BLS FIRST AIDE

7/29/2019 BLS FIRST AIDE

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Theresa Amorin Tinapay RN, M.A.N

BLS Instructor


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Nose Injuries

Nosebleeds

Broken noseNosebleeds

Anterior nosebleeds

from front of nose

most common, easier to care for

posterior nosebleedsfrom back of nose

more serious, require medical care

Care for Nosebleeds

sit and lean slightly forward

pinch the soft parts of the nose together

apply ice over nose

Seek medical care if needed.


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Broken nose

Recognizing a Broken Nose

pain, swelling, crookedbleeding and difficulty breathing through

nostrils

black eyes

Care for a Broken nose

If bleeding, give care as for anosebleed.

apply ice pack to nose for 15 minutes

DO NOT try to straighten a crooked

nose.Seek medical care.


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Mouth Injuries

bitten lip or tongueknocked-out tooth

Broken tooth

Toothache

Bitten Lip or tongue

Apply direct pressure

Apply ice or cold packIf bleeding does not stop,

seek medical care.


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Knocked-out Tooth

Have victim rinse mouth.

Place a gauze in socket

Save tooth and seek medical

or dental care immediately.

Keep tooth moist.Broken Tooth

- Clean area with gauze and

warm water.- Apply an ice pack to cheek

- Seek a dentist immediately.


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Toothache

- Rinse mouth with warm

water.

- Use dental floss to

remove any food caughtin teeth.

- Give pain medication.

- seek a dentistimmediately.


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Spinal Injuries

- Common cause.Motor vehicle

crashes

Direct blows

Falls from heights

Physical assaults

Sports injuries


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Recognizing Spinal

Injuries

Painful movement or

paralysis of arms and legsNumbness, tingling,

weakness, burning

sensation in arms and legs

Loss of bladder or bowel

control

Deformity of neck


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Care for spinal

InjuriesStabilize head andneck

If unresponsive, openairway, check

breathing, and provide

care.

Seek medical care.


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Chest Injuries

Rib fractures

Embedded (impaled)

objectsSucking chest wound


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Rib FracturesRecognizing Rib fractures

Flail chest

Sharp pain, especially when

victim breaths, soughs, or moves

Shallow breathingVictim holds injured area

Care for Rib Fractures

Help victim find a comfortableposition for breathing

Support the injured area.


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Embedded (Impaled)Objects

Recognizing an

Embedded (Impaled)

Object stuck in chest

Care for Embedded (Impaled)

Objects

Stabilize the object

Do not remove object.

Seek medical care.


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Sucking Chest WoundRecognizing a Sucking Chest

WoundBlood bubbling out of chest wound

Sound of air being sucked in and out

of chest wound

Care for a Sucking Chest WoundSeal open wound with plastic wrap.

Tape on three sides.

If victim has difficulty in breathing,

remove cover to let air escape, andreapply.

Lay victim on injured side.

Call 9-1-1


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Abdominal InjuriesClosed abdominal

InjuriesDirect blow

Open abdominalInjuries

Penetrating wounds

Embedded objects

Protruding organs


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Closed Abdominal injuries

Recognizing a Closed

Abdominal InjuryBruises or other marks

Pain, tenderness, muscle

tightness, or rigidityCare

Place the victim in cofotable

positionCare for shock.

Seek medical care.


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Protruding Organs

-Recognizing Pelvic Fractures

Internal organs escape fromthe wound

Care

Position of comfortCover with a moist, sterile

dressing.

Care for shock.Call 9-1-1


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Pelvic InjuriesRecognizing Pelvic

FracturesPain in hip, groin, or back that

increases with movement

Inability to walk or standSigns of shock

Care

Keep victim still.Care for shock.

Call 9-1-1


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Bone InjuriesClosed (simple) fracture

Open (compound) fractureRecognizing Bone Injuries

DOTSDeformity

Open wounds

TendernessSwelling


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Care for Bone Injuries

Examine area using

DOTS.Stabilize injured part to

prevent movement.

Cover wound andexposed bones without

applying pressure.

Apply ice pack toprevent swelling.

Seek medical care.


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Splinting

Reduces pain

Prevents further damage tomuscles, nerves, and blood vessels

Prevents closed fracture from

becoming open fracture

Reduces bleeding and swelling.

Types of Splints

Rigid splint

Self-splint (anatomic splint)Soft splint


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Splinting Guidelines

Cover open wounds with dry

dressing before applying splint

Splint only if it wont cause

further pain.

Splint in position found.

Use splint that will extendbeyond joints above and below

injury.

Apply firmly, but do not affect

circulation.Elevate extremity after

splinting.

Apply ice pack.


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Joint Injuries

Sprain

DislocationRecognizing Joint Injuries

Pain, swelling, inability to use

Similar to fractures

Main sign of dislocation is

deformity.

Care for joint injuries

for dislocations, splint and providecare as you would for fracture.

For sprains, use RICE procedure.

Seek medical care.


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RICE ProcedureR= Rest

I = IceC=Compression

E= Elevation


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Muscle Injuries

Muscle strain (pull0

Muscle contusion (bruise)Muscle cramp

Recognizing Muscle Injuries

Muscle strain (pull)

Sharp pain, tenderness, indentation orbump, weakness or loss of function,

stiffness and pain with movement

Muscle contusion

Pain and tenderness, swellingm, bruiseMuscle cramp

Uncontrolled spasms, pain, restrictions

or loss of movement


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Care for Muscle Injuries

For strains andcontusiond

Rest

Apply ice.

For cramps

Stretch muscle.Apply gentle pressure.

Heart Attack


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Heart AttackBlood supply to part of the

heart muscle is reduced or

stopped.Recognizing Heart Attack

Chest pressure, squeezing, or

pain that lasts longer than a fewminutes or goes away and comes

back

Pain spreading to shoulders,neck, jaw, or arms

Dizziness, sweating, nausea

Shortness of breath


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Faintingdecrease bllod flow to the

brain

recognizing FaintingSudden, brief

unresponsiveness

Pale skinSweating


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Care for Fainting

Open airway, check breathing, andprovide care.

Raise legs 6 to 12 inches

Loosen tight clothing

If victim fell, check for injuries.

Seek medical care if victim

Has repeated fainting episodes

does not quickly regain consciousnessLoses consciousness while sitting or

lying down

Faints for no apparent reason


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SeizuresCaused by medical conditions

Epilepsy, heatstroke, poisoning,electric shock, hypoglycemia, high

fever, brain injury, tumor, stroke,

alcohol withdrawal, or drugoverdose

recognizing seizures

Sudden falling

UnresponsivenessRigid body and back arching

Jerky muscle movement


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Care for a Seizureprotect from injury

Loosen restrictive clothing.

Place in recovery position.

Call 9-1-1 if

Unknown reason or longer than 5minutes

Slow to recover, second seizure,

or difficulty breathingPregnant or medical condition

Signs of illness or injury


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Diabetic Emergencies

Type I juvenile-onset 9insulin-dependent)

Type II adult-onset (non-insulin dependent)

Hypoglycemia or insulin reaction: very low blood

sugar

Hyperglycemia or diabetic coma: very high blood

sugar


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Low blood Sugar

recognizing low blood Sugar

sudden onset

Poor coordination

AngerPale color

]Confusion

Sudden hunger

Excessive sweating

Trembling, seizures, unresponsiveness


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Care for Low Blood Sugar

Give sugarIf condition does not improve in 15 minutes,

repeat giving sugar.

If still no improvement, call 9-1-1


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High Blood SugarRecognizing High blood sugar

Gradual onset

Drowsiness

Extreme thirst, frequent urinationWarm and dry skin

Vomiting

Fruity, sweet breath odor

Rapid breathingUnresponsiveness


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Care for High Blood sugarIf you are ensure whether is high or low

blood sugar, provide same as care as youwould for low blood sugar.

If condition does not improve in 15

minutes, call 9-1-1.


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Emergencies During

Pregnancy

vaginal bleedingcramps in lower abdomen

swelling of face and fingers

severe continuousheadache

dizziness or fainting

Blurring of vision or seeingspots

Uncontrollable vomiting

C f


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Care for emergencies during

pregnancy

Keep her warm and on leftside.

For vaginal bleeding, place

sterile pad over opening ofvagina.

Save blood-soaked pads

and send them to hospitalwith her.

Seek medical care.


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Ingested (swallowed) Poisons

Recognizing ingested

PoisoningAbdominal pain

Nausea or vomiting

DiarrheaBurns, stains, odor near or

in mouth

Drowsiness or

unresponsiveness

Poison containers nearby


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Care for ingested Poisons

DetermineAge and size of victim

What and how much poison ingested

When it was taken

Responsive victim, call PoisonControl Center at 800-222-1222.

Give activated charcoal if advised.

Unresponsive victim, call 9-1-1.

Place victim in recovery position.

Save containers, plants, and vomit.

Alcohol and other Drug


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Alcohol and other Drug

Emergencies

Alcohol intoxication

Drug overdoseAlcohol intoxication

recognizing Alcohol

intoxicationodor of alcohol

Unsteadiness, staggering

ConfusionSlurre3d speech

Nausea and vomiting

Flushed face


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Care for Alcohol Intoxicationmonitor breathing

look for injuriesrecovery position

call poison control center at

800-222-1222If victims becomes violent, call

9-1-1

If victims are unresponsive,

open airway, check breathing,

and treat. Call 9-1-1.


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Drug Overdose

Recognizing DrugOverdose

Drowsiness, anxiety, agitation,

or hyperactivityChange in pupil size

Confusion

HallucinationsCare is the same as for

alcohol intoxication.


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Care for DRUG OVERDOE

Monitor breathinglook for injuries

recovery position

call poison control centerat 800-222-1222

If victims becomes violent,

call 9-1-1

If victims are unresponsive, open

airway, check breathing, and treat

Call 9-1-1.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning


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Carbon Monoxide PoisoningRecognizing Carbon monoxide poisoning

Headache

Ringing in ears

Chest pain

Muscle weakness

Nausea and vomiting

Dizziness and visual changes

UnresponsivenessBreathing and heart have stopped.

Symptoms come and go.

Symptoms worsen and improve in certain

places and at certain times.Nearby people have similar complaints.

Can be confused with the flu

Pets seem ill.


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Care for carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Remove victim from environment

immediately.

Call 9-1-1.Monitor breathing.

Place unresponsive, breathing

victim in recovery position.

Plant Poisoning


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Plant Poisoning

Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac

Recognizing Plant poisoning

Rash

Itching

Redness

Blisters

Swelling

Care for plant PoisoningClean skin with soap and cold water as

soon as possible.

Lukewarm bath and colloidal oatmeal

Calamine lotion and baking soda pasteCorticosteroid ointment and oral

corticosteroid


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Animal and human bites

Determine if victim was exposed to

rabies.

Spread through saliva by bite or lick

Consider rabies if

Animal attacked without provocation

Animal was behaving strangelyHigh-risk species

Animal should be captured or

confines for observation.

Report animal bites to police oranimal control.


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Care for Animal and Human Bites

Clean wound with soap and

water.

Flush wound under pressure.

Control bleeding and coverwound with sterile dressing.

Seek medical care for

cleaning, tetanus shot, orrabies vaccination.

Snake Bites


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Snake Bitespoisoning species in united States

Rattlesnake

Water moccasinCoral snake

Copperhead

Recognizing a Pit Viper Bite

Severe burning painFang marks

Swelling

Discoloration and blood-filled

blisters

Nausea, vomiting, sweating,

weakness


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Care for Pit Viper Bite

Get victim away from

snake

Keep victim calm;limit

movement.

Wash area with soap and

water.

Stabilize extremity.

Seek medical care.


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Coral Snake Bite

Recognizing Coral Snake Bite

Most venomous snake

Has short fangs and tends to

hang on and chew venom into

the victim.Care victim calm and limit

movement.

Wash with soap and water.Apply mild pressure and

bandage.

Call 9-1-1.


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Nonpoisonous Snake Bites

recognizing nonpoisonous snakebites

horseshoe-shaped bites

Painful local reactions: no systemic

symptomscare for nonpoisonous snake bites

Get victim away from snake.

Wash with soap and water.

Apply antibiotic ointment and coverwound.

Seek medical care.


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Insect stingsRecognizing an insect Sting

Signs of insect stings: pain, itching, and swelling

Signs of anaphylaxisDifficulty breathing

Tightness in chest

Rash or hives

Swelling in mouth or throat

Dizziness and nauseaCare for an insect Sting

Remove stinger and venom sac.

Wash with soap and water.

Apply ice.

Consider topical steroid, pain medication, orantihistamine.

Assist with prescribed epinephrine kit.

Call 9-1-1 for signs of severe allergic reaction.

Spider bites


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Spider bitesblack widow

sharp pinprick, then dull pain

Two fang marksAbdominal pain, headache, fever, dizziness,

nausea

brown recluse

local reaction

bulls-eye pattern

headache, fever, weakness, nausea

Care for all Spider BitesCatch spider for identification.

Wash with soap and water or rubbingalcohol.

Apply ice to relieve pain and delay

effects of venom.

Seek medical care.


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Scorpion StingsRecognizing a Scorpion sting

Local immediate pain and burning,

followed by numbness and tingling.

Care for Scorpion StingWash with soap and water or rubbing

alcohol.

Apply ice.

Seek medical are for rash.

Marine Animal Injuries


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Marine animals That Bite, Rip, and

Puncture.

Shark

BarracudaEel

Care for Bites, Rips, or PuncturesControl bleeding.

Care for shock.Call 9-11.

Marine animals that sting

Jellyfish

Portuguese man-o-war

Care for stingsScrap-e off tentacles.

Apply vinegar.

Marine Animals that Puncture

by Spines


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Care for puncture by spines

Immerse in hot waterWash with soap and water

Flush area

Care for wound.


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Heat-Related Emergencies

Heat Cramps

Heat ExhaustionHeatstroke

Heat Cramps

Painful, muscle spasms

Occur after physical exertionCare for Heat Cramps

stop activity and rest in cool place

stretch cramped muscle.

Remove excess or tight clothing

Provide water or commercial

sports drink.


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Heat Exhaustion

Heavy perspiration withnormal or slightly above

normal body temperature

Signs of heat ExhaustionHeavy sweating

Severe Thirst

HeadacheNausea and vomiting


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Care for Heat ExhaustionStop activity and rest in cool place

Remove excess or tight clothing

Provide water or commercial

sports drink.

Have victim lie down; raise legs to6 to 12 inches

Apply cool, wet towels to victim.

Seek medical care if conditiondoes not improve.

Heatstroke


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Heatstrokebody temperature becomes extremely

high

requires rapid interventionSigns of heatstroke

Extremely hot, dry skin

Confusion

Seizures

Unresponsiveness

Care for HeatstrokeStop activity and rest in cool place

Call 9-1-1.

If unresponsive, open airway, checkbreathing, and provide care.

Rapidly cool patient with cool, wet towels,

fanning, and cold packs.

Cold-Related EmergenciesF tbit


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Frostbite

Hypothermia

Frostbite

Occurs when temperature drop belowfreezing

Affects feet, hands, ears and nose

Signs of frostbite

white, waxy skin

cold and numb

blistering

Care for FrostbiteGet victim to water area.

Remove any items that could impaircirculation.

Place dry dressings between toes and fingers.

Seek medical care.


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Hypothermia

recognizing hypothermia

body temperature fallsand body cannot produce

heat

Signs of Hypothermia

Uncontrollable shivering

Confusion and lethargy

Cold skin even under

clothing


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Care for Hypothermia Get out of cold; stop further heatloss

Prevent further heat loss; replace

wet clothing, cover head, placeblankets around the victim

Handle gently and rewarm gradually.

Have victim lie down.

Give victim warm, sugary beverages Seek medical care for severe

hypothermia

Water Rescue


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Reach throw-row-go

Reach for victimThrow anything that floats

Row by using canoe or

other boat.Go by swimming ( must be

tyrained).

Entering water is a last

resort


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Ice Rescue

Extend a pole or throw aline to victim with a

floatable object.

- pull victim toward shoreor edge of ice.


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Electrical Emergency Rescue

Indoor ElectrocutionsFaulty electrical equipment or careless

use of electrical appliances

Turn off power at circuit breaker, fuse

box, or outside switch box beforetouching the victim.

High- Voltage Power lines

Power must be turned off.

Wait for trained personnel with properequipment.

Hazardous Materials


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Hazardous MaterialsIncidents

signs of HazardousMaterials

Signs on vehicle

Spilled liquids or solidsStrong, unusual odors

Clouds of vapor

Stay away and upwind.Wait for trained personnel

to arrive.

Motor Vehicle Crashes


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Park in a safe area and call 9-

1-1.

Turn on emergency hazardflashers

Make sure scenes is safe

Turn off ignitions of involvedvehicles

Place flares or reflectors

If you suspect spinal injuries,

stabilize head and neck

Check and care for a life-

threatening injuries first.

Fires


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Get all people out of the area quickly.

Call 9-1-1

Use a fire extinguisher if the fire is small.Confined Space

any area not intended for human

occupancy

dangerous atmosphere (low oxygen

levels)Requires special training and equipment

to perform rescue.

For confined space emergencies.

Call 9-1-1Check motionless victims first. Only enter if

you have proper training and equipment.

Once victim is removed, provide care.

Triage


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Triage

classify into care and

transportation

Triage categories

Fire

Hazardous materials

Impossible to protect from hazardsImpossible to access other victims

who need lifesaving care.

Protect victims spine

Drag in direction of the long axisof the body.


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Emergency Moves

drags

shoulder dragblanket pull

ankle drag

one-person moveshuman crutch

fire fighters carry

piggyback carrycradle carry

pack strap

two- person or three person


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two person or three person

moves

two person or three person

moves

two person assist

two handed seat carry

four-handed seat carryExtremity carry

Chair carry

Hammock carry

Non emergency moves


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Non-emergency moves

- Al injured parts should be stabilized

before and during moving.

Care for external bleeding

Wear gloves

Expose wound

Cover with clean cloth or gauzeApply direct pressure

Elevate the area

Do not remove blood-soaked

dressingsApply a pressure bandage

Apply pressure at a pressure point if

needed.

Internal Bleeding


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Internal BleedingSkin is not broken and blood is not

seen.

Recognizing internal bleeding.

bruising

painful, tender, rigid, bruised

abdomenVomiting or coughing up blood

Black or bright red stool.

Care for Internal Bleeding

call 9-1-1Care for the shock

If vomiting occurs, roll victim on his

or her side.


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Wound care

wash with soap and waterFlush with water

Remove small objects

Apply direct pressure

Apply antibiotic ointment

Cover wound

Seek medical care.


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Wound infection

signs of infection Swelling

Reddening

Warmth

Throbbing Pus discharge

Seek medical care for infected

wounds

Tetanus booster shot every 5 to 10

years


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Special WoundsAmputations

Embedded(impaled) objects.Care for Amputations

control bleeding

Treat for shock

Recover amputated partWrap part in gauze, place in a bag, and

keep bag cool.

Transport the part with the victim.

Care for Embedded (impaled) objects

Expose area.Do not remove the object

Control bleeding around the object

Stabilize the object.

Wounds that require medical attention


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arterial bleeding

Uncontrolled bleeding

Deep wounds Large or deeply embedded objects

Foreign matter in wound

Human or animal bite

Possibility of noticeable scar Cut eyelid

Slit up

Internal bleeding

Uncertain how to treat

Need a tetanus shot


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Dressings and bandagesfunctions

Control bleeding Prevent infection

Absorb blood

Protect the wound Types

Gauze pads

Adhesive strips Trauma dressings

Improvised dressings


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Bandages Functions

Hold dressing in place Apply pressure to control

bleeding

Prevent or reduceswelling

Support and stabilize an

extremity or joint.

Types


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Types Roller

Self-adhering,

conforming

bandages Gauze rollers

Elastic bandages Triangular

Adhesive tape

Signs that bandage may be too tight

bl ti f d fi il


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blue tinge found on fingernails or

toenails

Blue or pale skin colorColdness of extremity

Inability to move fingers or toes.

Shock

circulatory system failurePump (heart) failure

Fluid loss

Pipe failure (blood vessels)

Permanent damage to body partspossible if untreated.


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SHOCKS

circulatory system failure

Pump (heart) failure

Fluid loss

Pipe failure (blood vessels)

Permanent damage to body parts

possible if untreated.

R i i h k


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Recognizing shock

altered mental statusPale, cold, and clammy

skin

Nausea and vomitingRapid breathing and

pulse

Unresponsive in late

stages


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Care for shock-Treat severe and life

threatening injuries

- Position victim on his or herback

- Raise victims legs 6 to 12

inches- Prevent heat loss.


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Thank youfor your

attentive

participation

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