Blu-ray Technology Report

7/21/2019 Blu-ray Technology Report

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ABSTRACT

Blu-ray is the name of a next-generation optical disc

format jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of

the worlds leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media

manufacturers!"he format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and

playbac# of high-definition video ($D), as well as storing large amounts of

data! "he format offers more than five times the storage capacity of

traditional D%Ds and can hold up to &'B on a single-layer disc and 'B

on a dual-layer disc! "his extra capacity combined with the use of advanced

video and audio codecs will offer consumers an unprecedented $D

experience! *hile current optical disc technologies such as D%D, D%D+,

D%D+*, and D%D-A rely on a red laser to read and write data, the

new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray! Despite

the different type of lasers used, Blu-ray products can easily be made

bac#wards compatible with .Ds and D%Ds through the use of a

BD/D%D/.D compatible optical pic#up unit!Blu ray also promises some

added security, ma#ing ways for copyright protections! Blu-ray discs can

have a uni0ue 1D written on them to have copyright protection inside the

recorded streams! Blu !ray disc ta#es the D%D technology one step further,

just by using a laser with a nice color!



"AB23 45 .46"36"7

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

LIST OF TABLES……………………………..... iii

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………... iv

LIST OF SYMBOLS…………………………… v

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.8 *hat is a blu-ray disc9!!!!!!!!!!!:::::!: 8

8!& *hy the name blu-ray9::::::!::!! &

8!; *ho developed blu-ray9::::::::: &

& BLU-RAY TECHNOLOGY

2.8 1ntroduction to Blu-ray technology ::……… ;

2.& 4ptimi<ation of the cover layer thic#ness::: '

&!; 2aser technology:::::::::::: =

2.3.1 Diodes :::::::::::::::! >

&!? $ard-.oating technology...…………………… 88

2.' .ontribution of high NA to the large capacity... 8&

2.6 Disc structure……………………………....... 8?

3 SPECIFICATION OF BLU-RAY 18

;!8 "echnical Details:::::::::::: 8=

;!& 5ormats:::::::::::::::: 8>

;!; Data rate:::::::::::::::! 8>

;!? .odecs::::::::::::::::! 8>

;!' %ariations::::::::::::::: &

;!@ .ompatibility:::::::::::: : &

;! ecorders:::::::::::::::: &8

;!= 7ecurity 5eatures:::::!!:::::!:: &8

4 OTHER CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES 23

4.1 .urrent storage devices:::::::::!!!!! &;

4.& Blu-ray vs %$7::::::::!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! &;

4.; Blu-ray vs other storage devices::!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! &;?!;!8 .omparison between BD D%D :::::: 24



5 NET GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES 26

'!8 Blu-ray %s $D-D%D::::::::::! &@

'!& Cpcoming of rivals:::::::::::! &@

'!; $D D%D as a contestee:::::::::!! &@

'!? .omparison of formats:::::::::!!! &

6 LATEST NE!S………………………..………….. 29

" CONCLUSION…………………….………………… 33

REFERENCES …………………………………….. 34





LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 B(-/'0 ( 1

2.1 CD v) DD v) BD 4

2.2 Ev(,i& + *''# #7i' +/ vi# 5

2.3 N#/i$'( A*#/,/# 6

2.4 A8#//',i& $')#7 80 7i)$ i&$(i&',i&. "

2.5 C7 v) 7v7 v) BD /#$/7i&. 9

2.6 B(-/'0 7i)$ $/)) )#$,i&. 12

2." Hi% $'*'$i,0 $&,/i8,i&. 13

2. N#$#))i,0 + :.1 $v#/ ('0#/. 14

2.9 Si&(# ('0#/ 7i)$. 15

2.1: D'( ('0#/ 7i)$. 16

2.11 F$))i& ,%# (')#/ 8#' i& ' 7'( ('0#/ 7i)$. 1"

3.1 A 8(-/'0 7i)$ & ' 8(-/'0 7i)$ *('0#/. 21

6.1 U.S. BD Software Sales Comparison Jan-Apr 2007v. Jan-Apr 2008 29

6.2 Hita!i Camor"er #0

6.# AIO B(-/'0 Di)$ R#v(,i& 31



LIST OF SYMBOLS

B iga Byte! BD

Blu-ray Disc! 2D

2aser Diodes! .D

.ompact Disc !

%$7 %ideo $ome 7ystem!

7D 7tandard Definition!

6A 6umerical Aperture!

D%D Digital %ersatile Disc!

A4D Advanced 4ptical Disc!

BD5 Blu-ray Disc 5ounders!

BD Blu-ray Disc ecordable!

BD * Blu-ray Disc ewritable!

A%. Advanced %ideo .oding!

BDA Blu-ray Disc Association!

$D"% $igh Definition "ele%ision!

3 otion ictures 3xperts roup!

BD 4 Blu-ray Disc ead 4nly emory !

AA.7 Advanced Access .ontent 7ystem!

$D-D%D $igh Definition Digital %ersatile Disc .



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 !%', i) ' B(-/'0 7i)$;

Blu-ray disc is a next-generation optical disc format jointly developed

by a group of leading consumer electronics and . companies called the Blu-ray Disc

Association (BDA), which succeeds the Blu-ray Disc 5ounders (BD5)! Because it

uses blue lasers, which have shorter wavelengths than traditional red lasers, it can

store substantially more data in the same amount of physical space as previous

technologies such as D%D and .D!

A current, single-sided, standard D%D can hold ?! B (gigabytes) of

information! "hats about the si<e of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie

with a few extra features! But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer

image, ta#es up about five times more bandwidth and therefore re0uires a disc with

about five times more storage! As "% sets and movie studios ma#e the move to high

definition, consumers are going to need playbac# systems with a lot more storage

capacity!

"he advantage to Blu-ray is the sheer amount of information it can hold E

F A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly the same si<e as a D%D, can hold up

to & B of data G thats more than two hours of high-definition video or about 8;hours of standard video!

F A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to '? B, enough to hold about ?!' hours

of high-definition video or more than & hours of standard video! And there are even

plans in the wor#s to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage!

Blu-rayHs official logo is as shown in figure 8!8

FIGURE 1.1 B(-/'0 (



1.2 !%0 ,%# &'# B(-/'0;

"he name Blu-ray is derived from the underlying technology, which utili<es a blue-

violet laser to read and write data! "he name is a combination of IBlueI and optical

ray IayI! According to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the spelling of IBlu-rayI is not

a mista#e! "he character IeI is intentionally left out because a daily-used term cant be

registered as a trademar#!

1.3 !% 7#v#(*#7 B(-/'0;

"he Blu-ray Disc format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association 8BDA),

a group of leading consumer electronics and . companies with more than

members from all over the world! "he Board of Directors currently consists ofE

8;

A**(# C*,#/

I&$. D#(( I&$.

H#(#<(#,, P'$'/7 C*'&0

Hi,'$%i L,7.

LG E(#$,/&i$) I&$.

M',))%i,' E(#$,/i$ I&7),/i'( C. L,7.

Mi,)8i)%i E(#$,/i$ C/*/',i&

Pi&##/ C/*/',i&

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S')& E(#$,/&i$) C. L,7

S%'/* C/*/',i&

S&0 C/*/',i&

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2. BLU-RAY TECHNOLOGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO BLU-RAY TECHNOLOGY

"he standards for 8&-cm optical discs, .Ds,D%Ds, and Blu-ray

rewritable discs (BD-3 7tandard) were established in 8>=&, 8>>@, and

&&,respectively! "he recording capacity re0uired by applications was the important

issue when these standards were decided (7ee fig &!8)! "he re0uirement for .Ds was

? minutes of recording &- channel audio signals and a capacity of about = B! 5or

D%Ds, the re0uirement as a video disc was the recording of a movie with a length of

two hours and fifteen minutes using the 7D (7tandard Definition) with 3-&

compression! "he capacity was determined to be ?! B considering the balance with

image 0uality!

1n the case of the Blu-ray Disc, abbreviated as BD hereafter, a recording

of an

$D"% digital broadcast greater than two hours is needed since the B7 digital

broadcast started in & and terrestrial digital broadcast has begun in &;! 1t was a

big motivation for us to reali<e the recorder using the optical disc! 1n a D%D recorder,

received and decoded video signals are compressed by an 3 encoder and then

recorded on the disc!

"o record in the same fashion for an $D"% broadcast, an $D"% 3-&

encoder

is re0uired! $owever, such a device for home use has not yet been produced! 1n the

case of B7 digital broadcasts, signals are sent as a program stream at a fixed rate,

which is &? bps for one $D"% program! 1n the program stream of B7 digital

broadcast there is a case that the additional data stream is multiplexed, and it is

desirable to record and read the data as is! "wo hours of recording re0uires a

recording capacity of && B or more! "his capacity is about ' times that of D%Ds,

which cannot achieve this capacity by merely increasing their recording density!



Figure 2.1 CD vs DVD vs BD

"o obtain this capacity we have developed a number of techni0ues such asE

employing a blue-violet laser, increasing the numerical aperture of objective lens,

ma#ing the optical beam passing substrate thin, !8 mm, and evenly thic#, using an

aberration compensation method of pic#up adapted to the substrate thic#ness and dual

layer discs, improving the modulation method, enhancing the ability of the error

correction circuit without sacrificing the efficiency, employing the %iterbi decodingmethod for reading signals and improving the 7/6 ratio and the inter symbol

interference, using the on-groove recording and highly reliable wobbling address

system, developing high speed recording phase change media, etc! 1n addition , the

convenient functions of a recording device have also been reali<ed in the application

formats!

"hese techni0ues are described in this paper! 5urthermore, the #ey

concepts of the Blu-ray standard such as the reason for employing !8 mm thic#

transparent layer and a dual layer recording disc will be described in each dedicated

chapter! 5ollowing the rewritable system, the planning of a read-only system and

write-once system has already started! 1n addition to high picture 0uality, the

introduction of core and new functions is indispensable for the spread of the next

generation pac#age media! 5or example, during the switch from %$7 to D%D, digital

recording and interactive functions were newly introduced! .onse0uently, it is



anticipated that the specifications of BD-4 will provide a high performance

interactiveness and a connection to broadband services, reflecting the demands of the

movie industry (5ig &!&)!

FIGURE 2.2

2.2OPTIMI>ATION OF THE COER LAYER THIC=NESS

oots of a 8!& mm substrate existed in the video disc! 4ne of advantages

of laser discs has been that they are hardly affected by dirt or dust on the disc surface

since information is recorded and read through a cover layer! "he first commercial

optical disc, which was the videodisc called %2 or 2aser Disc, used a 8!& mm thic#

transparent substrate, through which information was read!"his thic#ness was

determined from conditions such asE - Deterioration of the 7/6 ratio due to surface

contamination was suppressed to a minimum since it used analog recording ,

- A disc of ; cm in diameter can be molded,



- "he disc has sufficient mechanical strength,

- "he disc is as thin as possible while satisfying the flatness and optical uniformity!

"he last condition is because the thinner the cover layer, the more easily the

performance of the objective lens to converge the laser beam can be improved! "his

convergence performance of the objective lens is expressed by what we call 6A

(6umerical Aperture), and the diameter of a converging light is inversely proportional

to 6A !"hus 6A is re0uired to be as large as possible! $owever, when the optical axis

of the objective lens shift from the perpendicular to the disc surface, a deterioration of

the convergence performance (aberration) occurs and its amount grows proportionally

to the cube of 6A! 7ince we cannot avoid discs from tilting to some extent from the

optical axis of the objective lens due to the bending of discs or inclination of the

mounting, and it has prevented the value of 6A from increasing! 1t is shown in f igure

&!;!

FIGURE 2.3 numerica a!er " ure

4n the other hand, an aberration caused by a disc inclination is

proportional to the thic#ness of the cover layer! "his aberration was originate in a of

the refraction angle error at the cover layer interface resulting from the disc

inclination! 5urther, the amount of blur in the beam spot due to the refraction angle

error is proportional to the distance between the disc surface and the focal



point as shown below in figure &!?!

FIGURE 2.4 #$erra"i%n cause& $' &isc i nci na"i %n

*hen the disc tilts refraction angle error, which is deviation from

ideal angle to form an ideal light spot, occurs at the disc surface! "his refraction angle

error causes aberration at the focal point! "hen the aberration is in proportion to the

distance between disc surface and the focal point, i!e!, the aberration is in propor tion

to thic#ness of cover layer!

2.3 LASER TECHNOLOGY

"he technology utili<es a IblueI (actually blue-violet) laser diode operating at a

wavelength of ?' nm to read and write data! .onventional D%Ds and .Ds use red

and infrared lasers at @' nm and = nm respectively!

As a color comparison, the visible color of a powered fluorescent blac#

light tube is dominated by mercurys bluish violet emissions at ?;'!= nm! "he blue-

violet laser diodes used in Blu-ray Disc drives operate at ?' nm, which is noticeably



more violet (closer to the violet end of the spectrum) than the visible light from a

blac# light! A side effect of the very short wavelength is that it causes many materials

to fluoresce, and the raw beam does appear as whitish-blue if shone on a white

fluorescent surface (such as a piece of paper)! *hile future disc technologies may use

fluorescent media, Blu-ray Disc systems operate in the same manner as .D and D%D

systems and do not ma#e use of fluorescence effects to read out their data!

"he blue-violet laser has a shorter wavelength than .D or D%D systems,

and this shrin#ing ma#es it possible to store more information on a 8& cm (.D/D%D

si<e) disc! "he minimum Ispot si<eI that a laser can be focused is limited by

diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture

(6A) of the lens used to focus it! By decreasing the wavelength (moving toward the

violet end of the spectrum), using a higher 6A (higher 0uality) dual-lens system, and

ma#ing the dis# thinner (to avoid unwanted optical effects), the laser beam can be

focused much tighter at the dis# surface! "his produces a smaller spot on the disc, and

therefore allows more information to be physically contained in the same area!1n

addition to optical movements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding,

closer trac# and pit spacing, allowing for even more data to be pac#ed in!this is shown

in figure &!' below!



Figure 2.( c& vs &v& vs BD rec%r&ing

2.3.1 DIODE

junction

A laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor p-n

similar to that found in a light-emitting diode! 2aser diodes are sometimes referred to

(somewhat redundantly) as injection laser diodes or by the acronyms 2D or 12D!

?'@ PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION

*hen a diode is forward biased, holes from the p-region are injected into the

n-region, and electrons from the n-region are injected into the p-region! 1f electrons

and holes are present in the same region, they may radiatively recombineGthat is, the

electron Ifalls intoI he hole and emits a photon with the energy of the band gap ! "his

is called spontaneous emission, and is the main source of light in a light-emitting

diode!

Cnder suitable conditions, the electron and the hole may coexist in the same



-

area for 0uite some time (on the order of microseconds) before they recombine! 1f a

photon f exactly the right fre0uency happens along within this time period,

recombination may be stimulated by the photon! "his causes another photon of the

same fre0uency to be emitted, with exactly the same direction, polari<ation and phase

as the first photon!

1n a laser diode, the semiconductor crystal is fashioned into a shape

somewhat li#e a piece of paperGvery thin in one direction and rectangular in the

other two! "he of

the crystal is n-doped, and the bottom is p-doped, resulting in a large, flat p-n

junction! "he two ends of the crystal are cleaved so as to form a perfectly smooth,

parallel edgesJ two reflective parallel edges are called a 5abry-erot cavity! hotons

emitted in precisely the right direction will be reflected several times from each end

face before they are emitted! 3ach time they pass through the cavity, the light is

amplified by stimulated emission! $ence, if there is more amplification than loss, the

diode begins to IlaseI

?8@ TYPES OF LASER IODES

?i@ D8(# %#,#/),/$,/# (')#/)

1n these devices, a layer of low band gap material is sandwiched between

two

high band gap layers! 4ne commonly used pair of materials is aAs with AlaAs!

3ach of the junctions between different band gap materials is called a heterostructure,

hence the name Idouble heterostructure laserI or D$ laser! "he #ind of laser diode

described in the first part of the article is referred to as a IhomojunctionI laser, for

contrast with these more popular devices!

"he advantage of a D$ laser is that the region where free electrons and

holesexist simultaneouslyGthe IactiveI regionGis confined to the thin middle layer!

"his means that many more of the electron-hole pairs can contribute to amplificationG

not so many are left out in the poorly amplifying periphery! 1n addition, light is

reflected from the heterojunctionJ hence, the light is confined to the region where the

amplification ta#es place!



ii@ '&, <#(( (')#/)

1f the middle layer is made thin enough, it starts acting li#e a 0uantum

well!"his means that in the vertical direction, electron energy is 0uanti<ed! "he

difference between 0uantum well energy levels can be used for the laser action

instead of the band gap! "his is very useful since the wavelength of light emitted can

be tuned simply by altering the thic#ness of the layer! "he efficiency of a 0uantum

well laser is greater than that of a bul# laser due to a tailoring of the distribution of

electrons and holes that are involved in the stimulated emission (light producing)

process!

"he problem with these devices is that the thin layer is simply too small to

effectively confine the light! "o compensate, another two layers are added on, outside

the first three! "hese layers have a lower refractive index than the center layers, and

hence confine the light effectively! 7uch a design is called a separate confinement

heterostructure (7.$) laser diode! Almost all commercial laser diodes since the 8>>s

have been 7.$ 0uantum well diodes

2.4 HARD-COATING TECHNOLOGY

"he entry of "DK to the BD5 (as it was then), announced on 8> arch

&?,was accompanied by a number of indications that could significantly improve

the outloo# for Blu-ray! "DK is to introduce hard-coating technologies that would

enable bare dis# (caddyless) handling, along with higher-speed recording heads and

multi-layer recording technology (to increase storage densities)!"DKs hard coating

techni0ue would give BDs scratch resistance and allow them to be cleaned of

fingerprints with only a tissue, a procedure that would leave scratches on current .Ds

and D%Ds! 1t is shown in figure &!@!



!

FIGURE 2.6 Bu)ra' &isc cr%ss sec"i%n

2.5 CONTRIBUTION OF HIGH *# TO THE LARGE CAPACITY

2i#e the BD-3 system, the pic# up head for BD-4 uses a high

numerical aperture (6A) lens of !=' and a ?' nm blue laser! 1n early BD-3

systems the high 6A was reali<ed by using & lenses in combination! "oday many

single lenses with wor#ing distance larger than !'mm have been developed, and even

lenses which can be used in D%D/BD compatible pic# ups and .D/D%D/BD

compatible pic# ups have been developed!

5igure &! shows that the high 6A lens increases the areal density by &

times while the blue laser contributes an additional factor of &!@ times compared to

the areal density of D%D! 1n total, the Blu-ray spot si<e is less than 8/' that of D%D,

resulting in more than ' times the capacity of D%D!



Fi 2." Hi% $'*'$i,0 $&,/i8,i&

4ptical beam degradation occurs due to the disc tilt! "his degradation

is

proportional to 6A; and the thic#ness of the cover layer! *e selected !8 mm as the

thic#ness of the cover layer, achieving more than L- 8!@ deg for the radial tilt margin

for BD-4, which is similar to that of D%D-4!

5igure &!= shows that the high 6A lens increases the areal density by &

times while the blue laser contributes an additional factor of &!@ times compared to

the areal density of D%D! 1n total, the Blu-ray spot si<e is less than 8/' that of D%D,

resulting in more than ' times the capacity of D%D! 4ptical beam degradation occurs

due to the disc tilt! "his degradation is proportional to 6A; and the thic#ness of the

cover layer! *e selected !8 mm as the thic#ness of the cover layer, achieving more

than L- 8!@ deg for the radial tilt margin for BD-4, which is similar to that of

D%D-4!



FIGURE 2.8!

2.6 DISC STRUCTURE

C&+i/',i& + Si&(# L'0#/ '&7 D'( L'0#/ Di)$)

5igure &!> shows the outline of a 7ingle 2ayer BD ead-4nly disc and 5igure

shows the outline of a Dual 2ayer BD ead-4nly disc! "o improve scratch resistance,

the cover layer can optionally be protected with an additional hard coat layer! 4ne of

the features that differentiate Blu-ray Disc from D%D recording systems is the

position of the recording layer within the disc!

5or D%D, the recording layer is sandwiched between two !@-mm thic# layers

of plastic M typically polycarbonate! "he purpose of this is to shift surface scratches,

fingerprints and dust particles to a position in the optical pathway where they have

negligible effect - i!e! well away from the point of focus of the laser! $owever,

burying the recording layer !@ mm below the surface of the disc also has

disadvantages!

Due to the injection molding process used to produce them, disc substrates suffer

from



stress-induced birefringence, which means that they split the single incident laser light

into two separate beams! 1f this splitting is excessive, the drive cannot read data

reliably from the disc! .onse0uently, the injection molding process has always been a

very critical part of .D and D%D production!

Another critical manufacturing tolerance, particularly for D%Ds, is the

flatness of the disc, because the laser beam becomes distorted if the disc surface is not

perpendicular to the beam axis - a condition referred to as disc tilt! "his distortion

increases as the thic#ness of the cover layer increases and also increases for higher

numerical"o overcome these disadvantages, the recording layer in a Blu-ray Disc sits

on the surface of a 8!8-mm thic# plastic substrate, protected by a !8-mm thic# cover

layer!

*ith the substrate material no longer in the optical pathway, birefringence problems

are eliminated! 1n addition, the closer proximity of the recording layer to the drives

objective lens reduces disc tilt sensitivity! "his only leaves the problem of surface

scratching and fingerprints, which can be prevented by applying a specifically

FIGURE 2.9 +inge ,-a'er Disc

D'( L'0#/ Di)$

5igure &!8 shows the outline of a Dual 2ayer BD ead-4nly disc! "o improve

scratch resistance, the cover layer can optionally be protected with an additional hard



coat layer! "he different layers are shown! A spacing layer is used to separate the two

information discs!Also "he different transmission stac# are shown

FIGURE 2.1 Dua a'er &isc

5ocusing in a Blu-ray disc is done as in figure &!88 ! there will be a

semi transparent layer in between the two recording layers! 1nside the disc player ,

there will be a focusing mechanism , that could actually calculate the number of

layers in the disc ! "he disc read is done by focusing at the correct layer by using the

focusing mechanism and an optical pic#up unit is there which could receive the

reflected ray bac# from the data layer while reading



Figure 2.11 /%cussing "0e aser 8#' in a &ua a'er &isc.

!



3 . SPECIFICATIONS OF BLU-RAY

3.1 TECHNICAL DETAILS

"he table ;!8 below shows the technical specification of Blu-ay

RECORDING CAPACITY

25 GB ?SINGLE LAYER@

5: GB ?DUAL LAYER@

L')#/ <'v#(#&,% 4:5& ?8(#-vi(#, (')#/@

L#&) &#/i$'( '*#/,/#

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Di)$ 7i'#,#/ 12:

Di)$ ,%i$&#)) 1 .2 ?*,i$'( ,/'&)i,,'&$#

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R#$/7i& *%')# 7#&)i,0 16.1 .:1 9.5G8i,i&$%2

i7# /#$/7i& +/', MPEG2 vi7#

A7i /#$/7i& +/', AC3 MPEG1 L'0#/2 #,$.

i7# '&7 '7i (,i*(#i&

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#B-E 3.1

!



3.2 FORMATS

Cnli#e D%Ds and .Ds, which started with read-only formats and only

later added recordable and re-writable formats, Blu-ray is initially designed in several

different formatsE

F BD-ROM (read-only) - for pre-recorded content

BD-R (recordable) - for . data storage

BD-R! (rewritable) - for . data storage

BD-RE (rewritable) - for $D"% recording

3.3 DATA RATE

5or high-definition movies a much higher data rate is needed than for

standard definition! *ith the BD formatHs choices for both 6A and wavelength we

have been able to reali<e a format with 'N higher data rate while only doubling the

rotation rate of D%D-4 discs! "he following numbers offer a comparisonE Data

bit lengthE 888!' nm (&'B) (&@ nm for D%D) 2inear velocityE !;@ m/s (ovie

application) (;!?> m/s for D%D)! Cser data transfer rateE ';!>?= bit/s (ovie

application) (8!= bps for D%D) "he BD system has the potential for future higher

speed dr ives!

"he BD-3 (rewritable) standard is now availableJ to be followed by the

BD- (recordable) and BD-4 formats in mid-&?, as part of version &! of the

Blu-ray specifications! 2oo#ing further ahead in time, Blu-ray Discs with capacities

of 8B and &B are currently being researched, with these capacities achieved

by using four and eight layers respectively!

3.4 CODECS

"he BD-4 format will li#ely include ; codecsE 3-& (the standard

used for D%Ds), 3-?s $!&@?/A%. codec, and %.-8 based on icrosof ts

*indows edia > codec! "he first codec only allows for about two hours of storage

on a single layer Blu-ray Disc, but with the addition of the latter two more advanced

codecs, a single-layer disc can hold almost four hours! $ighdefinition 3-& has a



data rate of about 5:M8*), while the latter two have data rates of about ;@M8*) for

video and ;bps for audio!

BD-3 (and by extension BD-) does not currently support any advanced

codecs beyond 3-&! Because 3-& is currently used to broadcast $D"%,

recorders write this $D stream directly to a disc! 7ince there are no consumer level

recorders capable of real-time transcoding from the 3-& used for broadcasting

and any other codec that might be used for BD3, 3-& is the only format

supported by BD-3! 3ncoding methods for the audio stream include 2inear .,

Dolby Digital, D"7 and dtsLL (loss less compression)! "he Blu-ray Disc Association

is #nown to be loo#ing into other codecs superior to those supported by the D%D

specification!

3.5 ARIATIONS

An = cm BD specification has been finali<ed and approved! A one-sided,

singlelayer = cm BD can hold 8' B, giving it the capacity of one and a half regular

si<ed (8& cm) single sided double layer D%Ds! "his would be an ideal format for

small, portable devices, such as portable ovie players and digital video cameras! A

new hybrid Blu-ray / D%D combo disc has been developed by O%. and is awaiting

acceptance by the Blu-ray Disc Association! "his would allow both normal D%D

players and Blu-ray players to utili<e the disc !Csers would be able to purchase a

single disc that can play

at either high definition or standard D%D 0uality, depending on the hardware utili<ed!

Csers that do not have a Blu-ray disc player can view the video content at standard

definition using their current D%D player, and enjoy the same content at high

definition resolution when upgrading to a Blu-ray disc player in the future!

3.6 COMPATIBILITY

"he BDA announced that, while it was not compulsory for manufacturers,

Blu-ray lasers and drives are capable of reading the various D%D formats, ensuring

bac#ward compatibility! "his ma#es the upgrade more attractive to consumers as it

does not re0uire replacing their collections of D%Ds!



-

3." RECORDERS

"he first Blu-ray recorder was unveiled by 7ony on arch ;, &;, and was

introduced to the Oapanese mar#et in April that year! 4n 7eptember 8, &;, O%. and

7amsung 3lectronics announced Blu-ray based products at D5A in Berlin, ermany!

3. SECURITY FEATURES.

B(-/'0 S#$/i,0 i) T% , C/'$

3ven though this is not always good for consumers, this is an mportant point 7ony has

for the movie studios! ovie studios want their content loc#ed from the pirates and

BDHs security and encryption features just help them do it in the most advanced way!

5igure ;!8 a Blu-ray disc on a Blue ray disc player !

Blu-ray has three layers of protection called AA.7, BDL and 4 mar#!

AACS

"he Advanced Access .ontent 7ystem (AA.7) is digital rights management feature

that prevents any un-authori<ed copying of content from BD discs!

AA.7 uses an encryption technology called Advanced 3ncryption 7tandard (A37)!

AA.7 is more advanced than earlier D used in D%Ds! "he difference with AA.7

is that each licensed player is given a uni0ue set of decryption #eys that licensors can

Prevo#eQ whenever they feel it has been compromised! By revo#ing a decryption #ey,

the particular player will not be able to play any future $D content! "hus

discouraging any attempt to decrypt the #ey!

BD



BDL is a safeguard against future crac#s and hac#s! 1t is a #ind of and advanced

D! 3very authori<ed player will have a BDL virtual machine that will decode the

disc content to correct version! "he advantage of BDL is that it is dynamic and hence

content providers can change the security feature whenever they wish! "hus, different

Discs will have different encryption and therefore no single fix would help them play

all BD discs!

ROM M'/

4 mar# was designed to prevent unwanted duplication of BD Discs! 4 ar#

helps to create uni0ue Discs that cannot be copied using software! "his BD Discs will

have a uni0ue 1D that are created with a specific BD licensed writer drive! 6o

licensed BD players will wor# unless the inserted disc has a 4 mar#! "herefore,

without speciali<ed e0uipments, you cannot copy a 4 ar#ed BD disc!



4. OTHER CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES.

4.1 CURRENT STORAGE DEICES

7ome of the popular storage devices that are available in the mar#et includeEA&'( S,/'# T#$%&(0

F %$7

Dii,'( S,/'# T#$%&(0

F 5loppy Disc

F .ompact Disc (.D)

F Digital %ersatile Disc (D%D)

4.2 BLU-RAY ) HS

The Blu-ray Disc recorder represents a major leap forward in video recording

technology as it enables recording of high-definition television ($D"%)! 1t also offers

a lot of new innovative features not possible with a traditional %. E

F andom access, instantly jump to any spot on the disc

F 7earching, 0uic#ly browse and preview recorded programs in real-time

F .reate play lists, change the order of recorded programs and edit recorded video

F Automatically find an empty space to avoid recording over programs

F 7imultaneous recording and playbac# of video (enables "ime slip/.hasing

playbac#)

F 3nhanced interactivity, enables more advanced programs and games

F Broadband enabled, access web content, download subtitles and extras

F 1mproved picture, ability to record high-definition television ($D"%)

F 1mproved sound, ability to record surround sound (Dolby Digital, D"7, etc)

4.3 BLU-RAY ) OTHER STORAGE DEICES

"he storage capacity of different digital storage technology varies a lot!

A

usually used version of floppy disc has a capacity of 8!??B while that of a .D is

B for D%D it is ?! B! Also they have varying shell lives out of these D%D

has the



maximum! A D%D is very similar to a .D, but it has a much larger data capacity! A

standard D%D holds about seven times more data than a .D does! "his huge capacity

means that a D%D has enough room to store a full-length, 3-&-encoded movie,

as well as a lot of other information! D%D can also be used to store almost eight hours

of .D-0uality music per side! D%D is composed of several layers of plastic, totaling

about 8!& millimeters thic#! 3ach layer is created by injection molding polycarbonate

plastic!

4.3.1 COMPARISON OF BD AND DD

A disc in the D%D format can currently hold ?! gigabytes of data! Cnli#e

D%D technology, which uses red lasers to etch data onto the disc, the Blu-ray

disc

technology uses a blue-violet laser to record information!

PARAMETERS BD-ROM DD-ROM

S,/'# $'*'$i,0

?)i&(#-('0#/@ 25 GB 4." GB

S,/'# $'*'$i,0

?7'(-('0#/@ 5: GB ".4 GB

R L')#/ <'v#(#&,%

4:5 & 65: &

N#/i$'( '*#/,/#

?NA@ :.5 :.6:

P/,#$,i& ('0#/

:.1 :.6

D',' ,/'&)+#/ /',# ?1@

36.:M8*) 11.:M8*)

TABLE 4.1



"he blue-violet laser has a shorter wavelength than the red lasers do, and with

its smaller area of focus, it can fetch more data into the recording area ! "he digital

information is fetched on the discs in the form of microscopic pits! "hese pits are

arranged in a continuous spiral trac# from the inside to the outside!

Csing a red laser, with @' nm wavelength, we can only store ?! B on a

single

sided D%D! "% recording time is only one hour in best 0uality mode, and two, three

or four hours with compromised pictures! Data capacity is inade0uate for non-stop

bac#up of a . hard drive! "he data transfer rate, around 8 bps, is not fast enough

for high 0uality video!



5.NET GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

5.1 BLU-RAY ) HD-DD

"he

6ext generation optical disc format developed by "oshiba and 63.!

format is 0uite different from Blu-ray, but also relies heavily on blue-laser technology

to

achieve a higher storage capacity! "he read-only discs ($D D%D-4) will hold

8'B and ;B, the rewritable discs($D D%D-*) will hold &B and ;&B,

while the recordable discs ($D D%D-) wont support dual-layer discs, so they will

be limited to 8'B! "he format is being developed within the D%D 5orum as a

possible successor to the current D%D technology!

5.2 UPCOMING OF RIALS

"he technology is proven, but thats no guarantee of a smooth migration!

Already, a standards war much li#e those that have bro#en out over every major

medium

since the videocassette is threatening this latest optical innovation! "he nine

electronics

companies, led by 7ony, ioneer, and atsushita 3lectric 1ndustrial, unveiled a

standard

format dubbed the Blu-ray Disc, which incorporates blue-violet laser technology and

sets

the recording capacity of the dis#s between &; and &' gigabytes per side! *ithin the

coalition, 7ony, atsushita, and $itachi have demonstrated prototypes of lasers that

meet the re0uirements!

5.3 HD DD AS A CONTESTEE

"he group (BD5), however, faces competition on several fronts! 4n one sidestands "oshiba .orp, which has refused to endorse the Blue-ray Disc! "hats troubling

because in the early 8>>s, "oshiba led the alliance of electronics and film companies

that produced the standard for todays D%D systems, trouncing a competing effort by



7ony and oyal hilips 3lectronics of the 6etherlands! 3arlier this year, "oshiba,

which continues to head the D%D 5orum, demonstrated its own rewritable optical

dis#, boasting a capacity of ; B per side! And "oshiba is not the only holdoutE

itsubishi 3lectric and A42 "ime *arner, both important members of the D%D

5orum, have yet to join the Blue-ray Disc group! "he "oshiba is developing another

#ind of disc using the B2C3 2A73 "echnology under name A4D (Advanced

4ptical Disc) more popularly #nown as $D D%D ($igh Definition D%D)!And this

technology is also bac#ed up by the D%D 5orum similar to the BD5 "oshiba has

developed an alternative version and 63. and a provisional specification approved

by the D%D 5orum! "he original name was A4D (Advanced 4ptical Disc)!

"here are three versions in development!

8! $D D%D-4 discs are pre-recorded and offer a capacity of 8' B per layer per

side! "hese can be used for distributing $D movies!

&! $D D%D-* discs are re-writable and can be used to record & B per side for

rewritable versions!

;! $D D%D- discs are write-once recordable format discs with a capacity of

8' B per side!

2i#e Blu-ray discs they need a blue laser of ?' nm wavelength, but are physically

similar to D%D discs, as they use a cover layer of !@ mm! "herefore $D D%D

discs can be manufactured using existing D%D lines, and existing C% master ing

e0uipment!

5.4 COMPARISON OF FORMATS

"he following table provides a comparison of the two formats ! 1t is not yet clear

which format will win! Blu-ray currently seems to have the most support, but $D

D%D

presents fewer manufacturing problems, particularly for pre-recorded versions! $D

D%D can be mastered and replicated with current e0uipment, while Blu-ray re0uires

new e0uipment and processes for both!



PARAMETERS BD BD HD-

DD

HD-DD

7torage capacity &'B ' B 8' B ; B

6umber of layers 7ingle -

layer

Dual M

layer

7ingle -

layer

Dual Mlayer

2aser wavelength ?'nm ?'nm ?'nm ?'nm

6umerical aperture

(6A)

!=' !=' !@' !@'

rotection layer !!l mm !!l mm !@mm !@mm

Data transfer rate '?!bps '?!bps ;@!'bps ;@!'bps

%ideo compression

3-&

3-?

A%.%.-8

3-&

3-?

A%.%.-8

3-&

A%.

3-?

3-&

A%.

3-?

#B-E (. C%m!aris%n $e"een BD D DVD

-



-

6. LATEST NE!S

Bu)ra' ma5es arge gains in U+ %me En"er"ainmen" mar5e"

F Blu-ray recorder sales boom in Oapan and debut in Australia

F Cniversum 5ilm launches ermanyHs first BD-2ive enabled disc

F .hinese companies authori<ed to develop Blu-ray products

"he Blu-ray Disc Association C7 romotions .ommittee has released mar#et

intelligence that indicates very significant in-roads being made by the Blu-ray Disc

format in 6orth America! "he data indicates that although hardware supplies are

limited at retail, demand is extremely high for both BD hardware and software!

According to a study released by mar#et analyst, , on Oune ; almost four million C7

$D"% owners plan to buy a BD-capable disc player in the next six months! "he study

also reports that amongst consumers who purchased a Blu-ray Disc set-top player the

majority cited Sleading-edge technologyH and a Ssuperior viewing experienceH as

primary reasons for ma#ing the purchase! .onsumers stated a clear preference for

Blu-ray content! At the same time 7ony .omputer 3ntertainment America has

announced the results of an internal survey conducted during the first half of ay

&= amongst almost ;, C7

2AT7"A"146; (7;) owners!

5000000

4500000

4000000

3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0JAN FEB MAR APR JAN-APR

2007

2008

FIGURE 6.1 U .+. BD +%/"are +aes C%m!aris%n an)#!r 27 v. an)#!r 28



i"ac0i aunc0es %r&s Firs" Bu)Ra' Disc Camc%r&ers "% "rans/%rm

0%me m%vies in"% /u 0ig0 &e/ini"i%n mas"er!ieces.

$itachi will give home movies the $ollywood treatment with the launch of its two

Blu-ray disc camcorders, the worldHs first camcorders to store home movies in

8>&x8= 5ull $D on Blu-ray disc media and the worldHs first to provide a truly

end-to-end 5ull $D solution from capture, storage to output! "he result9 .aptured

memories that

have the same intensity, clarity and emotion as the moment they occurred - a totally

unsurpassed audio visual experience, offering viewers the next best thing to reality

itself! camcorders will be e0uipped with an =cm Blu-ray disc drive for 5ull $D

8>&x8= recording, the worldHs highest resolution '!; megapixel .47 sensor,

$ybrid Blu-ray disc L $DD technology, icture aster 5ull $D processing and

$D1 connectivity! 1n summary, capture, storage and output of movies will be in a

totally uni0ue end-to-end 5ull $D process!

Fi/# 6.2 Hi,'$%i

C'$/7#/

+IG:# :EDI# ;R<CE++<R < ;<ER +#R;+ #=U<+ -I*E <F

B-U)R#> DI+C ;-#>ER+ REC<RDER+

7igma Designs a leading provider of highly integrated systems-on-

a-chip (7o.) solutions, today announced that its highly integrated 7=@;?

media processor was selected by 7harp .orporation to power its new line of

AUC47V Blu-ray disc players and



recorders!

Fi/# 6.3 AIO B(-/'0 Di)$ R#v(,i&

7harpHs new products include the BD-A%8 and A%8 7eries for the

Oapanese mar#et and the recently introduced slim-profile AUC47 BD player, model

BD$&C, the companyHs first offering in the C!7! mar#et!7harpHs new series of

AUC47 Blu-ray disc recorders BD-A%8 and A%8 enable recording and playbac# of

digital broadcasts of $D"% programs that capture the same high-resolution image

0uality of broadcast "% that %. users are accustomed to experiencing! AUC47 also

offers full

compatibility with &? movie frames per second playbac#, matching the native filming

format for most movies as well as $D1 output support of 8=/&?p video and Dol by

true$D, and an i!216KW (13338;>?) input for connecting to a 7harp AUC47 $igh-

ision recorder! 7ony %A14 launched the worldHs first noteboo# with an integrated

Blu-ray DiscW Drive complete with recording capabilities! 6ow the %A14 range of

products is changing in readiness for the move to a $igh Definition future!

+<*> B<-+ER+ B-U)R#> DI+C ;-#>ER -I*E I < *E

:<DE-+

7ony introduced two additional Blu-ray DiscW (BD) players

today offering a full range of features!4ptimi<ed for the home theater enthusiast, the

new BD-7&37 model is the first Blu-ray Disc player in 7onyHs P3levated

7tandardQ (37) line! "his model, as well as the new BD-7', which complements

7onyHs current BD-7; BD player, features full high-definition 8=/@p and &?p



"rue .inema output! "hey support !8 channel linear . and DolbyV "rue$D,

DolbyV Digital lus, as well as dts-$DW $igh esolution Audio bitstream output

via $D1W (ver8!;)!C7 Blu-ray mar#et set for strong growth, so says 3ntertainment

erchants Association

;i%neer in"r%&uces /%ur ne Bu)ra' Disc !a'ers in Eur%!e

arva"% &igi"a services gran"e& BD# cer"i/ica"i%n

Burn "% BD %n '%ur :ac i"0 a i""e 0e! /r%m :CE ec0n% %g i es

*%ra's /irs" na"ive Bu)ra' Disc , i"s a s0%c5er?

C/#( A&&&$#) !i&DD?R@ i) ,%# !/(7) Fi/), B(-/'0 Di)$ P('08'$

S+,<'/# , R#$#iv# BD-i7# P/+i(# 1.1 C#/,i+i$',i& !i&DD?R@ &<

)**/,) BD-i7# P/+i(# 1.1 +/ %i%-7#+i&i,i& *i$,/#-i&-*i$,/#

*('08'$ & B(-/'0 Di)$).



". CONCLUSION

"oday consumers are searching for faster transfer speeds and

large storage capacity !"hese two are the most notable advantages of BD technology!

7o BD will be a good option for such peoples!

According to the 3A (3ntertainment erchant Association) in

C!7, by the end of &8&, sales of Blu-ray Discs will surpass those of standard

definition storage medias , generating sales of a whopping X>!' billion! $ome video

spending on the whole has been projected to grow exponentially to X&'!@ billion in

&8&! "hese shows the increasing demand for Blu-ray products! "he manufacturers of

Blu-ray discs are further trying to increase the number of layers in a single disc so that

a four layer disc stores 8B of data , = layer disc stores about & B of data,

li#ewise!

1ts possible that the industry is headed to a point where BD sales

will one day outstrip D%Ds! 1ts too early to call the game just yet , but this will be an

interesting technological development to follow!



REFERENCES

F htt pE//w w w!Blu-ray!com/fa0/ - Blu-r ay 5AU

F htt pE//w w w!Blu-ray!com/movies/ - 2atest Blu-r ay

eleases !

F htt pE//w w w!Blu-raydisc!com/ - 4fficial Blu-r ay we bsite!

F htt pE//w w w!Blu-raystats!com/ - Blu-r ay 7tats *e bsite

F htt pE//en!wi#i pedia!org/wi#i/Blu- ray RDisc - *i# i pedia

entry on Blu-r ay disc!

F htt pE//electronics!howstuf fwor#s!com/Blu-ray!htm -

how stuff wor#s entry on blu-r ay discs!

http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/























http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/



























http://www.blu-raydisc.com/























http://www.blu-raystats.com/
























http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc






































http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/Blu-ray.htm



















































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