BloodBlood

Health Science Technology IIHealth Science Technology II

Dr. WoodDr. Wood

Functions of bloodFunctions of blood

TransportationTransportationHeat regulation Heat regulation

Composition of bloodComposition of blood

Made of plasma & formed Made of plasma & formed elementselements

Plasma: fluid portion of bloodPlasma: fluid portion of blood Formed elementsFormed elements

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes)

Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)(PCV)

Percent of red blood Percent of red blood cells in whole bloodcells in whole blood

Buffy coat (less than Buffy coat (less than 1%): white blood cells 1%): white blood cells & platelets & platelets

Erythrocytes (RBCs)Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Mature RBC has no Mature RBC has no nucleus, ribosomes, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondriamitochondria

Small biconcave discs Small biconcave discs Primary component: Primary component:

hemoglobin (1/3 of hemoglobin (1/3 of cell volume)cell volume)

Transport oxygen & Transport oxygen & carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

Destruction of RBCsDestruction of RBCs

Life span of RBC is about 105-120 daysLife span of RBC is about 105-120 daysMacrophages in lining of blood vessels in Macrophages in lining of blood vessels in

spleen & liver phagocytose old or spleen & liver phagocytose old or damaged RBCdamaged RBC

Erythrocytosis/PolycythemiaErythrocytosis/Polycythemia

Excess of red blood cellsExcess of red blood cellsRelative polycythemia: patient appears to Relative polycythemia: patient appears to

have an excess of RBCs due to ______.have an excess of RBCs due to ______.Absolute polycythemiaAbsolute polycythemia

Primary polycythemiaPrimary polycythemiaSecondary polycythemia: stimulated by Secondary polycythemia: stimulated by

increased erythropoietinincreased erythropoietin

AnemiaAnemia

Number of RBCs or hemoglobin is lowNumber of RBCs or hemoglobin is lowTypes:Types:

Iron deficiency anemiaIron deficiency anemiaVitamin deficiency anemiaVitamin deficiency anemiaSickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemiaHemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia

Iron Deficiency AnemiaIron Deficiency Anemia

Cells are microcytic & Cells are microcytic & hypochromichypochromic

Normocytic & Normocytic & normochromic: Normal normochromic: Normal RBCsRBCs

Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia

Leukocytes (WBCs)Leukocytes (WBCs)

5 types5 types All have nucleiAll have nuclei Larger than RBCsLarger than RBCs

Granulocytes (have Granulocytes (have large granules in large granules in cytoplasm)cytoplasm) NeutrophilsNeutrophils EosinophilsEosinophils BasophilsBasophils

AgranulocytesAgranulocytes LymphocytesLymphocytes MonocytesMonocytes

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

About 65% of the total About 65% of the total WBC countWBC count

Multilobed nucleusMultilobed nucleus Small light purple Small light purple

granules in cytoplasmgranules in cytoplasm Function: cell defense Function: cell defense

by phagocytosis of by phagocytosis of microorganismsmicroorganisms

Life span: hours to 3 Life span: hours to 3 daysdays

NeutrophiliaNeutrophilia

Increase in number of Increase in number of neutrophilsneutrophils

Often secondary to an Often secondary to an acute bacterial acute bacterial infectioninfection

NeutropeniaNeutropenia

Abnormally low number of neutrophilsAbnormally low number of neutrophilsResulting from:Resulting from:

Decreased production: drug toxicity, virus, etcDecreased production: drug toxicity, virus, etc Increased destructionIncreased destructionPooling: overwhelming infectionsPooling: overwhelming infections

EosinophilsEosinophils

Usually 2 lobed Usually 2 lobed nucleusnucleus

Large orange-red Large orange-red staining granulesstaining granules

Function: cellular Function: cellular defense usually defense usually against parasites & against parasites & involved in allergic involved in allergic reactionsreactions

Life span: 10-12 daysLife span: 10-12 days

EosinophiliaEosinophilia

Increased number Increased number of eosinophilsof eosinophils

AllergiesAllergies Parasitic infectionParasitic infection

BasophilsBasophils

Usually 2 lobed Usually 2 lobed nucleusnucleus

Sparse, large purple Sparse, large purple staining granulesstaining granules

Least numerous WBCLeast numerous WBC Function: secrete Function: secrete

heparin & histamineheparin & histamine Life span: hours to 3 Life span: hours to 3

daysdays

LymphocytesLymphocytes

Smallest of WBC, Smallest of WBC, about 25% of total about 25% of total WBC countWBC count

Large spherical nuclei Large spherical nuclei with scant pale blue with scant pale blue cytoplasmcytoplasm

Life span: days to Life span: days to yearsyears

MonocytesMonocytes

Largest of the WBCLargest of the WBC Kidney bean shaped Kidney bean shaped

nuclei with large nuclei with large quantities of blue-gray quantities of blue-gray cytoplasmcytoplasm

Phagocytic cell capable Phagocytic cell capable of ingesting bacteria, of ingesting bacteria, debris, cancerous cellsdebris, cancerous cells

In tissue called In tissue called macrophagesmacrophages

Life span: monthsLife span: months

TermsTerms

LymphocytosisLymphocytosisLymphopenia or lymphocytopeniaLymphopenia or lymphocytopeniaBasophiliaBasophiliaMonocytosisMonocytosisMonocytopeniaMonocytopenia

PlateletsPlatelets

Small, nearly Small, nearly colorless, irregularcolorless, irregular

Important in clottingImportant in clotting

Platelet TermsPlatelet Terms

ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopeniaThrombocytosisThrombocytosis

Blood TypesBlood Types

Refers to the type of antigens present on Refers to the type of antigens present on RBC membraneRBC membrane

Important blood antigens: A, B, RhImportant blood antigens: A, B, RhAgglutininsAgglutinins: antibodies dissolved in : antibodies dissolved in

plasma that react with specific blood group plasma that react with specific blood group antigensantigens

ABO SystemABO System

Type A: Antigen A on RBCsType A: Antigen A on RBCsType B: Antigen B on RBCsType B: Antigen B on RBCsType AB: Antigen A & B on RBCsType AB: Antigen A & B on RBCsType O: Neither A nor B on RBCsType O: Neither A nor B on RBCsPlasma never contains Ab against Ag Plasma never contains Ab against Ag

present on it own RBCs present on it own RBCs Plasma does contain AB against those Ag Plasma does contain AB against those Ag

notnot present on its RBCs present on its RBCs

The Rh SystemThe Rh System

Rh positive: Rh antigen is present on Rh positive: Rh antigen is present on RBCsRBCs

Rh negative: RBCs have no Rh antigenRh negative: RBCs have no Rh antigenBlood does not normally contain anti-Rh Blood does not normally contain anti-Rh

antibodies except thru previous antibodies except thru previous transfusion or pregnancytransfusion or pregnancy

Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma

90% water, 10 % solutes90% water, 10 % solutesMost of the solutes are proteins (formed Most of the solutes are proteins (formed

by liver)by liver)Albumin: help maintain osmotic balanceAlbumin: help maintain osmotic balanceGlobulins: immune mechanismGlobulins: immune mechanismFibrinogen: blood clottingFibrinogen: blood clotting

Remaining solutes are food substances, Remaining solutes are food substances, metabolic products, respiratory gases, metabolic products, respiratory gases, hormones, etchormones, etc