BLOODBLOOD

Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood TransportationTransportation

– oxygen and carbon oxygen and carbon dioxidedioxide

– nutrients, hormones, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastesmetabolic wastes

– heatheat RegulationRegulation

– pH through buffer pH through buffer systemssystems

– body temperaturebody temperature– osmotic pressure osmotic pressure

within cellswithin cells ProtectionProtection

– clot bloodclot blood– Fight diseaseFight disease

Components of BloodComponents of Blood Plasma = straw Plasma = straw

colored liquid colored liquid portionportion– Water = 92%Water = 92%– Solutes – Solutes –

electrolytes, electrolytes, hormones, gases, hormones, gases, etc. = 8%etc. = 8%

Formed Elements = Formed Elements = Blood CellsBlood Cells– ErythrocytesErythrocytes– LeukocytesLeukocytes– ThrombocytesThrombocytes

Plasma and SerumPlasma and Serum

PlasmapheresiPlasmapheresis: separates s: separates plasma from plasma from blood cellsblood cells

Serum --when Serum --when blood clotting blood clotting factors are factors are removedremoved

HematopoiesisHematopoiesis

Production of Production of blood cellsblood cells

occurs in red occurs in red bone marrow bone marrow

From stem cells From stem cells called called HemocytoblastsHemocytoblasts

Erythropoietin Erythropoietin produced in the produced in the kidneys starts kidneys starts new RBCs (see pg new RBCs (see pg 372)372)

Erythrocytes (RBCErythrocytes (RBC’’s)s)

Carry Carry Hemoglobin --Hemoglobin --gives whole gives whole blood itblood it’’s red s red colorcolor

Have no nucleusHave no nucleus Live about 120 Live about 120

daysdays

HemoglobinHemoglobin

Heme = iron – contains 4 per globin –Heme = iron – contains 4 per globin –gives blood itgives blood it’’s colors color

Globin = protein ( carries some COGlobin = protein ( carries some CO22))

Leukocytes (WBCLeukocytes (WBC’’s)s)

main function main function protection protection from foreign from foreign particlesparticles

Two Main Two Main Types:Types:

GranulocytesGranulocytes AgranulocytesAgranulocytes

GranulocytesGranulocytes NeutrophilsNeutrophils

– Phagocytes – most Phagocytes – most numerousnumerous

EosinophilsEosinophils– Removes allergens, Removes allergens,

reduces reduces inflammation, inflammation, increase with virusincrease with virus

BasophilsBasophils– promotes promotes

inflammation by inflammation by secreting secreting histamineshistamines

– Heparin to prevent Heparin to prevent blood clottingblood clotting

AgranulocytesAgranulocytes

LymphocytesLymphocytes– produce antibodies produce antibodies

T and B cells)T and B cells) MonocytesMonocytes

– become become MacrophagesMacrophages

– Large Large ““large eaterslarge eaters””

Thrombocytes Thrombocytes (Platelets)(Platelets) Clot blood Clot blood

(hemostasis) (hemostasis) and repair and repair damaged blood damaged blood vesselsvessels

life span of life span of about 5 to 9 about 5 to 9 daysdays

HemostasisHemostasis

mechanism by which bleeding is stoppedmechanism by which bleeding is stopped Three Basic MechanismsThree Basic Mechanisms

– Vascular SpasmsVascular Spasms– Platelet Plug FormationPlatelet Plug Formation– Coagulation (Clotting)Coagulation (Clotting)

Vascular SpasmVascular Spasm

contraction of the smooth muscles contraction of the smooth muscles in the vascular walls of a damaged in the vascular walls of a damaged blood vesselblood vessel

reflexes from pain receptorsreflexes from pain receptors

Platelet Plug FormationPlatelet Plug Formation

Platelet Adhesion = Platelet Adhesion = platelets contact and platelets contact and stick to walls of stick to walls of damaged vesselsdamaged vessels

Platelet Release Platelet Release Reaction = platelets Reaction = platelets extend projections extend projections and release content of and release content of their granulestheir granules

Platelet Aggregation Platelet Aggregation = platelets gather in = platelets gather in area of wound or area of wound or injuryinjury

forms a Platelet Plug forms a Platelet Plug to stop bleedingto stop bleeding

Coagulation (Clotting)Coagulation (Clotting)

Several steps Several steps needed for needed for process to workprocess to work

Intrinsic (within Intrinsic (within blood)blood)

Extrinsic (within Extrinsic (within tissues)tissues)

forms a Clot = a forms a Clot = a network of network of fibrinogen(protein fibrinogen(protein fibers) changes to fibers) changes to fibrinfibrin

CoagulationCoagulation

Fibrinogen Fibrinogen changed to changed to fibrinfibrin

Thrombus and EmbolusThrombus and Embolus Thrombus: Thrombus:

stationary clotstationary clot Embolus: Embolus:

traveling clot – traveling clot – effects 4 organs – effects 4 organs – heart, lungs, heart, lungs, brain and kidneysbrain and kidneys

Clot may be Clot may be blood, gas, fat, blood, gas, fat, wastes, etc.wastes, etc.

ABO Blood TypingABO Blood Typing

each parent contributes antigenseach parent contributes antigens (agglutinogens) (agglutinogens), , or lack of antigens to their offspringor lack of antigens to their offspring

O + O = O blood typeO + O = O blood type A + O and A + A = A blood typeA + O and A + A = A blood type B + O and B + B = B blood typeB + O and B + B = B blood type A + B = AB blood typeA + B = AB blood type

Rh FactorRh Factor

Presence or Presence or absence of Protein absence of Protein D on erythrocyteD on erythrocyte

May effect – May effect – mothermother’’s 2s 2ndnd pregnancypregnancy

May cause May cause Hemolytic disease Hemolytic disease of the newborn.of the newborn.

THE END OF BLOODTHE END OF BLOOD