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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 10.1 10.31
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 10
Blood
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Blood
Slide 10.1a Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only fluid tissue in the human body
Classified as a connective tissueLiving cells = formed elements
Non-living matrix = plasma
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Adults have~5 Liters of
blood.
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Physical Characteristics of Blood
Color range
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH must remain between 7.35 7.45
Blood temperature is slightly higher thanbody temperature
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Blood Plasma
Slide 10.3
Composed of approximately 90 percentwater
Includes many dissolved substances
NutrientsSalts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products
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Plasma Proteins
Slide 10.4
Albumin regulates osmotic pressureClotting proteins- help to stem
blood loss whena blood vesselis injured
Antibodies- help protectthe body from
antigens
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Formed Elements
Erythrocytes = red blood cellsLeukocytes =
white blood cells
Platelets =cell fragments
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Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
The main function is to carry oxygen
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Biconcave disksEssentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
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HemoglobinIron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has fouroxygen binding sitesEach erythrocytehas 250 millionhemoglobinmolecules
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Sickle Cell Anemia A substitution mutationof a single base in thegene for the proteinhemoglobin replaces
glutamic acid withvaline. As a result redblood cells sickle andclog small bloodvessels.
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Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle cell anemiaoccurs chiefly in blackpeople who live in themalaria belt in Africa
and their descendants.
Anopheles mosquito carriesthe malaria parasite.
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Blood Type
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ABO Blood Groups
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svghttp://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svg8/10/2019 Blood Composition Powerpoint
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Link to Wikipedia prevalence chart
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type8/10/2019 Blood Composition Powerpoint
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Rh factor
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Whole Blood Transfusions
Plasma Transfusions
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Crucial in the bodys defense againstdisease
These are complete cells, with anucleus and organelles
Able to move into and out of bloodvessels (diapedesis)
Can move by ameboid motionCan respond to chemicals released bydamaged tissues
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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
Normal levels are between 4,000 and11,000 cells per millimeter
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukocytosis Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection
Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs
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Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Granules in their
cytoplasm can bestained
Include
neutrophils,eosinophils, andbasophils
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Types of Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Lack visiblecytoplasmicgranules
Includelymphocytes andmonocytes
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Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
EosinophilsLarge brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms
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Granulocytes
BasophilsHave histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation
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Agranulocytes
LymphocytesNucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immuneresponse
MonocytesLargest of the white blood
cellsFunction as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection
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PlateletsDerived from ruptured multinucleatecells (megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm 3
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HemophiliaInherited disorder that results in diminishedclotting ability
Even small cuts can belife-threatening; plasma
transfusions are necessaryGenes involved in bloodclotting are on theX-chromosome
Occurs more frequentlyamong boys
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Fate of Erythrocytes
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteinsWear out in 100 to 120 days
When worn out, are
eliminated byphagocytes in thespleen or liver
Lost cells are replacedby division ofhemocytoblasts
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Figure 10.5
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Control of BleedingLoss of too much blood leads to hypoperfusion, AKA shock.
The signs of Shock:1. Altered mental status (e.g. anxiety,
restlessness, combativeness)
2. Pale, cool, clammy skin
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Vital signs change
a. Pulse increases, becoming weak and thready
b. Respirations increase, becoming shallow andlabored
c. Blood pressure drops
d. Other signs include thirst, dilated pupils, andcyanosis
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Control of BleedingTo Stop Bleeding:
1. Apply direct pressure to the site of bleeding.2. Elevate the wound above the level of the heart (if
possible)
3. Pressure points: Arms=brachial artery,Legs=femoral artery
4. Cold application (inconjunction with other
techniques)5. Tourniquet (this is a last
resort)
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Control of BleedingHemostasis phases are completed within 3-6 minutes
after vessels are broken.1. Platelet plug formation platelets, normally repelled by
endothelium, become sticky and cling to exposed collagenfibers. A platelet plug (AKA white thrombus ) forms
2. Vascular spasms anchored platelets release serotonin,which causes the tunica media in blood vessels to spasm,decreasing blood flow locally.
3. Coagulation (a) injured tissue releases thromboplastin , (b)a phospholipid on the surface of platelets, PF 3 , interacts with
thromboplastin initiating the clotting cascade.4. Fibrin precipitates an enzyme in the blood plasma, called
thrombin (converted from prothrombin), joins solublefibrinogen into long fibrin molecules.
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Hemostasis
Link toHemostasis
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm