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BLOODPresented by:
JOMAR P. RONQUILLO, RN
Slide 001
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Transports gases, nutrients, waste products• Transport of process molecules• Transport of regulatory molecules• Regulation of pH and osmosis• Maintenance of body temperature• Protection against foreign substances• Clot formation
Slide 002
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
• Blood is a type of connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix.
• Formed elements
• Plasma
• Total blood volume
Slide 003
PLASMA
• Plasma is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% of water; 7% proteins; and 2% other substances.
• Includes:– Albumin– Globulin– Fibrinogen
PLASMA: ALBUMIN
• Makes up 58% of the plasma proteins
PLASMA: GLOBULIN
• Accounts for 28% of the plasma proteins
PLASMA: FIBRINOGEN
• Constitutes 4% of plasma proteins
PLASMA: SERUM
FORMED ELEMENTS
FORMED ELEMENTS
• Consist of:– Red Blood Cells (RBCs)– White Blood Cells (WBCs)– Thrombocytes (Platelets)
PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS
• Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis in the fetus occurs in the:
• Hematopoiesis after birth occurs in the:
PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS
• All of the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called stem cells or hemocytoblasts.
Blood Cell Formation
STEM CELLS AND CANCER THERAPY
• Cancer therapy can result in the distraction of non-tumor cells that divide rapidly such as the stem cells.
RED BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Disk-shaped biconcave cells with edges that are thicker than the cells’ center.
• During their development, RBCs lose their nuclei and most of their organells.
• Lifespan?
• Main component
RED BLOOD CELLS
• FUNCTION:– Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxygen transport is accomplished by hemoglobin.
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in other tissues
• Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is bright red in color
Slide 003
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Two-thirds of the body’s iron is found in hemoglobin
• Women need more iron than men do
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONINGNausea
Headache
Unconsciousness
RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBCs also play a role in carbon dioxide transport
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Life History of RBCs– Under normal circumstances, about 2.5
million of RBCs are destroyed every second– Proerythroblasts give rise to RBCs
RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBC production
RED BLOOD CELLS
• The process of RBC division requires several nutrients.
RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBC production is stimulated by low blood oxygen levels.
RED BLOOD CELLS
• How is RBCs removed from the circulation?
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• WBCs or leukocytes are spherical cells that lack hemoglobin.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• White blood cells can leave the blood and move by ameboid movement through the tissues.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Has 2 Functions
• Each WBC type is named according to its appearance in stained preparations:– Granulocytes– Agranulocytes
WBCs: Granulocytes
• 3 Types of granulocytes– Neutrophils– Basophils– Eosinophils
GRANULOCYTES
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
AGRANULOCYTES
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Phagocytosis
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS
Preventing Blood Loss
• When a blood vessel is damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and interfere with normal tissue function, or blood can be lost from the body.
Preventing Blood Loss
• Vascular spasm
• Platelet formation
• Blood clotting
Vascular Spasm
• Is an immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel from contraction of smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel.
• What does it do?
• What activates it?
Platelet Plugs
• A platelet plug is an accumulation of platelets that can seal a small break in the blood vessel.
• It is very important in maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system.
Platelet Plugs
• Steps:– Platelet adhesion– Platelet release reaction– Platelet aggregation
Platelet Plugs
Clinical Importance of Activating Platelets
Blood Clotting
• When a blood vessel is severely damaged, blood clotting, or coagulation results in formation of a clot.
Blood Clotting
• What is a clot?
Blood Clotting
• The formation of a blood clot depends on clotting factors
• The process involves a complex process but can be summarized in three main stages:– Activation of clotting factors– Formation of Thrombin– Formation of Fibrin
Blood Clotting
• Most of the clotting factors are manufactured in the liver and most of them require vitamin K for their synthesis.
• The process also requires Ca², and chemicals released from platelets
Sources of Vitamin K
Control of Clot Formation
• The blood contains several anticoagulants, which prevents clotting factors from forming clots.– Ex: Antithrombin, Heparin
• There are enough anticoagulants in the body, under normal circumstances.
The Danger of Unwanted Clots
• Thrombus and embolus formation
• Abnormal coagulation can be hindered by administration of specific medications
Clot Retraction
• After a clot has formed, it begins to condense into a more compact structure by a process known as clot retraction.
• Serum is squeezed out of the clot during clot retraction
• What are the benefits of clot retraction?
Fibrinolysis
• The process of dissolving clots
• Accomplished by plasmin
BLOOD GROUPING
Blood Grouping
• Blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs.– ABO blood groups– RH blood groups
• Blood groups are important to determine especially during a transfusion.
Blood Grouping
• DEFINITION OF TERMS:– Transfusion– Infusion– Transfusion reactions– Antigens– Antibodies– Agglutination– Hemolysis
ABO BLOOD GROUP
ABO Blood Group
• The ABO blood system is used to categorize human blood.
• A, B, and O antigenss appear on the surface of the RBCs.
• 3 types:– Type A– Type B– Type O
Slide 004