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BLOOD SUCKING

FLIESBLOK TROPICAL MEDICINE

TRI WULANDARI K.

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MATERIAL

Sand flies (Order Diptera: SubFamily Phlebotominae)

Black flies (Order: Diptera, Family: Simuliidae)

Biting midges (Order: Diptera, Family: Ceratopogonidae)

Horse flies (Order: Diptera, Family: Tabanidae)

Tsetse flies (Order: Diptera: Family: Glossinidae)

Deer flies(Order: Diptera, Family: Tabanidae)

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Sand flies (Order Diptera:SubFamily Phlebotominae)

Sand fly larvae inhabit places where there is highorganic matter such as in animal burrows, termitehills and tree holes.

Members of the genus Phlebotomustransmittrypanosome species in the genus Leishmaniacausing diseases known leishmaniasis.

Also transmit bartonellosis and sand fly fever

Vector: Female sandflies (30 species ofPhlebotomusand Lutzomyia)in inter-tropical andtemperate regions.

http://www.museums.org.za/bio/euglenozoa/index.htmhttp://www.museums.org.za/bio/euglenozoa/leishmania.htmhttp://www.museums.org.za/bio/euglenozoa/leishmania.htmhttp://www.museums.org.za/bio/euglenozoa/leishmania.htmhttp://www.museums.org.za/bio/euglenozoa/leishmania.htmhttp://www.museums.org.za/bio/euglenozoa/index.htm

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Biology

Morphology: Minute size, hairyapperence, large black eyes, long legs,vein2 branches twice of wing

Life cycle: eggs deposited in crack,

holes

larvae (I-IV: 19-60 days)

pupae: 2pair of caudal bristles (5-10days) adult

Adult behavior:

Male & female suck sugary secretion (plantjuice) Female suck blood :

animal and human during the day in darkened room / forest

(exophagic/endophagic)

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LIFE CYCLE OF LEISHMANIASIS

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Blackflies (Order: Diptera,Family: Simuliidae)

Female blackflies feed onmammals and birds andcan form large swarmsthat can be extremelytroublesome.

The larvae of black fliesare filter feeders foundattached to rocks at the

bottom of rivers andstreams.

As vector ofOnchocercavolvulus, Mansonellaoozardi

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Biology of Simulium External Morphology:

small flies (1,5-4 mm); humped thorax ; black colour, sexed byexamination of the eyes (dichoptic in female, holoptic in male),short and without hair of antennae.

Life cycle: Eggs laid in vegetable, rock and stones in the river (100-500)(1-

2 days) larvae attach to some material in water (by anal

sucker)(6-12 days) pupae (2-7 days) adult (female can fly15-30 km) to obtain blood meals.

Adult behavior: Biting peak in the morning, afternoon, cloudy and thundery

weather. Part of the body preferences for feeding: legs, head and torso. No species bite people alone (ornithophagic and zoophagic)

Important species: S. damnosum, S. sirbanum, S. sanctipauli

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Life cycle of Onchocerciasis

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Onchocerciasis

Hanging Groin River Blindness

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Biting midges (Order: Diptera,Family: Ceratopogonidae)

The smallest of the biting flies.

Only female requires a blood meal inorder to lay eggs.

Victims: people, horses, cattle, sheepand poultry.

Genus: Culicoides

Important Species: C. grahami, C. furens, C. impunctatus

As vector of non lymphatic filariasis(Mansonella streptocerca)

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Biology of Culicoides

Morphology Small flies (0,5 mm), grey or yellowish colour, humeral pit of

thorax, wing: dark-white spots or patches; Head: antennae plumosein male and pylose in female, mouth parts similar to those ofSimuliids.

Life cycle Fertilised females blood meal lay 60-70 eggs : moist, salty

sand, saline ponds, streams or along beaches (10-12 days) (semi-aquatic site) Larvae (feed on organic matter near the surface ofthe moist sand) (8-10 months) pupae (near the soil surface) Adults (in spring) and mate.

Under favourable conditions, a complete life cycle takes in 3-4weeks.

Adult behavior Females disperse 1-2 km in search of a blood meal.

blood feeding mainly during the night and the twilight hours.

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Life cycle ofMansonella streptocerca

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Horseflies (Order: Diptera, Family:

Tabanidae)

The largest biting flies that can betroublesome outdoors.

Only female are suck blood.

Besides feeding on blood, many of

them have long probosces used insucking nectar from plants.

As vector of anthrax (Bacillus anthraxis)in both animal and human.

Also transmit (mechanic vector)

tularemia (Francisella tularensis). Bites: deep, painful, wound and

bleeding of host.

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Biology of TabanusMorphology

Large and strong body (medium-large size);brown, shiny colour; Head: large and semilunar,antennae shortly than head and stout (3segment-arista); Sexed by examination of theeyes

- Resting position: wing like a pair open scissors

- Life cycle- Eggs laid (5-7 days) larvae (semimoist area,

feed other insect): 6-9 stadium (months-years) pupae (2-3 weeks) adult

Adult Behavior Interrupted feeding behavior; peak: morning and afternoon; preference for dark object: abdomen, neck or

sleeve.

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Transmission of Anthrax:

Transmission in wildlife and in humans occurs in oneof three ways: cuts in the skin (cutaneous) inhalation ingestion

Infected animals as well ascarriersof the diseasecan shed spores in urine and feces.

Transmission among susceptible animals may alsooccur through flies and mosquitoes.

Humans get the infection through flies and also bycontact with infected animals through either: cuts or scratches in the skin the eyes, nose or mouth inhaling spores from contaminated objects such as hides of

infected animals eating undercooked meat from an infected animal

http://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htmhttp://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/glossary.htm

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Tsetse flies (Order: Diptera:Family: Glossinidae)

Tsetse are found intropical Africa and

transmit sleepingsickness (AfricanTrypanosomiasis)

Species: Glossina morsitans, G.

palpalis, G. pallidipes,ect.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_aristaHairs_labeled.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_aristaHairs_labeled.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetsemeyers1880.jpg

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Biology of Tsetse Morphology

Tsetse flies are 614 mm long, excluding the proboscis.

The pair of short antennae (3 segments ). The abdominal segments distend greatly after feeding. Males and females can only be distinguished by the genital

organs.

Life cycle L1 hatches within the uterus ('milk' glands) (2,5 days)

mature larva (5 mm) burrows into the soil (1 hour)pupates (17-20 days) adult fly

Feeding behavior The diurnal tsetse flies induced by breath and urine

components of the host

Orientate visually responding to moving than stationaryhosts.

Colours blue being particularly attractive. The bites result in a minimal skin reaction. Ingested blood (4080 ml) midgut into the crop (2

days) all of the blood is digested.

http://parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/login/n/h/1151.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_foldedWings.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_foldedWings.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_foldedWings.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_foldedWings.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_foldedWings.jpeghttp://parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/login/n/h/1151.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tsetse_foldedWings.jpeg

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Sleeping sickness

Causal Agents:

Protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to the complexTrypanosoma brucei.

Two subspecies that are morphologicallyindistinguishable cause distinct disease patterns inhumans:

T. b. gambiensecauses West African sleeping sickness.T. b. rhodesiensecauses East African sleeping sickness.

T. b. brucei, under normal conditions does not infect humans.

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Life cycle

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Deer flies/ Chrysops (Order:Diptera: Family: Tabanidae)

Morphology Medium size (9-11 mm), yellow-greenish colour of

body, Head with semilunar eyes (holoptic-dichoptic), long

antennae (3 segments), Wing with distincly banded

Only female suck blood Life cycle (4 months -2 years)

Eggs laid (100 -1000)(5-7 days) larvae(aquatic)(months-years) pupae (in dry ground)(2-3weeks) adult

Adult Behavior

Female suck blood in the day light Preference site: abdomen, neck or upper limb

Transmit Loaiasis Important Species:

C. silacea, C, dimidiata, C. distinctipennis(Africa)

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LOAIASIS