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ight © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood: The River of Life
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Blood: The River of Life
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►List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system.
►Describe the important components and major functions of the blood
►List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells.
►Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicate its functions.
►Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.
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►Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities.
►Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of structure and function.
►Describe the structure, function and production of platelets.
►Describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.
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►Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cells
The cardiovascular system
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►Fluid connective tissue►Functions
Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
Restricting fluid loss at injury sites Defending the body against toxins and
pathogens Regulating body temperature by
absorbing and redistributing heat
Blood
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The composition of blood►Plasma and formed elements comprise
whole blood Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets
►Can fractionate whole blood for analytical or clinical purposes
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The Composition of Whole Blood
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The Composition of Whole Blood
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Review:
List, by %, the components of blood.
In 1 L of Blood: How much plasma? How much RBC? WBC? Platelets
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►Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume 92% of plasma is water Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen
and dissolved proteins than interstitial fluid
Plasma
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►more than 90% are synthesized in the liver
►Albumins 60% of plasma proteins Responsible for viscosity and osmotic
pressure of blood
Plasma proteins
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►Globulins ~35% of plasma proteins Include immunoglobins which
attack foreign proteins and pathogens
Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones and other compounds
►Fibrinogen Converted to fibrin during
clotting Removal of fibrinogen leaves
serum
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Gamma Globulin Shots: temporarily boost for immunity against disease
Why Usually given to patients exposed to Hepatitis A?
Hep A vaccine now developed
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Red Blood Cells
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Artery Vein
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The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells
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►Erythrocytes account for slightly less than half the blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed elements
►Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements Commonly referred to as the volume of
packed red cells
Abundance of RBCs
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►Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ration
►Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex
►RBCs lack organelles►Typically degenerate in about 120
days.
Structure of RBCs
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“Sickling” in Red Blood Cells
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In certain parts of Africa today, the frequency of the mutant gene for sickle-cell (HbS) is very high (5-20%) as shown in the distribution map below:
malaria, caused by the protozoan
Plasmodium falciparum
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►3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second.
►Components of hemoglobin individually recycled Heme stripped of iron and converted to
biliverdin, then bilirubin►Iron is recycled by being stored in
phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin
RBC life span and circulation
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The Structure of Hemoglobin
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White Blood Cells
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►Have nuclei and other organelles►Defend the body against pathogens ►Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal
or damaged cells►Are capable of amoeboid movement
(margination) and positive chemotaxis►Some are capable of phagocytosis
Leukocytes-WBC
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►Granular leukocytes Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC
population- phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to
foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies- worms/allergy/asthma
Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin- inflamation response
Types of WBC
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►Agranular leukocytes Monocytes - become macrophage Lymphocytes – includes T cells, B cells,
and NK cells- immune response
Types of WBC
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Exercise 29A Activity 2
Activity 7
Review Sheet 29A Composition of Blood Hematologic Tests
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Stages of RBC Maturation
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►Erythropoeisis = the formation of new red blood cells
►Occurs in red bone marrow►Process speeds up with in the presence
of EPO (Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone) RBCs pass through reticulocyte and
erythroblast stages
RBC Production
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Red Blood Cell Turnover
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►Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) Antigens A, B and Rh (D)
►Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins)►Cross-reactions occur when antigens
meet antibodies
Blood types
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Blood Typing & Cross-Reactions
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Rh Factors and Pregnancy
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►Indicates a number of disorders Leukemia = inordinate number of
leukocytes
Differential counts-Blood Tests
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Platelets
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►Flattened discs►Circulate for 9-12 days before being
removed by phagocytes
Platelets
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►Transporting chemicals important to clotting
►Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels
►Contracting after a clot has formed
Platelet functions
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►Megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood
►Rate of platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin, thrombocyte-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and Multi-CSF
Platelet production (thrombocytopoiesis)
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HemostasisStoppage of Blood
Flow
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Hemostasis
►Prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls
►Three phases – Vascular phase Platelet phase Coagulation phase
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Hemostasis►Vascular phase
Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)
►Platelet phase Platelets are activated, aggregate at the
site, adhere to the damaged surfaces
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The Vascular and Platelet Phases of Hemostasis
http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/blood-clots-video/how-does-blood-clot-video.html
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Coagulation phase►Factors released by platelets and
endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway Common pathway
►Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers
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The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis
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The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis
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Clot retraction
►Final phase of healing►Platelets contract and pull the edges of
the vessel together
