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Blood and lymph Hematopoiesis
1. Blood components and functions
2. Plasma
3. Erythrocytes
4. Leucocytes
5. Theories of hematopoiesis
6. Stem cell structure and functions
7. Embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis
8. Classes of hematopoietic cells
9. Main features of different hematopoietic lines
Tissues of inner environment
1. Blood and lymph 2. Connective tissues
Blood functions
Transport
1. Trophic
2. Respiration
3. Humoral
4. Excretion
Protective
Homeostatic
Blood= cells + plasma (RBC+WBC+PL)
hematocrit VFe/Vpl
Plasma
physical condition – colloid solution
chemical composition: 90-93 % water
7-10 % dry residue (7% proteins; albumins 4%, globulins 1-3%, fibrinogen 0,2-0,4%)
others 3% (enzymes, vitamins, salts, waste products…)
pH 7,36
Hemogram (general blood analysis)
Hematocrit 45:55
Erythrocytes men 3,9-5,5 x 10 12/l
women 3,7-4,9 x 10 12/l
Reticulocytes 2-10 per 1000 erythrocytes
Hemoglobin men 130-160 g/l
women 120-140 g/l
Leucocytes 4-9 x 10 9/l
Platelets 180-320 x 10 9/l
Speed of blood sedimentation men
6-12 mm/hour
women 2-14 mm/hour
ErythrocytesRespiratoryTransportAlkaline-acidic balanceGroup
Sickle-cellanemia
Normocyte 7,1-7,9 mkm (75%)
Macrocyte >8 mkm
Microcyte <6 mkm
Anisocytosis >20% abnormal sized cells
Discocytes, planocytes,echinocytes…
Poykilocytosis >25% abnormal shaped cells
Leucocytes
Leucocytes count %
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Bazophilic
Eosinophilic
Neutrophilic Lym-pho-cytes
Monocytes
Band Juve-nile
Segmen-ted
0-1 0.5-5 0.5-1
1-6 47-72 19-37 3-11
Neutrophils
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Basophil
Lymphocytes –immunocytes
1. Small, medium sized, large
2. EM: small light and dark, medium sized, B-plasma cells
3. T and B
4. Active and memory cells
Lymphocyte
Monocyte-mononuclear cell>20 mkmBean-like nucleusGolgi apparatus =>lysosomesActive type - macrophage
Monocyte
Mononuclear macrophagic system
Platelet
HEMATOPOIESIS –blood components development
(blood cells and plasma)
Hematocytopoiesis:
1. Erythrocytopoiesis
2. Leucocytopoiesis
a) granulocytopoiesis
b) agranulocytopoiesis
3.Trombocytopoiesis
THEORIES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
• POLYPHYLETIC THEORY – each mature blood cell type is derived from its own distinct stem cell
• MONOPHYLETIC THEORY (A.A. Maximov) – there is one stem cell, which can form all the mature blood cells types
• Multipotential stem cell (CFU-S – colony-forming-unit of spleen)
Scheme of hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cell
1. Originates in the yolk sac
2. Thrives in RBM
3. Similar to small dark lymphocyte
4. Migrating cell
5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to different cells)
6. Self-supporting cell
7. Rarely dividing cell (Go)
8. Sensitive cell
Differences between embryonic
and postembryonic hematopoiesis
Embryonic Postembryonic
Histogenesis of blood
Blood physiologic regeneration
Extracorporal (extraembryonic)
Intracorporal
Intravascular Extravascular
Occurs in different organs
RBM
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis mesoblastic
Normoblastic
CLASSES OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
I class – polipotent (pluripotent) stem cell
II class – hemistem cells for lymphocytopoiesis and myelopoiesis
III class – unipotent cell (committed) sensitive to exact hemopoietin (erythropoietin, leykopoietin, thrombopoietin)
IV class – blasts (young actively dividing cells)
V class – maturing cellsVI class – an “adult” mature cells
in peripheral blood
Erythropoiesis 1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm)2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm4. Basophily decrease and acidophily increase
ERYTHROPOIESIS
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Decrease in the cell size
2. Chromatin condensation
3. Changes in nuclear shape (flattening – indentation – lobulation).
4. Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules.
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Begins in red bone marrow and then continues in lymphoid tissue
2. Lifespan varies in different types of lymphocytes
3. Antigenindependent development – in the central hematopoietic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) and antigendependent – in peripheral ones (spleen, lymph nodes and nodules)
MONOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Decrease in cell diameter
2. Decrease in nuclear diameter
3. Cytoplasm basophily decreases
4. Nucleus changes its shape from round to kidney-like
MONOCYTOPOIESIS
Trombocytopoiesis
Megakaryocyte