentage of the total white blood cell population

Eosinophils

Bilobed, Nucleus: 1 to 4%

Neutrophils

3 or more lobes: 40 to 70%

Lymphocytes

Dark, Purple Spherical: 20 to 45%

Basophils

U or S shaped: <1%

Monocytes

Dark Blue, Kidney Shaped: 4-8%


8. Correctly identify the blood pathologies in column A with Selections from column B

Column A Column B

1. Abnormal increase in the number of WBC’s

Anemia

2. Abnormal increase in the number of RBC’s

Leukocytosis

3. Condition of too few RBC’s or of RBC’s with hemoglobin

deficiencies

Leukopenia

4. Abnormal decrease in the number of WBC’s

Polycythemia

Anemia

Leukocytosis

Polycythemia

Leukopenia


Hematologic Tests

9. Broadly speaking why are hematologic tests of the blood so important in the diagnosis of disease?

These tests are of value because blood composition reflects the health status of many body functions

10. Complete the chart for values for healthy male adults

Test Normal Values High Values Low Values

Total WBC Count 4,000-11,000/mm3 Leukocytosis Leukopenia

Total RBC Count 4-6 million/mm3 Polycthemia Anemia

Hematocrit 47% + or – 7% Polycythemia Anemia

Hemoglobin 13-18 g/100mL Polycythemia Anemia

Coagulation Time 3-6 Minutes Decreased clotting Increased Clotting


11. Define Hematocrit

The percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume

12. If you had a high hematocrit would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be high or low?

High

Why?

Higher erythrocytes mean higher hemoglobin (The protein for 02 bonding)

13. If your blood clumped with anti-A and anti B seri your ABO blood types would be . To what ABO blood group could you give blood? From which ABO Donor types could you receive blood? Which Blood type is the most common? Least Common?

14. Explain why an Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does on the second exposure?

The Rh antigens of the donor sensitize the recipient. The second time it does not and the reaction occurs.

What happens when an ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time?

The plasma proteins (antibodies) will bind together causing the blood to clump and no longer function properly

AB ABAll

O AB


Blood Typing

Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum

Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type

Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner

Cross matching—testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa


ABO Blood Groups

Table 10.3


Blood Typing

Figure 10.8


Human Blood Groups

Blood contains genetically determined proteins

Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the immune system

Antibodies are the “recognizers”

Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)


Human Blood Groups

There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens


ABO Blood Groups

Based on the presence or absence of two antigens

Type A

Type B

The lack of these antigens is called type O


ABO Blood Groups

The presence of both antigens A and B is called type AB

The presence of antigen A is called type A

The presence of antigen B is called type B

The lack of both antigens A and B is called type O


ABO Blood Groups

Blood type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood

Universal recipient

Blood type B can receive B and O blood

Blood type A can receive A and O blood

Blood type O can receive O blood

Universal donor


Rh Blood Groups

Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeys

Most Americans are Rh+ (Rh positive)

Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– (Rh negative) blood


Blood Groups and Transfusions

Large losses of blood have serious consequences

Loss of 15–30% causes weakness

Loss of over 30% causes shock, which can be fatal

Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly

Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

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Blood

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